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  • is arithmetic embodied differential interference of sequential finger tapping on addition during a dual task paradigm
    Cognitive Science, 2011
    Co-Authors: Firat Soylu, Sharlene D Newman
    Abstract:

    Is Arithmetic Embodied? Differential Interference of Sequential Finger Tapping on Addition during a Dual Task Paradigm Firat Soylu (fsoylu@indiana.edu) Department of Instructional Systems Technology, Cognitive Science Program, Indiana University, Bloomington W. W. Wright Education Building, Room 2276, 201 North Rose Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA Sharlene D. Newman (sdnewman@indiana.edu) The Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington 1101 E. 10th Street, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA Abstract We propose that the unique ability of humans to have separate mental representations for each finger and to move them in different sequential orders were redeployed for arithmetic. We tested our hypothesis with a behavioral dual-task experiment, where subjects (N=46) solved addition problems (primary task) and performed a sentence comprehension task (control task), while concurrently tapping their fingers (secondary task). We examined two sequential finger tapping tasks: one that was more automatic and followed the anatomical finger order (simple) and one that relied heavily on sequence processing (complex). The results revealed that both simple and complex finger tapping differentially interfered with addition compared to sentence comprehension. These results provide support for a finger-based representation of numbers and shared use of sequence processing resources for finger movements and addition. Keywords: fingers; embodied cognition; mathematical cognition; arithmetic; number processing; dual task; sequence processing The Relationship Between Fingers and Number Processing A relation between fingers and number processing was first formulated in 1924 when Josef Gerstmann diagnosed a condition, now named Gerstmann’s syndrome, with four co- occurring symptoms: finger agnosia (loss of finger sense), acalculia (inability to carry out simple mathematical calculations), left-right disorientation and agraphia (inability to write). Gerstmann found that the condition was most commonly due to a lesion in the left angular gyrus (Gerstmann, 1940). He believed that the main symptom was finger agnosia, a specific type of body schema impairment (autopagnosia) affecting the mental representation of hands and fingers. He proposed that the loss of finger sense combined with the left-right disorientation caused acalculia,(Butterworth, 1999, p. 219). There have been a number of studies reporting data to support Gerstmann’s theory. For example, a study examining patients with tumors in and around the angular gyrus found that these patients had impairments in writing, calculating, and finger recognition (Roux, Boetto, Sacko, Chollet, & Tremoulet, 2003). Also, in an rTMS study of healthy subjects it was found that disruption of the left angular gyrus impaired access to the finger schema and number magnitude processing (Rusconi, Walsh, & Butterworth, 2005). Additionally, a series of behavioral studies have consistently shown that finger gnosia in younger children is a predictor of numerical abilities; pointing to a functional relation between finger representation and number processing (Noel, 2005; Penner-Wilger et al., 2007). While there is evidence to support Gerstmann’s theory, an opposing theory suggests that acalculia in Gerstmann’s syndrome is due to an impairment in mental manipulation of images and not to a deficit in the representation of hands and fingers (Mayer et al., 1999). In a study with healthy patients rTMS to the angular gyrus disrupted both a visual search and a number comparison task (Gobel, Walsh, & Rushworth, 2001). However, this finding only partially supports the opposing theory because the effects of rTMS on finger schema representation were not tested. The question of whether acalculia in Gerstmann syndrome is due to finger representation or visuo-spatial processing impairments characterizes a general discussion: To what extent is number representation body-based? Fischer (2008) explored whether Finger-Counting habits interact with the SNARC (Spatial-Numerical Association of Response Codes) effect, which is an association of small numbers with the left visual field and big numbers with the right visual field (Dehaene, Bossini, & Giraux, 1993). The results revealed that subjects who are left-starters show a SNARC effect significantly more than right-starters. Di Luca, Grana, Semenza, Seron and Pesenti (2006) asked subjects to identify Arabic digits by pressing one of 10 keys with all 10 fingers. The configuration of response buttons varied both in terms of the global direction of the hand-digit mapping and the direction of the finger-digit mapping within each hand, from small to large digits or vice versa. The results showed that subjects performed better when there was a congruency between the reported finger- counting Strategy of the subject and the mapping of the response buttons. Both studies (Di Luca, et al., 2006; Fischer, 2008) provide evidence for the dominance of a finger-based number representation compared to a spatial one. Although arithmetic, and more generally number processing, involves sequential manipulation of numbers the role of sequence processing in number processing is not well understood. Neuroimaging evidence suggests a relation

  • CogSci - Is Arithmetic Embodied? Differential Interference of Sequential Finger Tapping on Addition during a Dual Task Paradigm
    Cognitive Science, 2011
    Co-Authors: Firat Soylu, Sharlene D Newman
    Abstract:

    Is Arithmetic Embodied? Differential Interference of Sequential Finger Tapping on Addition during a Dual Task Paradigm Firat Soylu (fsoylu@indiana.edu) Department of Instructional Systems Technology, Cognitive Science Program, Indiana University, Bloomington W. W. Wright Education Building, Room 2276, 201 North Rose Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA Sharlene D. Newman (sdnewman@indiana.edu) The Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington 1101 E. 10th Street, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA Abstract We propose that the unique ability of humans to have separate mental representations for each finger and to move them in different sequential orders were redeployed for arithmetic. We tested our hypothesis with a behavioral dual-task experiment, where subjects (N=46) solved addition problems (primary task) and performed a sentence comprehension task (control task), while concurrently tapping their fingers (secondary task). We examined two sequential finger tapping tasks: one that was more automatic and followed the anatomical finger order (simple) and one that relied heavily on sequence processing (complex). The results revealed that both simple and complex finger tapping differentially interfered with addition compared to sentence comprehension. These results provide support for a finger-based representation of numbers and shared use of sequence processing resources for finger movements and addition. Keywords: fingers; embodied cognition; mathematical cognition; arithmetic; number processing; dual task; sequence processing The Relationship Between Fingers and Number Processing A relation between fingers and number processing was first formulated in 1924 when Josef Gerstmann diagnosed a condition, now named Gerstmann’s syndrome, with four co- occurring symptoms: finger agnosia (loss of finger sense), acalculia (inability to carry out simple mathematical calculations), left-right disorientation and agraphia (inability to write). Gerstmann found that the condition was most commonly due to a lesion in the left angular gyrus (Gerstmann, 1940). He believed that the main symptom was finger agnosia, a specific type of body schema impairment (autopagnosia) affecting the mental representation of hands and fingers. He proposed that the loss of finger sense combined with the left-right disorientation caused acalculia,(Butterworth, 1999, p. 219). There have been a number of studies reporting data to support Gerstmann’s theory. For example, a study examining patients with tumors in and around the angular gyrus found that these patients had impairments in writing, calculating, and finger recognition (Roux, Boetto, Sacko, Chollet, & Tremoulet, 2003). Also, in an rTMS study of healthy subjects it was found that disruption of the left angular gyrus impaired access to the finger schema and number magnitude processing (Rusconi, Walsh, & Butterworth, 2005). Additionally, a series of behavioral studies have consistently shown that finger gnosia in younger children is a predictor of numerical abilities; pointing to a functional relation between finger representation and number processing (Noel, 2005; Penner-Wilger et al., 2007). While there is evidence to support Gerstmann’s theory, an opposing theory suggests that acalculia in Gerstmann’s syndrome is due to an impairment in mental manipulation of images and not to a deficit in the representation of hands and fingers (Mayer et al., 1999). In a study with healthy patients rTMS to the angular gyrus disrupted both a visual search and a number comparison task (Gobel, Walsh, & Rushworth, 2001). However, this finding only partially supports the opposing theory because the effects of rTMS on finger schema representation were not tested. The question of whether acalculia in Gerstmann syndrome is due to finger representation or visuo-spatial processing impairments characterizes a general discussion: To what extent is number representation body-based? Fischer (2008) explored whether Finger-Counting habits interact with the SNARC (Spatial-Numerical Association of Response Codes) effect, which is an association of small numbers with the left visual field and big numbers with the right visual field (Dehaene, Bossini, & Giraux, 1993). The results revealed that subjects who are left-starters show a SNARC effect significantly more than right-starters. Di Luca, Grana, Semenza, Seron and Pesenti (2006) asked subjects to identify Arabic digits by pressing one of 10 keys with all 10 fingers. The configuration of response buttons varied both in terms of the global direction of the hand-digit mapping and the direction of the finger-digit mapping within each hand, from small to large digits or vice versa. The results showed that subjects performed better when there was a congruency between the reported finger- counting Strategy of the subject and the mapping of the response buttons. Both studies (Di Luca, et al., 2006; Fischer, 2008) provide evidence for the dominance of a finger-based number representation compared to a spatial one. Although arithmetic, and more generally number processing, involves sequential manipulation of numbers the role of sequence processing in number processing is not well understood. Neuroimaging evidence suggests a relation

Firat Soylu - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • is arithmetic embodied differential interference of sequential finger tapping on addition during a dual task paradigm
    Cognitive Science, 2011
    Co-Authors: Firat Soylu, Sharlene D Newman
    Abstract:

    Is Arithmetic Embodied? Differential Interference of Sequential Finger Tapping on Addition during a Dual Task Paradigm Firat Soylu (fsoylu@indiana.edu) Department of Instructional Systems Technology, Cognitive Science Program, Indiana University, Bloomington W. W. Wright Education Building, Room 2276, 201 North Rose Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA Sharlene D. Newman (sdnewman@indiana.edu) The Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington 1101 E. 10th Street, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA Abstract We propose that the unique ability of humans to have separate mental representations for each finger and to move them in different sequential orders were redeployed for arithmetic. We tested our hypothesis with a behavioral dual-task experiment, where subjects (N=46) solved addition problems (primary task) and performed a sentence comprehension task (control task), while concurrently tapping their fingers (secondary task). We examined two sequential finger tapping tasks: one that was more automatic and followed the anatomical finger order (simple) and one that relied heavily on sequence processing (complex). The results revealed that both simple and complex finger tapping differentially interfered with addition compared to sentence comprehension. These results provide support for a finger-based representation of numbers and shared use of sequence processing resources for finger movements and addition. Keywords: fingers; embodied cognition; mathematical cognition; arithmetic; number processing; dual task; sequence processing The Relationship Between Fingers and Number Processing A relation between fingers and number processing was first formulated in 1924 when Josef Gerstmann diagnosed a condition, now named Gerstmann’s syndrome, with four co- occurring symptoms: finger agnosia (loss of finger sense), acalculia (inability to carry out simple mathematical calculations), left-right disorientation and agraphia (inability to write). Gerstmann found that the condition was most commonly due to a lesion in the left angular gyrus (Gerstmann, 1940). He believed that the main symptom was finger agnosia, a specific type of body schema impairment (autopagnosia) affecting the mental representation of hands and fingers. He proposed that the loss of finger sense combined with the left-right disorientation caused acalculia,(Butterworth, 1999, p. 219). There have been a number of studies reporting data to support Gerstmann’s theory. For example, a study examining patients with tumors in and around the angular gyrus found that these patients had impairments in writing, calculating, and finger recognition (Roux, Boetto, Sacko, Chollet, & Tremoulet, 2003). Also, in an rTMS study of healthy subjects it was found that disruption of the left angular gyrus impaired access to the finger schema and number magnitude processing (Rusconi, Walsh, & Butterworth, 2005). Additionally, a series of behavioral studies have consistently shown that finger gnosia in younger children is a predictor of numerical abilities; pointing to a functional relation between finger representation and number processing (Noel, 2005; Penner-Wilger et al., 2007). While there is evidence to support Gerstmann’s theory, an opposing theory suggests that acalculia in Gerstmann’s syndrome is due to an impairment in mental manipulation of images and not to a deficit in the representation of hands and fingers (Mayer et al., 1999). In a study with healthy patients rTMS to the angular gyrus disrupted both a visual search and a number comparison task (Gobel, Walsh, & Rushworth, 2001). However, this finding only partially supports the opposing theory because the effects of rTMS on finger schema representation were not tested. The question of whether acalculia in Gerstmann syndrome is due to finger representation or visuo-spatial processing impairments characterizes a general discussion: To what extent is number representation body-based? Fischer (2008) explored whether Finger-Counting habits interact with the SNARC (Spatial-Numerical Association of Response Codes) effect, which is an association of small numbers with the left visual field and big numbers with the right visual field (Dehaene, Bossini, & Giraux, 1993). The results revealed that subjects who are left-starters show a SNARC effect significantly more than right-starters. Di Luca, Grana, Semenza, Seron and Pesenti (2006) asked subjects to identify Arabic digits by pressing one of 10 keys with all 10 fingers. The configuration of response buttons varied both in terms of the global direction of the hand-digit mapping and the direction of the finger-digit mapping within each hand, from small to large digits or vice versa. The results showed that subjects performed better when there was a congruency between the reported finger- counting Strategy of the subject and the mapping of the response buttons. Both studies (Di Luca, et al., 2006; Fischer, 2008) provide evidence for the dominance of a finger-based number representation compared to a spatial one. Although arithmetic, and more generally number processing, involves sequential manipulation of numbers the role of sequence processing in number processing is not well understood. Neuroimaging evidence suggests a relation

  • CogSci - Is Arithmetic Embodied? Differential Interference of Sequential Finger Tapping on Addition during a Dual Task Paradigm
    Cognitive Science, 2011
    Co-Authors: Firat Soylu, Sharlene D Newman
    Abstract:

    Is Arithmetic Embodied? Differential Interference of Sequential Finger Tapping on Addition during a Dual Task Paradigm Firat Soylu (fsoylu@indiana.edu) Department of Instructional Systems Technology, Cognitive Science Program, Indiana University, Bloomington W. W. Wright Education Building, Room 2276, 201 North Rose Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA Sharlene D. Newman (sdnewman@indiana.edu) The Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington 1101 E. 10th Street, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA Abstract We propose that the unique ability of humans to have separate mental representations for each finger and to move them in different sequential orders were redeployed for arithmetic. We tested our hypothesis with a behavioral dual-task experiment, where subjects (N=46) solved addition problems (primary task) and performed a sentence comprehension task (control task), while concurrently tapping their fingers (secondary task). We examined two sequential finger tapping tasks: one that was more automatic and followed the anatomical finger order (simple) and one that relied heavily on sequence processing (complex). The results revealed that both simple and complex finger tapping differentially interfered with addition compared to sentence comprehension. These results provide support for a finger-based representation of numbers and shared use of sequence processing resources for finger movements and addition. Keywords: fingers; embodied cognition; mathematical cognition; arithmetic; number processing; dual task; sequence processing The Relationship Between Fingers and Number Processing A relation between fingers and number processing was first formulated in 1924 when Josef Gerstmann diagnosed a condition, now named Gerstmann’s syndrome, with four co- occurring symptoms: finger agnosia (loss of finger sense), acalculia (inability to carry out simple mathematical calculations), left-right disorientation and agraphia (inability to write). Gerstmann found that the condition was most commonly due to a lesion in the left angular gyrus (Gerstmann, 1940). He believed that the main symptom was finger agnosia, a specific type of body schema impairment (autopagnosia) affecting the mental representation of hands and fingers. He proposed that the loss of finger sense combined with the left-right disorientation caused acalculia,(Butterworth, 1999, p. 219). There have been a number of studies reporting data to support Gerstmann’s theory. For example, a study examining patients with tumors in and around the angular gyrus found that these patients had impairments in writing, calculating, and finger recognition (Roux, Boetto, Sacko, Chollet, & Tremoulet, 2003). Also, in an rTMS study of healthy subjects it was found that disruption of the left angular gyrus impaired access to the finger schema and number magnitude processing (Rusconi, Walsh, & Butterworth, 2005). Additionally, a series of behavioral studies have consistently shown that finger gnosia in younger children is a predictor of numerical abilities; pointing to a functional relation between finger representation and number processing (Noel, 2005; Penner-Wilger et al., 2007). While there is evidence to support Gerstmann’s theory, an opposing theory suggests that acalculia in Gerstmann’s syndrome is due to an impairment in mental manipulation of images and not to a deficit in the representation of hands and fingers (Mayer et al., 1999). In a study with healthy patients rTMS to the angular gyrus disrupted both a visual search and a number comparison task (Gobel, Walsh, & Rushworth, 2001). However, this finding only partially supports the opposing theory because the effects of rTMS on finger schema representation were not tested. The question of whether acalculia in Gerstmann syndrome is due to finger representation or visuo-spatial processing impairments characterizes a general discussion: To what extent is number representation body-based? Fischer (2008) explored whether Finger-Counting habits interact with the SNARC (Spatial-Numerical Association of Response Codes) effect, which is an association of small numbers with the left visual field and big numbers with the right visual field (Dehaene, Bossini, & Giraux, 1993). The results revealed that subjects who are left-starters show a SNARC effect significantly more than right-starters. Di Luca, Grana, Semenza, Seron and Pesenti (2006) asked subjects to identify Arabic digits by pressing one of 10 keys with all 10 fingers. The configuration of response buttons varied both in terms of the global direction of the hand-digit mapping and the direction of the finger-digit mapping within each hand, from small to large digits or vice versa. The results showed that subjects performed better when there was a congruency between the reported finger- counting Strategy of the subject and the mapping of the response buttons. Both studies (Di Luca, et al., 2006; Fischer, 2008) provide evidence for the dominance of a finger-based number representation compared to a spatial one. Although arithmetic, and more generally number processing, involves sequential manipulation of numbers the role of sequence processing in number processing is not well understood. Neuroimaging evidence suggests a relation