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Wetler, Elaine Cristine Barbosa - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Efeitos de um programa de ginástica postural sobre indivíduos com hérnia de disco lombar
2010Co-Authors: Wetler, Elaine Cristine BarbosaAbstract:Admite-se que 80% da população mundial adulta têm ou terão lombalgia, 30 a 40% desta população apresentam de forma assintomática hérnia de disco lombar (ORTIZ, 2000) e 2 a 3% já estão acometidos pelo sintoma desta patologia (NEGRELLI, 2001). O tratamento conservador pode ser dividido em três etapas, (HENNEMANN, 1994): fase aguda, fase pós-aguda e fase tardia com a intervenção do professor de Ed. Física. Esta investigação, trata-se de um estudo do tipo Ensaio Clínico Randomizado, aplicado durante 6 meses em indivíduos (n=30) de ambos os sexos, idade média de 49 anos, com 36 discos com hérnia de disco lombar, diagnosticados através do exame de Imagem de Ressonância Magnética (IRM) e divididos por grau de exposição para este tipo de tratamento conservador, sendo 14 indivíduos no grupo de estudo (79 sessões) e 16 no grupo controle (52 sessões). Foi elaborado e aplicado um programa de ginástica postural (GP), com o objetivo de medir antes e depois a flexibilidade no quadril no Banco de WELLS, os escores de dor pelo Questionário de Lombalgia de Oswestry (FAIRBANK, 1980) e as IRMs. Para os graus de flexibilidade, foram mensurados dois ângulos nos segmentos denominados: OMBRO (ombro, quadril e joelho) e CRISTA (crista ilíaca, quadril e joelho) através do sistema Peak Motus®. O grau de flexibilidade diminuiu significativamente: cerca de 6,01 graus para a medida do OMBRO e 15,8 graus para a da CRISTA, em média. Não houve diferença significativa entre o grupo de estudo e controle, o ângulo do OMBRO entre os grupos ficou em (p-valor = 0,579) e o ângulo da CRISTA (p-valor = 0,187). O percentual do nível de dor antes foi de 56,67% (moderada, para 17 indivíduos) e 43,33% (leve, para 13 indivíduos). Depois do programa, houve um grande aumento no nível de dor leve, sendo 20% (moderada, em 6 indivíduos) e 80% (leve, em 24 indivíduos) com p-valor = 0,0035 (p< 0,05). Houve diferença significativa entre o grupo de estudo e controle, sendo p-valor = 0,0099 (p< 0,05). Houve significativa reabsorção espontânea em 22,22% da amostra com hérnia de disco lombar (p< 0,05), com período médio de intervalo de 13,03 meses entre o primeiro e o segundo exames de IRM. O tratamento conservador tem obtido os melhores resultados nos indivíduos com hérnia discal lombar, embora não tenha sido achado em nosso estudo correlação entre a melhora da flexibilidade e do nível de dor, com os exames de IRM, pois o processo de reabsorção do núcleo pulposo ainda não está totalmente esclarecido, merecendo futuras investigações sobre o assunto. ___________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACTIt is admitted that 80% of the world-wide population have or will have lumbago. 30~40% of such population have asymptomatic lumbar disk hernia (ORTIZ, 2000) and 2~3% already suffers from this kind of pathology (NEGRELLI, 2001). The conservative treatment can be divided in three stages, (HENNEMANN, 1994): acute, post-acute and late stage with the intervention of the Phys. Ed. Professional. This investigation is a Randomised Clinical Essay, applied during 6 months in individuals (n=30) of both sexes, average age of 49 years, with 36 lumbar herniated disks identified through Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and divided by exposure degree for this kind of conservative treatment. The individuals were divided into two groups: 14 in the Group of Study (79 sessions) and the remaining 16 in the Group of Control (52 sessions). A Programme of Postural Gymnastics (GP) was elaborated and applied in the individuals, in order to measure the hip flexibility (before and after the programme) on Wells Data Bank, pain scores, the Oswestry Questionnaire of Lumbago (FAIRBANK, 1980) and the MRI´s. For the flexibility degrees, two angles were measured: SHOULDER (shoulder, hip and knee) and CREST (iliac crest, hip and knee) through Peak Motus® System. Flexibility degree has substantially decreased after GP: in average, approximately 6.01 degrees for SHOULDER measure and 15.8 degrees for the CREST one. No substantial difference was perceived between Study and Control Groups, the SHOULDER angle between the groups was measured in (p-value = 0,579), while the CREST angle was calculated in (p-value = 0,187). The previous pain level percentage was of 56.67% (moderated, for 17 individuals) and 43.33% (light, for 13 individuals). After the Programme, a sharp increase in the light pain level was perceived, being 20% (moderate in 6 individuals) and 80% (light in 24 individuals), with p-value of 0,0035 (p< 0,05). A substantial difference between Study and Control Groups was perceived (p-value = 0,0099 (p< 0,05)). A substantial spontaneous re-absorption occurred in 22.22% of the sample with lumbar disk hernia (p< 0,05), with a 13.03-month-average period gap between the first and second MRI examinations. Conservative treatment has been obtaining the best results, although no correlation has been found between a better flexibility and pain level with MRI examinations, because the re-absorption process of the nucleus pulposus is not totally cleared yet, deserving future investigations on it
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Efeitos de um programa de ginástica postural sobre indivíduos com hérnia de disco lombar
2004Co-Authors: Wetler, Elaine Cristine BarbosaAbstract:Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade da Saúde, 2004.Admite-se que 80% da população mundial adulta têm ou terão lombalgia, 30 a 40% desta população apresentam de forma assintomática hérnia de disco lombar (ORTIZ, 2000) e 2 a 3% já estão acometidos pelo sintoma desta patologia (NEGRELLI, 2001). O tratamento conservador pode ser dividido em três etapas, (HENNEMANN, 1994): fase aguda, fase pós-aguda e fase tardia com a intervenção do professor de Ed. Física. Esta investigação, trata-se de um estudo do tipo Ensaio Clínico Randomizado, aplicado durante 6 meses em indivíduos (n=30) de ambos os sexos, idade média de 49 anos, com 36 discos com hérnia de disco lombar, diagnosticados através do exame de Imagem de Ressonância Magnética (IRM) e divididos por grau de exposição para este tipo de tratamento conservador, sendo 14 indivíduos no grupo de estudo (79 sessões) e 16 no grupo controle (52 sessões). Foi elaborado e aplicado um programa de ginástica postural (GP), com o objetivo de medir antes e depois a flexibilidade no quadril no Banco de WELLS, os escores de dor pelo Questionário de Lombalgia de Oswestry (FAIRBANK, 1980) e as IRMs. Para os graus de flexibilidade, foram mensurados dois ângulos nos segmentos denominados: OMBRO (ombro, quadril e joelho) e CRISTA (crista ilíaca, quadril e joelho) através do sistema Peak Motus®. O grau de flexibilidade diminuiu significativamente: cerca de 6,01 graus para a medida do OMBRO e 15,8 graus para a da CRISTA, em média. Não houve diferença significativa entre o grupo de estudo e controle, o ângulo do OMBRO entre os grupos ficou em (p-valor = 0,579) e o ângulo da CRISTA (p-valor = 0,187). O percentual do nível de dor antes foi de 56,67% (moderada, para 17 indivíduos) e 43,33% (leve, para 13 indivíduos). Depois do programa, houve um grande aumento no nível de dor leve, sendo 20% (moderada, em 6 indivíduos) e 80% (leve, em 24 indivíduos) com p-valor = 0,0035 (p< 0,05). Houve diferença significativa entre o grupo de estudo e controle, sendo p-valor = 0,0099 (p< 0,05). Houve significativa reabsorção espontânea em 22,22% da amostra com hérnia de disco lombar (p< 0,05), com período médio de intervalo de 13,03 meses entre o primeiro e o segundo exames de IRM. O tratamento conservador tem obtido os melhores resultados nos indivíduos com hérnia discal lombar, embora não tenha sido achado em nosso estudo correlação entre a melhora da flexibilidade e do nível de dor, com os exames de IRM, pois o processo de reabsorção do núcleo pulposo ainda não está totalmente esclarecido, merecendo futuras investigações sobre o assunto. ___________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACTIt is admitted that 80% of the world-wide population have or will have lumbago. 30~40% of such population have asymptomatic lumbar disk hernia (ORTIZ, 2000) and 2~3% already suffers from this kind of pathology (NEGRELLI, 2001). The conservative treatment can be divided in three stages, (HENNEMANN, 1994): acute, post-acute and late stage with the intervention of the Phys. Ed. Professional. This investigation is a Randomised Clinical Essay, applied during 6 months in individuals (n=30) of both sexes, average age of 49 years, with 36 lumbar herniated disks identified through Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and divided by exposure degree for this kind of conservative treatment. The individuals were divided into two groups: 14 in the Group of Study (79 sessions) and the remaining 16 in the Group of Control (52 sessions). A Programme of Postural Gymnastics (GP) was elaborated and applied in the individuals, in order to measure the hip flexibility (before and after the programme) on Wells Data Bank, pain scores, the Oswestry Questionnaire of Lumbago (FAIRBANK, 1980) and the MRI´s. For the flexibility degrees, two angles were measured: SHOULDER (shoulder, hip and knee) and CREST (iliac crest, hip and knee) through Peak Motus® System. Flexibility degree has substantially decreased after GP: in average, approximately 6.01 degrees for SHOULDER measure and 15.8 degrees for the CREST one. No substantial difference was perceived between Study and Control Groups, the SHOULDER angle between the groups was measured in (p-value = 0,579), while the CREST angle was calculated in (p-value = 0,187). The previous pain level percentage was of 56.67% (moderated, for 17 individuals) and 43.33% (light, for 13 individuals). After the Programme, a sharp increase in the light pain level was perceived, being 20% (moderate in 6 individuals) and 80% (light in 24 individuals), with p-value of 0,0035 (p< 0,05). A substantial difference between Study and Control Groups was perceived (p-value = 0,0099 (p< 0,05)). A substantial spontaneous re-absorption occurred in 22.22% of the sample with lumbar disk hernia (p< 0,05), with a 13.03-month-average period gap between the first and second MRI examinations. Conservative treatment has been obtaining the best results, although no correlation has been found between a better flexibility and pain level with MRI examinations, because the re-absorption process of the nucleus pulposus is not totally cleared yet, deserving future investigations on it
Rickards R.b. - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Geological notes and local details for 1:10 000 scale Sheet SD 68 NW (Middleton) and part of Sheet SD 68 NE (Gawthorp)
British Geological Survey, 2006Co-Authors: Woodcock N.h., Rickards R.b.Abstract:The mapped area of Cumbria represented on Sheets SD 68 NW and NE includes the settlements of Killington, Middleton and Gawthrop. Larger settlements border the area: Sedbergh 2 km to the north, Dent 0.5 km to the east and Barbon 2.5 km to the south. The area is bounded to the east by the Dent Fault, and is completely traversed by two other major faults, the Barbon Fault and the Firbank Fault. These faults divide the solid geology into three major sectors and one minor sector, the stratigraphical continuity of which can only be inferred outside the area. The oldest rocks at outcrop occur as a small sliver along the Dent Fault, comprising Dent Group calcareous mudstones and volcanic rocks and Tranearth Group laminated mudstones; the two groups are also separated by a fault. The major outcrop sector between the Dent and Barbon fault zones comprises turbidite sandstones and subordinate mudstones of the uppermost Coniston Group and a lower division of the Bannisdale Formation, passing up into a mudstone-rich upper Bannisdale Formation. The distinction between the Coniston and lower Bannisdale units is difficult, and based mainly on the lamination characteristics of the their hemipelagic mudstone. The outcrop between the Barbon and Firbank faults comprises mudstones with thin sandstones assigned to the upper part of the Bannisdale Formation. This lithology is also present at the base of the succession west of the Firbank Fault, though most of the outcrop here comprises the overlying sandstone-rich Kirkby Moor Formation. Reddening of the upper parts of this formation also affects part of the upper Bannisdale Formation across the Firbank Fault: the reddening is therefore interpreted as secondary, and not diagnostic of a ‘Scout Hill Formation”. The Lower Palaeozoic rocks are deformed by a weak Acadian cleavage striking generally ESE, and by open kilometric-scale folds. These structures are cut by the major north-south Variscan faults. Till occurs in upland valleys and in the major valleys of the Lune and Dee, where it is moulded into drumlins. The River Lune has extensive spreads of post-glacial alluvium
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Geological notes and local details for 1:10 000 sheet SD69NE (Westerdale), and parts of sheets SD69NW (Howgill), SD69SW (Firbank) and SD69SE (Sedbergh) : part of 1: 50 000 sheets 39 (Kendal) and 40 (Kirkby Stephen)
British Geological Survey, 2006Co-Authors: Woodcock N.h., Rickards R.b.Abstract:This report describes the bedrock and superficial deposits geology of the southern parts of Howgill Fells, a picturesque upland area located at the easterly extent of the Lake District Lower Palaeozoic inlier in Cumbria. The bedrock geology consists mainly of a thick succession of mudstone and sandstone assigned to the upper Ordovician and Silurian Windermere Supergroup. These rocks are partially overlain by a variable thickness of glacial and post-glacial deposits. This description and an earlier one by the same authors (Woodcock and Rickards, 1999) accompanies, and should be read in conjunction with, the 1:10 000 scale geological sheets SD 69 NW, NE, SW, SE. These maps are components of the 1:50 000 Geological Series sheets 39 (Kendal) and 40 (Kirkby Stephen). The first part of the report provides an extensive review of previous research into the Quaternary geology of the area, which complements a similar review of research into the bedrock geology of the area presented in Woodcock and Rickards (1999). Each of the Lower Palaeozoic bedrock units identified within the area are then described, along with the biostratigraphy and an outline of the depositional history. An account of the various dolerite, felsite and lamprophyre minor intrusions follows. The ?Upper Devonian and Carboniferous rocks around the margin of the area are described briefly for completeness. A description of the structures present and an analysis of the deformation history forms a major section. The final section describes the Quaternary deposits. The Howgill Fells lies immediately to the west of the Dent Fault, a major zone of east-northeast-trending faults which has the form of a positive flower-structure in cross-section and a contractional strike-slip duplex in map view. Associated with the fault zone, structural domes cored by Ordovician rocks were the result of westerly plunging Early Devonian, Acadian folds affected by interference from Late Carboniferous (‘Variscan’) east-north-east-trending folds. The Ordovician Dent Group here is represented by the Cautley Mudstone and Ashgill formations. The Silurian succession is similar to that found in the Lake District, though significant variations in thickness are recorded for some of the units. The lower part of the Bannisdale Formation comprises the youngest strata represented. The Windermere Supergroup here is up to 3400 m thick. Extensive till deposits overlie the bedrock in many of the upland valleys and alongside the River Lune. Alluvium and River Terrace deposits occupy most of the main streams. Peat blankets the flatter upland areas
Woodcock N.h. - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Geological notes and local details for 1:10 000 scale Sheet SD 68 NW (Middleton) and part of Sheet SD 68 NE (Gawthorp)
British Geological Survey, 2006Co-Authors: Woodcock N.h., Rickards R.b.Abstract:The mapped area of Cumbria represented on Sheets SD 68 NW and NE includes the settlements of Killington, Middleton and Gawthrop. Larger settlements border the area: Sedbergh 2 km to the north, Dent 0.5 km to the east and Barbon 2.5 km to the south. The area is bounded to the east by the Dent Fault, and is completely traversed by two other major faults, the Barbon Fault and the Firbank Fault. These faults divide the solid geology into three major sectors and one minor sector, the stratigraphical continuity of which can only be inferred outside the area. The oldest rocks at outcrop occur as a small sliver along the Dent Fault, comprising Dent Group calcareous mudstones and volcanic rocks and Tranearth Group laminated mudstones; the two groups are also separated by a fault. The major outcrop sector between the Dent and Barbon fault zones comprises turbidite sandstones and subordinate mudstones of the uppermost Coniston Group and a lower division of the Bannisdale Formation, passing up into a mudstone-rich upper Bannisdale Formation. The distinction between the Coniston and lower Bannisdale units is difficult, and based mainly on the lamination characteristics of the their hemipelagic mudstone. The outcrop between the Barbon and Firbank faults comprises mudstones with thin sandstones assigned to the upper part of the Bannisdale Formation. This lithology is also present at the base of the succession west of the Firbank Fault, though most of the outcrop here comprises the overlying sandstone-rich Kirkby Moor Formation. Reddening of the upper parts of this formation also affects part of the upper Bannisdale Formation across the Firbank Fault: the reddening is therefore interpreted as secondary, and not diagnostic of a ‘Scout Hill Formation”. The Lower Palaeozoic rocks are deformed by a weak Acadian cleavage striking generally ESE, and by open kilometric-scale folds. These structures are cut by the major north-south Variscan faults. Till occurs in upland valleys and in the major valleys of the Lune and Dee, where it is moulded into drumlins. The River Lune has extensive spreads of post-glacial alluvium
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Geological notes and local details for 1:10 000 sheet SD69NE (Westerdale), and parts of sheets SD69NW (Howgill), SD69SW (Firbank) and SD69SE (Sedbergh) : part of 1: 50 000 sheets 39 (Kendal) and 40 (Kirkby Stephen)
British Geological Survey, 2006Co-Authors: Woodcock N.h., Rickards R.b.Abstract:This report describes the bedrock and superficial deposits geology of the southern parts of Howgill Fells, a picturesque upland area located at the easterly extent of the Lake District Lower Palaeozoic inlier in Cumbria. The bedrock geology consists mainly of a thick succession of mudstone and sandstone assigned to the upper Ordovician and Silurian Windermere Supergroup. These rocks are partially overlain by a variable thickness of glacial and post-glacial deposits. This description and an earlier one by the same authors (Woodcock and Rickards, 1999) accompanies, and should be read in conjunction with, the 1:10 000 scale geological sheets SD 69 NW, NE, SW, SE. These maps are components of the 1:50 000 Geological Series sheets 39 (Kendal) and 40 (Kirkby Stephen). The first part of the report provides an extensive review of previous research into the Quaternary geology of the area, which complements a similar review of research into the bedrock geology of the area presented in Woodcock and Rickards (1999). Each of the Lower Palaeozoic bedrock units identified within the area are then described, along with the biostratigraphy and an outline of the depositional history. An account of the various dolerite, felsite and lamprophyre minor intrusions follows. The ?Upper Devonian and Carboniferous rocks around the margin of the area are described briefly for completeness. A description of the structures present and an analysis of the deformation history forms a major section. The final section describes the Quaternary deposits. The Howgill Fells lies immediately to the west of the Dent Fault, a major zone of east-northeast-trending faults which has the form of a positive flower-structure in cross-section and a contractional strike-slip duplex in map view. Associated with the fault zone, structural domes cored by Ordovician rocks were the result of westerly plunging Early Devonian, Acadian folds affected by interference from Late Carboniferous (‘Variscan’) east-north-east-trending folds. The Ordovician Dent Group here is represented by the Cautley Mudstone and Ashgill formations. The Silurian succession is similar to that found in the Lake District, though significant variations in thickness are recorded for some of the units. The lower part of the Bannisdale Formation comprises the youngest strata represented. The Windermere Supergroup here is up to 3400 m thick. Extensive till deposits overlie the bedrock in many of the upland valleys and alongside the River Lune. Alluvium and River Terrace deposits occupy most of the main streams. Peat blankets the flatter upland areas
Jussara Tanesi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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super air meter for assessing air void system of fresh concrete
Advances in Civil Engineering Materials, 2016Co-Authors: Jussara Tanesi, Haejin Kim, Mengesha Beyene, Ahmad ArdaniAbstract:A key factor for freeze-thaw durability of concrete is the air void system; nevertheless, the current test methods for fresh concrete only allow for determination of total air content. There is a need for a fresh concrete test method capable of indicating that air void size and distribution are adequate. In an attempt to address this need, a new test method based on the super air meter (SAM) was developed by Ley and Tabb. This paper presented an investigation of the air void system of 64 mixtures, employing standard fresh and hardened concrete test methods, as well as the SAM test method. The study focused on mixtures with three different coarse aggregates, three air entraining admixtures, different total air contents levels, and slumps below 3 in. (75 mm), typical of paving concrete. Freeze-thaw tests were carried out on some of the mixtures with marginal air content. Data from this study at the Federal Highway Administration's Turner Fairbank Highway Research Center Laboratory showed that the SAM test of fresh concrete was able to provide an indication of air void adequacy in low-slump air entrained concrete; a SAM number of 0.20 psi (1.4 kPa) or above identified mixtures with poor spacing factor. However, a limit of 4.0 % fresh air content was also able to identify these mixtures as a good correlation between air content and spacing factor was found.
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super air meter for assessing air void system of fresh concrete
Transportation Research Board 94th Annual MeetingTransportation Research Board, 2015Co-Authors: Jussara Tanesi, Haejin Kim, Mengesha Beyene, Ahmad ArdaniAbstract:A key factor for freeze-thaw durability of concrete is the air void system, nevertheless, the current test methods for fresh concrete only allow for determination of total air content. There is a need for a fresh concrete test method capable of indicating that air void size and distribution are adequate. In an attempt to address this need, a new test method based on the Super Air Meter (SAM) was developed by Ley and Tabb. This paper presents an investigation of the air void system of 64 mixtures employing standard fresh and hardened concrete test methods, as well as the SAM test method. The study focused on mixtures with three different coarse aggregates, three air entraining admixtures, different total air contents levels and slumps below 3 in., typical of paving concrete. Freeze-thaw tests were carried out on some of the mixtures with marginal air content. Data from this study at the Federal Highway Administration’s Turner Fairbank Highway Research Center Laboratory showed that the SAM test of fresh concrete was able to provide an indication of air void adequacy in low-slump air entrained concrete; a SAM number of 0.20 psi or above identified mixtures with poor spacing factor. However, a limit of 4.0% fresh air content was also able to identify these mixtures as a good correlation between air content and spacing factor was found. Work by others with different materials has shown that this trend is not always appropriate.
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effect of coefficient of thermal expansion test variability on concrete pavement performance as predicted by mechanistic empirical pavement design guide
Transportation Research Record, 2007Co-Authors: Jussara Tanesi, Emin M Kutay, Ala R Abbas, Richard C MeiningerAbstract:The coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of concrete is a property that can affect the performance of the pavement and its service life and is one of the most important inputs in the Mechanistic—Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG). The CTE can be either estimated or measured in the laboratory. The test method used to determine this property is AASHTO TP 60, still a provisional test method and not yet evaluated for its precision. CTEs of more than 1,800 concrete specimens were measured at the Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center. The specimens included cylinders that were cast in the laboratory as well as field cores obtained from the Long-Term Pavement Performance pavement sections. Approximately 150 of the specimens were tested individually several times for assessment of repeatability of the test method. An analysis is presented of test differences observed, as is a sensitivity analysis of the CTE test variability on predicted performance based on the MEPDG. The differences in predicted interna...
Rickards R. B. - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Geological notes and details for 1:10 000 Sheet SD 68 NW (Middleton) and part of sheets SD 68 NE (Gawthrop)
British Geological Survey, 2026Co-Authors: Woodcock N. H., Rickards R. B.Abstract:The mapped area of Cumbria represented on Sheets SD 68 NW and NE includes the settlements of Killington, Middleton and Gawthrop. Larger settlements border the area: Sedbergh 2 km to the north, Dent 0.5 km to the east and Barbon 2.5 km to the south. The area is bounded to the east by the Dent Fault, and is completely traversed by two other major faults, the Barbon Fault and the Firbank Fault. These faults divide the solid geology into three major sectors and one minor sector, the stratigraphical continuity of which can only be inferred outside the area. The oldest rocks at outcrop occur as a small sliver along the Dent Fault, comprising Dent Group calcareous mudstones and volcanic rocks and Tranearth Group laminated mudstones; the two groups are also separated by a fault. The major outcrop sector between the Dent and Barbon fault zones comprises turbidite sandstones and subordinate mudstones of the uppermost Coniston Group and a lower division of the Bannisdale Formation, passing up into a mudstone-rich upper Bannisdale Formation. The distinction between the Coniston and lower Bannisdale units is difficult, and based mainly on the lamination characteristics of the their hemipelagic mudstone. The outcrop between the Barbon and Firbank faults comprises mudstones with thin sandstones assigned to the upper part of the Bannisdale Formation. This lithology is also present at the base of the succession west of the Firbank Fault, though most of the outcrop here comprises the overlying sandstone-rich Kirkby Moor Formation. Reddening of the upper parts of this formation also affects part of the upper Bannisdale Formation across the Firbank Fault: the reddening is therefore interpreted as secondary, and not diagnostic of a ‘Scout Hill Formation”. The Lower Palaeozoic rocks are deformed by a weak Acadian cleavage striking generally ESE, and by open kilometric-scale folds. These structures are cut by the major north-south Variscan faults. Till occurs in upland valleys and in the major valleys of the Lune and Dee, where it is moulded into drumlins. The River Lune has extensive spreads of post-glacial alluvium