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Bridget Kelly - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • sustained impact of energy dense tv and online Food Advertising on children s dietary intake a within subject randomised crossover counter balanced trial
    International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 2018
    Co-Authors: Jennifer Norman, Lesley King, Bridget Kelly, Kathy Chapman, Emma Boyland, Clare Hughes, Anne T Mcmahon, Louise A Baur, Adrian Bauman
    Abstract:

    Policies restricting children’s exposure to unhealthy Food marketing have been impeded by the lack of evidence showing a direct link between Food Advertising exposure and children’s energy intake and body weight. Food Advertising exposure increases children’s immediate Food consumption, but whether this increased intake is compensated for at later eating occasions is not known; consequently the sustained effect on diets remains unclear. We conducted a within-subject, randomised, crossover, counterbalanced study across four, six-day holiday camps in New South Wales, Australia between April 2016 and January 2017. Children (7–12 years, n = 160) were recruited via local schools, email networks and social media. Two gender- and age-balanced groups were formed for each camp (n = 20), randomised to either a multiple- or single- media condition and exposed to Food and non-Food Advertising in an online game and/or a television cartoon. Children’s Food consumption (kilojoules) was measured at a snack immediately after exposure and then at lunch later in the day. Linear mixed models were conducted to examine relationships between Food Advertising exposure and dietary intake, taking into account gender, age and weight status. All children in the multiple-media condition ate more at a snack after exposure to Food Advertising compared with non-Food Advertising; this was not compensated for at lunch, leading to additional daily Food intake of 194 kJ (95% CI 80–308, p = 0.001, d = 0.2). Exposure to multiple-media Food Advertising compared with a single-media source increased the effect on snack intake by a difference of 182 kJ (95% CI 46–317, p = 0.009, d = 0.4). Food Advertising had an increased effect among children with heavier weight status in both media groups. Online (‘advergame’) Advertising combined with TV Advertising exerted a stronger influence on children’s Food consumption than TV Advertising alone. The lack of compensation at lunch for children’s increased snack intake after Food Advertising exposure suggests that unhealthy Food Advertising exposure contributes to a positive energy-gap, which could cumulatively lead to the development of overweight. Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry, number ACTRN12617001230347 (Retrospectively registered).

  • Advertising as a cue to consume a systematic review and meta analysis of the effects of acute exposure to unhealthy Food and nonalcoholic beverage Advertising on intake in children and adults
    The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2016
    Co-Authors: Emma J Boyland, Bridget Kelly, Jason C G Halford, Sarah J Nolan, Catrin Tudursmith, Andrew Jones, Eric Robinson
    Abstract:

    Background: Several studies have assessed the effects of Food and nonalcoholic beverage (hereafter collectively referred to as Food) Advertising on Food consumption, but the results of these studies have been mixed. This lack of clarity may be impeding policy action. Objective: We examined the evidence for a relation between acute exposure to experimental unhealthy Food Advertising and Food consumption. Design: The study was a systematic review and meta-analysis of published studies in which Advertising exposure (television or Internet) was experimentally manipulated, and Food intake was measured. Five electronic databases were searched for relevant publications (SCOPUS, PsycINFO, MEDLINE, Emerald Insight, and JSTOR). An inverse variance meta-analysis was used whereby the standardized mean difference (SMD) in Food intake was calculated between unhealthy Food Advertising and control conditions. Results: Twenty-two articles were eligible for inclusion. Data were available for 18 articles to be included in the meta-analysis (which provided 20 comparisons). With all available data included, the analysis indicated a small-to-moderate effect size for Advertising on Food consumption with participants eating more after exposure to Food Advertising than after control conditions (SMD: 0.37; 95% CI: 0.09; 0.65; I 2 = 98%). Subgroup analyses showed that the experiments with adult participants provided no evidence of an effect of Advertising on intake (SMD: 0.00; P = 1.00; 95% CI: 20.08, 0.08; I 2 = 8%), but a significant effect of moderate size was shown for children, whereby Food Advertising exposure was associated with greater Food intake (SMD: 0.56; P = 0.003; 95% CI: 0.18, 0.94; I 2 = 98%). Conclusions: Evidence to date shows that acute exposure to Food Advertising increases Food intake in children but not in adults. These data support public health policy action that seeks to reduce children’s exposure to unhealthy Food Advertising. Am J Clin Nutr doi: 10.3945/ajcn.115.120022.

  • Food Advertising and eating behavior in children
    Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 2016
    Co-Authors: Frans Folkvord, Bridget Kelly, Doeschka J. Anschutz, Emma Boyland, Moniek Buijzen
    Abstract:

    Systematic research reviews have repeatedly shown that Food Advertising affects children's eating behavior. Given that most Food Advertising promotes unhealthy, palatable, and rewarding Food products, it is considered to be a significant contributor to the current obesity epidemic. This review describes recent studies that have tested the effect of contemporary Food advertisements on children's eating behavior, including newly emerging data showing marketing effects on subconscious cognitive processes and studies illuminating the mechanistic underpinnings of these effects. In addition, this review presents an integration of empirical findings in a new theoretical framework that increases the understanding of the effects of Food Advertising on eating behavior and might be used for future research in this area.

  • children s exposure to Food Advertising on free to air television an asia pacific perspective
    Health Promotion International, 2014
    Co-Authors: Bridget Kelly, Lesley King, Lana Hebden, Yang Xiao, Lingxia Zeng, Hamam Hadi, Tilakavati Karupaiah, Ng See Hoe, Mohd Ismail Noor, Jihyun Yoon
    Abstract:

    There is an established link between Food promotions and children's Food purchase and consumption. Children in developing countries may be more vulnerable to Food promotions given the relative novelty of Advertising in these markets. This study aimed to determine the scope of television Food Advertising to children across the Asia-Pacific to inform policies to restrict this marketing. Six sites were sampled, including from China, Indonesia, Malaysia and South Korea. At each site, 192 h of television were recorded (4 days, 16 h/day, three channels) from May to October 2012. Advertised Foods were categorized as core/healthy, non-core/unhealthy or miscellaneous, and by product type. Twenty-seven percent of advertisements were for Food/beverages, and the most frequently advertised product was sugar-sweetened drinks. Rates of non-core Food Advertising were highest during viewing times most popular with children, when between 3 (South Korea) and 15 (Indonesia) non-core Food advertisements were broadcast each hour. Children in the Asia-Pacific are exposed to high volumes of unhealthy Food/beverage television Advertising. Different policy arrangements for Food Advertising are likely to contribute to regional variations in Advertising patterns. Cities with the lowest Advertising rates can be identified as exemplars of good policy practice.

  • building the case for independent monitoring of Food Advertising on australian television
    Public Health Nutrition, 2013
    Co-Authors: Lesley King, Lana Hebden, Bridget Kelly, Anne Grunseit, Kathy Chapman
    Abstract:

    Cancer Council NSW, Sydney, AustraliaSubmitted 23 January 2012: Final revision received 4 June 2012: Accepted 24 August 2012: First published online 4 October 2012AbstractObjective: To provide an independent monitoring report examining the ongoingimpact of Australian self-regulatory pledges on Food and drink Advertising tochildren on commercial television.Design: Analysis of Food advertisements across comparable sample time periods inApril/May 2006, 2007,2009, 2010 and 2011.The main outcome measure comprisedchange in the mean rate of non-core Food advertisements from 2006 to 2011.Setting: Sydney free-to-air television channels.Subjects: Televised Food advertisements.Results: In 2011 the rate of non-core Food advertisements was not significantlydifferent from that in 2006 or 2010 (3?2/h v.4?1/h and 3?1/h), although therewere variations across the intervening years. The rate of fast-Food Advertising in2010 was significantly higher than in 2006 (1?8/h v.1?1/h, P,0?001), but thesame as that in 2011 (1?5/h).Conclusions: The frequency of non-core Food Advertising on Sydney televisionhas remained essentially unchanged between 2006 and 2011, despite theimplementation of two industry self-regulatory pledges. The current study illustratesthe value of independent monitoring as a basic requirement of any responsiveregulatory approach.KeywordsFood marketingFood policyEvidence from systematic reviews of the scientific litera-ture consistently shows that Food Advertising influenceschildren’s Food preferences, intake and purchaserequests

Emma Boyland - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • television advertisements for high sugar Foods and beverages effect on children s snack Food intake
    British Journal of Nutrition, 2021
    Co-Authors: Justin Kearney, Jason C G Halford, Rhian Fitzgerald, Girvan Burnside, S M Higham, Norah Flannigan, Emma Boyland
    Abstract:

    Energy-dense Food Advertising affects children's eating behaviour. However, the impact of high-sugar Food Advertising specifically on the intake of sweet Foods is underexplored. This study sought to determine whether children would increase their intake of sugar and total energy following high-sugar Food Advertising (relative to toy Advertising) and whether dental health, weight status and socio-economic status (SES) would moderate any effect. In a crossover, randomised controlled trial, 101 UK children (forty male) aged 8-10 years were exposed to high-sugar Food/beverage and toy advertisements embedded within a cartoon. Their subsequent intake of snack Foods and beverages varying in sugar content was measured. A dental examination was performed, and height and weight measurements were taken. Home postcode provided by parents was used to assign participants to SES quintiles. Children consumed a significantly greater amount of energy (203·3 (95 % CI 56·5, 350·2) kJ (48·6 (95 % CI 13·5, 83·7) kcal); P = 0·007) and sugar (6·0 (95 % CI 1·3, 10·7) g; P = 0·012) following Food advertisements compared with after toy advertisements. This was driven by increased intake of the items with most sugar (chocolate and jelly sweets). Children of healthy weight and with dental caries had the greatest intake response to Food Advertising exposure, but there were no differences by SES. Acute experimental Food Advertising exposure increases Food intake in children. Specifically, high-sugar Food and beverage Advertising promotes the consumption of high-sugar Food items. The debate around the negative health effects of Food Advertising on children should be widened to include dental health as well as overall dietary health and obesity.

  • op06 quantifying the potential health impact of restricting less healthy Food Advertising on uk television between 0530 and 2100 a multi state lifetable modelling study
    Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 2020
    Co-Authors: Oliver T Mytton, Emma Boyland, James B Adams, Brendan Collins, M Oconnell, Simon Russell, K Smith, R Stroud, Russell M Viner, Linda J Cobiac
    Abstract:

    Background To tackle childhood obesity, the UK Government is consulting on prohibiting the Advertising of high fat sugar salt Foods (HFSS) on television between 0530 and 2100. We sought to estimate the health impact of this policy in the UK. Methods Informed by a literature review, we adapted an existing multi-state lifetable model (PRIMETime) to model the impact of television Advertising exposure on children’s caloric intake, and the subsequent impact on body mass index and health. We used data from AC Nielsen and Broadcasters’ Audience Research Board data (2015) on children’s exposure to HFSS Advertising (adopting the FSA-Ofcom definition of HFSS); published meta-analysis quantifying the effect of less-healthy Food Advertising on caloric intake in children; the Human Mortality Database for the UK (2015) on population numbers and all-cause mortality rates; the Health Survey for England (2016) on body mass index; the Global Burden of Disease Study for disability weights to estimate Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs). We simulated a closed cohort of the UK population aged 0–17 years in 2015 (n=13,729,000), following the cohort to death. We assumed HFSS Advertising had no effect on adults, and that changes in mean BMI observed at age 17 years persisted throughout adult life. The main outcome measures were change in percentage of the children (aged 5–17 years) with obesity defined using International Obesity Task Force cut-points, and change in health status (DALYs). Monte Carlo analysis was used to estimate 95% uncertainty intervals. We compared three scenarios: All HFSS Advertising between 0530 and 2100 is withdrawn All HFSS Advertising between 0530 and 2100 is displaced to 2100 to 0530 No intervention Results If all HFSS Advertising between 0530 and 2100 was withdrawn, we estimate that UK children would decrease caloric intake by 9.1kcal (95 CI: 0.5kcal-17.7kcal), which would reduce the number of children with obesity by 40,000 (12,000–81,000) or 4.6% (1.4%-9.5%) compared to no intervention. This would avert 240,000 (65,000–530,000) DALYs across the cohort’s lifetime. Under a scenario where all HFSS Advertising is displaced to 2100 to 0530, we estimate that the benefits would be reduced by around two-thirds. Conclusion Measures that reduce exposure to less-healthy Food Advertising on television, such as restricting HFSS Advertising between 0530 and 2100, could make a meaningful contribution to reducing childhood obesity. The impact of this policy may be reduced if adverts are displaced to after 2100 rather than being withdrawn.

  • children s exposure to Food Advertising the impact of statutory restrictions
    Health Promotion International, 2019
    Co-Authors: Rosa Whalen, Joanne A Harrold, Simon Child, Jason C G Halford, Emma Boyland
    Abstract:

    Evidence demonstrating links between exposure to unhealthy Food marketing, poor eating behaviours and paediatric obesity has led to calls for regulatory change in many countries, including the UK. However no official monitoring system exists to inform international debate on Food Advertising policy. This study systematically explores Food Advertising on UK television in 2010 (post-regulation) and compare this to 2008 (mid-regulation) to assess if Food adverts improved in nutritional quality after implementation of regulations. Television was recorded between 6 a.m. and 10 p.m. for one weekday and one weekend day during 6 months of 2010 across 13 commercial television channels popular with children. These data were directly compared with previously published data for 2008. Food and beverages were the third most frequently advertised product type (11.9% of all ads), a decrease of 0.9% from 2008 (12.8%). Non-core Food commercials decreased (down 2.2-53.8%) and core Food Advertising increased (up 0.5-18.6%). Fast Food items were the third most frequently advertised Food product (15.4%, up 3.5% from 2008). During peak children's viewing times, 17.0% of all commercials were for Food, an increase of 4.7% from non-peak children's viewing times and fewer core (-0.9%) and more non-core (+0.5%) Foods were advertised at these times. Despite statutory regulation, frequency and balance of Food commercials (core, non-core and miscellaneous) remained relatively static over the 2 years. Children are still exposed to high amounts of unhealthy Food Advertising on television. Continued monitoring of television Food Advertising remains crucial and policymakers should examine the comparative efficacy of other restrictions.

  • sustained impact of energy dense tv and online Food Advertising on children s dietary intake a within subject randomised crossover counter balanced trial
    International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 2018
    Co-Authors: Jennifer Norman, Lesley King, Bridget Kelly, Kathy Chapman, Emma Boyland, Clare Hughes, Anne T Mcmahon, Louise A Baur, Adrian Bauman
    Abstract:

    Policies restricting children’s exposure to unhealthy Food marketing have been impeded by the lack of evidence showing a direct link between Food Advertising exposure and children’s energy intake and body weight. Food Advertising exposure increases children’s immediate Food consumption, but whether this increased intake is compensated for at later eating occasions is not known; consequently the sustained effect on diets remains unclear. We conducted a within-subject, randomised, crossover, counterbalanced study across four, six-day holiday camps in New South Wales, Australia between April 2016 and January 2017. Children (7–12 years, n = 160) were recruited via local schools, email networks and social media. Two gender- and age-balanced groups were formed for each camp (n = 20), randomised to either a multiple- or single- media condition and exposed to Food and non-Food Advertising in an online game and/or a television cartoon. Children’s Food consumption (kilojoules) was measured at a snack immediately after exposure and then at lunch later in the day. Linear mixed models were conducted to examine relationships between Food Advertising exposure and dietary intake, taking into account gender, age and weight status. All children in the multiple-media condition ate more at a snack after exposure to Food Advertising compared with non-Food Advertising; this was not compensated for at lunch, leading to additional daily Food intake of 194 kJ (95% CI 80–308, p = 0.001, d = 0.2). Exposure to multiple-media Food Advertising compared with a single-media source increased the effect on snack intake by a difference of 182 kJ (95% CI 46–317, p = 0.009, d = 0.4). Food Advertising had an increased effect among children with heavier weight status in both media groups. Online (‘advergame’) Advertising combined with TV Advertising exerted a stronger influence on children’s Food consumption than TV Advertising alone. The lack of compensation at lunch for children’s increased snack intake after Food Advertising exposure suggests that unhealthy Food Advertising exposure contributes to a positive energy-gap, which could cumulatively lead to the development of overweight. Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry, number ACTRN12617001230347 (Retrospectively registered).

  • the health halo trend in uk television Food Advertising viewed by children the rise of implicit and explicit health messaging in the promotion of unhealthy Foods
    International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2018
    Co-Authors: Rosa Whalen, Joanne A Harrold, Simon Child, Jason C G Halford, Emma Boyland
    Abstract:

    Monitoring the creative content within Food marketing to children is strongly advocated by public health authorities, but few studies address the prevalence of health-related messaging in television adverts. Food and beverage adverts (n = 18,888 in 2008, n = 6664 in 2010) from UK television channels popular with children were coded and analyzed. Physical-activity depiction displayed an 18.8 percentage point increase from 2008 (4.4%) to 2010 (23.2%). Of the Food adverts containing physical-activity depiction in 2010, 81.1% were for non-core Foods. The appearance of health claims in Food adverts in 2010 increased 4.1 percentage points from 2008 levels (20.7% to 24.8%) where the majority of Food adverts featuring health and nutrition claims were for non-core Foods (58.3%). Health-related (e.g., health/nutrition, weight loss/diet) appeals were used in 17.1% of Food adverts during peak child-viewing times, rising to 33.0% of adverts shown on dedicated children’s channels in 2010. Implicit (physical activity) and explicit (health claims) health messages are increasingly prevalent in UK television Food Advertising viewed by children, and are frequently used to promote unhealthy Foods. Policy makers in the UK should consider amendments to the existing statutory approach in order to address this issue.

Lesley King - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • sustained impact of energy dense tv and online Food Advertising on children s dietary intake a within subject randomised crossover counter balanced trial
    International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 2018
    Co-Authors: Jennifer Norman, Lesley King, Bridget Kelly, Kathy Chapman, Emma Boyland, Clare Hughes, Anne T Mcmahon, Louise A Baur, Adrian Bauman
    Abstract:

    Policies restricting children’s exposure to unhealthy Food marketing have been impeded by the lack of evidence showing a direct link between Food Advertising exposure and children’s energy intake and body weight. Food Advertising exposure increases children’s immediate Food consumption, but whether this increased intake is compensated for at later eating occasions is not known; consequently the sustained effect on diets remains unclear. We conducted a within-subject, randomised, crossover, counterbalanced study across four, six-day holiday camps in New South Wales, Australia between April 2016 and January 2017. Children (7–12 years, n = 160) were recruited via local schools, email networks and social media. Two gender- and age-balanced groups were formed for each camp (n = 20), randomised to either a multiple- or single- media condition and exposed to Food and non-Food Advertising in an online game and/or a television cartoon. Children’s Food consumption (kilojoules) was measured at a snack immediately after exposure and then at lunch later in the day. Linear mixed models were conducted to examine relationships between Food Advertising exposure and dietary intake, taking into account gender, age and weight status. All children in the multiple-media condition ate more at a snack after exposure to Food Advertising compared with non-Food Advertising; this was not compensated for at lunch, leading to additional daily Food intake of 194 kJ (95% CI 80–308, p = 0.001, d = 0.2). Exposure to multiple-media Food Advertising compared with a single-media source increased the effect on snack intake by a difference of 182 kJ (95% CI 46–317, p = 0.009, d = 0.4). Food Advertising had an increased effect among children with heavier weight status in both media groups. Online (‘advergame’) Advertising combined with TV Advertising exerted a stronger influence on children’s Food consumption than TV Advertising alone. The lack of compensation at lunch for children’s increased snack intake after Food Advertising exposure suggests that unhealthy Food Advertising exposure contributes to a positive energy-gap, which could cumulatively lead to the development of overweight. Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry, number ACTRN12617001230347 (Retrospectively registered).

  • children s exposure to Food Advertising on free to air television an asia pacific perspective
    Health Promotion International, 2014
    Co-Authors: Bridget Kelly, Lesley King, Lana Hebden, Yang Xiao, Lingxia Zeng, Hamam Hadi, Tilakavati Karupaiah, Ng See Hoe, Mohd Ismail Noor, Jihyun Yoon
    Abstract:

    There is an established link between Food promotions and children's Food purchase and consumption. Children in developing countries may be more vulnerable to Food promotions given the relative novelty of Advertising in these markets. This study aimed to determine the scope of television Food Advertising to children across the Asia-Pacific to inform policies to restrict this marketing. Six sites were sampled, including from China, Indonesia, Malaysia and South Korea. At each site, 192 h of television were recorded (4 days, 16 h/day, three channels) from May to October 2012. Advertised Foods were categorized as core/healthy, non-core/unhealthy or miscellaneous, and by product type. Twenty-seven percent of advertisements were for Food/beverages, and the most frequently advertised product was sugar-sweetened drinks. Rates of non-core Food Advertising were highest during viewing times most popular with children, when between 3 (South Korea) and 15 (Indonesia) non-core Food advertisements were broadcast each hour. Children in the Asia-Pacific are exposed to high volumes of unhealthy Food/beverage television Advertising. Different policy arrangements for Food Advertising are likely to contribute to regional variations in Advertising patterns. Cities with the lowest Advertising rates can be identified as exemplars of good policy practice.

  • building the case for independent monitoring of Food Advertising on australian television
    Public Health Nutrition, 2013
    Co-Authors: Lesley King, Lana Hebden, Bridget Kelly, Anne Grunseit, Kathy Chapman
    Abstract:

    Cancer Council NSW, Sydney, AustraliaSubmitted 23 January 2012: Final revision received 4 June 2012: Accepted 24 August 2012: First published online 4 October 2012AbstractObjective: To provide an independent monitoring report examining the ongoingimpact of Australian self-regulatory pledges on Food and drink Advertising tochildren on commercial television.Design: Analysis of Food advertisements across comparable sample time periods inApril/May 2006, 2007,2009, 2010 and 2011.The main outcome measure comprisedchange in the mean rate of non-core Food advertisements from 2006 to 2011.Setting: Sydney free-to-air television channels.Subjects: Televised Food advertisements.Results: In 2011 the rate of non-core Food advertisements was not significantlydifferent from that in 2006 or 2010 (3?2/h v.4?1/h and 3?1/h), although therewere variations across the intervening years. The rate of fast-Food Advertising in2010 was significantly higher than in 2006 (1?8/h v.1?1/h, P,0?001), but thesame as that in 2011 (1?5/h).Conclusions: The frequency of non-core Food Advertising on Sydney televisionhas remained essentially unchanged between 2006 and 2011, despite theimplementation of two industry self-regulatory pledges. The current study illustratesthe value of independent monitoring as a basic requirement of any responsiveregulatory approach.KeywordsFood marketingFood policyEvidence from systematic reviews of the scientific litera-ture consistently shows that Food Advertising influenceschildren’s Food preferences, intake and purchaserequests

  • Advertising of fast Food to children on australian television the impact of industry self regulation
    The Medical Journal of Australia, 2011
    Co-Authors: Lana Hebden, Lesley King, Bridget Kelly, Anne Grunseit, Kathy Chapman
    Abstract:

    Objective: To assess the impact of the quick-service restaurant industry (QSRI) self-regulatory initiative on fast-Food Advertising to children on Australian commercial television. Design and setting: Analysis of advertisements for Foods on the three main free-to-air commercial television channels (channels 7, 9 and 10) in Sydney, Australia, over 4 days in both May 2009 and April 2010 in terms of: number of advertisements; types of Food (coded core [healthy] Foods, non-core [unhealthy] Foods, miscellaneous Foods; or fast Foods); whether advertised meals were intended for children; whether advertisements were broadcast during children's peak viewing times; and whether the company in question was a signatory to the QSRI initiative. Main outcome measures: Change in the mean frequency and rate of Food advertisements per hour from 2009 to 2010; change in the types of fast-Food meals (healthier alternatives [at least one nutrient-dense, low-energy Food considered part of a healthy diet for children], non-core [high in undesirable nutrients and not considered part of a healthy diet for children], and other) being advertised; and proportion of children's energy requirements provided by fast-Food meals. Results: From 2009 to 2010, the mean frequency of fast-Food advertisements increased from 1.1 to 1.5 per hour. While non-core fast Foods comprised a lesser share of fast-Food Advertising in 2010 than 2009, the mean frequency at which they were advertised during times when the largest numbers of children were watching television remained the same (1.3 per hour in both 2009 and 2010). Family meals advertised for children's consumption in 2010 provided energy far in excess of children's requirements. Conclusions: Children's exposure to unhealthy fast-Food Advertising has not changed following the introduction of self-regulation, and some fast Foods advertised for children's consumption contain excessive energy. The limited impact of self-regulation suggests that governments should define the policy framework for regulating fast-Food Advertising to children.

  • industry self regulation of television Food Advertising responsible or responsive
    Pediatric Obesity, 2011
    Co-Authors: Lesley King, Lana Hebden, Bridget Kelly, Kathy Chapman, Anne Grunseit, Kamalesh Venugopal
    Abstract:

    AbstractIntroduction. This study evaluated the impact of the Australian Food and Grocery Council (AFGC) self-regulatory initiative on unhealthy Food marketing to children, introduced in January 2009. The study compared patterns of Food Advertising by AFGC and non-AFGC signatory companies in 2009, 2007 and 2006 on three Sydney commercial free-to-air television channels. Methods. Data were collected across seven days in May 2006 and 2007, and four days in May 2009. Advertised Foods were coded as core, non-core and miscellaneous. Regression for counts analyses was used to examine change in rates of advertisements across the sampled periods and differential change between AFGC-signatory or non-signatory companies between 2007 and 2009. Results. Of 36 Food companies that advertised during the 2009 sample period, 14 were AFGC signatories. The average number of Food advertisements decreased significantly from 7.0 per hour in 2007 to 5.9 in 2009. There was a significant reduction in non-core Food Advertising from...

Kathy Chapman - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • sustained impact of energy dense tv and online Food Advertising on children s dietary intake a within subject randomised crossover counter balanced trial
    International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 2018
    Co-Authors: Jennifer Norman, Lesley King, Bridget Kelly, Kathy Chapman, Emma Boyland, Clare Hughes, Anne T Mcmahon, Louise A Baur, Adrian Bauman
    Abstract:

    Policies restricting children’s exposure to unhealthy Food marketing have been impeded by the lack of evidence showing a direct link between Food Advertising exposure and children’s energy intake and body weight. Food Advertising exposure increases children’s immediate Food consumption, but whether this increased intake is compensated for at later eating occasions is not known; consequently the sustained effect on diets remains unclear. We conducted a within-subject, randomised, crossover, counterbalanced study across four, six-day holiday camps in New South Wales, Australia between April 2016 and January 2017. Children (7–12 years, n = 160) were recruited via local schools, email networks and social media. Two gender- and age-balanced groups were formed for each camp (n = 20), randomised to either a multiple- or single- media condition and exposed to Food and non-Food Advertising in an online game and/or a television cartoon. Children’s Food consumption (kilojoules) was measured at a snack immediately after exposure and then at lunch later in the day. Linear mixed models were conducted to examine relationships between Food Advertising exposure and dietary intake, taking into account gender, age and weight status. All children in the multiple-media condition ate more at a snack after exposure to Food Advertising compared with non-Food Advertising; this was not compensated for at lunch, leading to additional daily Food intake of 194 kJ (95% CI 80–308, p = 0.001, d = 0.2). Exposure to multiple-media Food Advertising compared with a single-media source increased the effect on snack intake by a difference of 182 kJ (95% CI 46–317, p = 0.009, d = 0.4). Food Advertising had an increased effect among children with heavier weight status in both media groups. Online (‘advergame’) Advertising combined with TV Advertising exerted a stronger influence on children’s Food consumption than TV Advertising alone. The lack of compensation at lunch for children’s increased snack intake after Food Advertising exposure suggests that unhealthy Food Advertising exposure contributes to a positive energy-gap, which could cumulatively lead to the development of overweight. Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry, number ACTRN12617001230347 (Retrospectively registered).

  • Advertising to children initiatives have not reduced unhealthy Food Advertising on australian television
    Journal of Public Health, 2017
    Co-Authors: Wendy L Watson, Vivien Lau, Lyndal Wellard, Clare Hughes, Kathy Chapman
    Abstract:

    Background In response to rising childhood obesity rates, the Australian Food industry implemented two initiatives in 2009 to reduce the marketing of unhealthy Food to children. This study evaluated the efficacy of these initiatives on the rate of unhealthy Food Advertising to children on Australian television. Methods The rates of Food advertisements on three free-to-air commercial television channels and a youth-oriented digital channel in Sydney, Australia were analysed over 2 weekdays (16 h) and two weekend days (22 h). Advertisements were categorized according to the healthiness of Foods advertised (non-core, core, miscellaneous) and signatory status to the Food industry Advertising initiatives. Results Total Food Advertising rates for the three channels increased from 5.5/h in 2011 to 7.3/h in 2015, due to an increase of 0.8/h for both core and miscellaneous Foods. The rate of non-core Food advertisements in 2015 (3.1/h) was similar to 2011 (3.0/h). The youth-oriented channel had fewer total Food advertisements (3.7/h versus 7.3/h) but similar fast-Food advertisement rates (1.3/h versus 1.3/h). Conclusions There was no change in the rate of unhealthy Food Advertising since 2011, suggesting minimal impact of the current Food industry initiatives on reducing children's exposure to unhealthy Food Advertising.

  • building the case for independent monitoring of Food Advertising on australian television
    Public Health Nutrition, 2013
    Co-Authors: Lesley King, Lana Hebden, Bridget Kelly, Anne Grunseit, Kathy Chapman
    Abstract:

    Cancer Council NSW, Sydney, AustraliaSubmitted 23 January 2012: Final revision received 4 June 2012: Accepted 24 August 2012: First published online 4 October 2012AbstractObjective: To provide an independent monitoring report examining the ongoingimpact of Australian self-regulatory pledges on Food and drink Advertising tochildren on commercial television.Design: Analysis of Food advertisements across comparable sample time periods inApril/May 2006, 2007,2009, 2010 and 2011.The main outcome measure comprisedchange in the mean rate of non-core Food advertisements from 2006 to 2011.Setting: Sydney free-to-air television channels.Subjects: Televised Food advertisements.Results: In 2011 the rate of non-core Food advertisements was not significantlydifferent from that in 2006 or 2010 (3?2/h v.4?1/h and 3?1/h), although therewere variations across the intervening years. The rate of fast-Food Advertising in2010 was significantly higher than in 2006 (1?8/h v.1?1/h, P,0?001), but thesame as that in 2011 (1?5/h).Conclusions: The frequency of non-core Food Advertising on Sydney televisionhas remained essentially unchanged between 2006 and 2011, despite theimplementation of two industry self-regulatory pledges. The current study illustratesthe value of independent monitoring as a basic requirement of any responsiveregulatory approach.KeywordsFood marketingFood policyEvidence from systematic reviews of the scientific litera-ture consistently shows that Food Advertising influenceschildren’s Food preferences, intake and purchaserequests

  • the effects of television and internet Food Advertising on parents and children
    Public Health Nutrition, 2013
    Co-Authors: Simone Pettigrew, Kathy Chapman, Michele Roberts, Pascale G. Quester, Liudmila Tarabashkina, Caroline Miller
    Abstract:

    Objective The current study examined the impact of television and Internet Food Advertising on Australian parents and children. Design Parents and their children aged 8 to 14 years were exposed to a television advertisement, an Internet advertisement or a control picture for four commonly advertised energy-dense, nutrient-poor Foods. Setting Online web panel survey, Australia. Subjects Parents ( n 1302) and their children aged 8 to 14 years ( n 1302). Results After a single exposure to each advertisement, parent respondents in the two exposure conditions evaluated the products more favourably, had a greater desire to consume the products and thought the product could be consumed more frequently than those in the control condition. Similar trends were observed among children, although the differences were statistically significant only for the frequency of Food consumption in the Internet advertisement condition and the evaluation of one product. Conclusions The results have implications for assumptions of adults’ immunity to Advertising. This is of particular importance in efforts to address child obesity and the reliance on parents to mediate the effects of Food Advertising.

  • compliance with children s television Food Advertising regulations in australia
    BMC Public Health, 2012
    Co-Authors: Michele Roberts, Kathy Chapman, Simone Pettigrew, Caroline Miller, Pascale G. Quester
    Abstract:

    The objective of this study was to assess the effectiveness of the Australian co-regulatory system in limiting children’s exposure to unhealthy television Food Advertising by measuring compliance with mandatory and voluntary regulations. An audit was conducted on Food and beverage television advertisements broadcast in five major Australian cities during children’s programming time from 1st September 2010 to 31st October 2010. The data were assessed against mandatory and voluntary Advertising regulations, the information contained in an industry report of breaches, and the Australian Guide to Healthy Eating. During the two months of data collection there were a total of 951 breaches of the combined regulations. This included 619 breaches of the mandatory regulations (CTS) and 332 breaches of the voluntary regulations (RCMI and QSRI). Almost 83% of all Food and beverages advertised during children’s programming times were for Foods classified as ‘Extras’ in the Australian Guide to Healthy Eating. There were also breaches in relation to the amount of Advertising repetition and the use of promotional appeals such as premium offers, competitions, and endorsements by popular children’s characters. The self-regulatory systems were found to have flaws in their reporting and there were errors in the Australian Food and Grocery Council’s compliance report. This audit suggests that current Advertising regulations are inadequate. Regulations need to be closely monitored and more tightly enforced to protect children from advertisements for unhealthy Foods.

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  • what arguments and from whom are most influential in shaping public health policy thematic content analysis of responses to a public consultation on the regulation of television Food Advertising to children in the uk
    BMJ Open, 2019
    Co-Authors: Ahmed Razavi, Jean Adams, Martin White
    Abstract:

    Objectives We explore one aspect of the decision making process—public consultation on policy proposals by a national regulatory body—aiming to understand how public health policy development is influenced by different stakeholders. Design We used thematic content analysis to explore responses to a national consultation on the regulation of television Advertising of Foods high in fat, salt and sugar aimed at children. Setting UK. Results 139 responses from key stakeholder groups were analysed to determine how they influenced the regulator’s initial proposals for Advertising restrictions. The regulator’s priorities were questioned throughout the consultation process by public health stakeholders. The eventual restrictions implemented were less strict in many ways than those originally proposed. These changes appeared to be influenced most by commercial, rather than public health, stakeholders. Conclusions Public health policy making appears to be considered as a balance between commercial and public health interests. Tactics such as the questioning and reframing of scientific evidence may be used. In this example, exploring the development of policy regulating television Food Advertising to children, commercial considerations appear to have led to a watering down of initial regulatory proposals, with proposed packages not including the measures public health advocates considered to be the most effective. This seems likely to have compromised the ultimate public health effectiveness of the regulations eventually implemented.

  • effect of restrictions on television Food Advertising to children on exposure to advertisements for less healthy Foods repeat cross sectional study
    PLOS ONE, 2012
    Co-Authors: Jean Adams, Rachel Tyrrell, Ashley J Adamson, Martin White
    Abstract:

    Background: In 2007, new scheduling restrictions on television Food Advertising to children in the UK were announced. The aim of the restrictions was to "reduce significantly the exposure of children under 16 to high fat, salt or sugar (HFSS) Advertising". We explored the impact of the restrictions on relative exposure to HFSS Food Advertising among all viewers and among child television viewers, as well as adherence to the restrictions. Methods: We conducted two cross-sectional studies of all advertisements broadcast in one region of the UK over one week periods - the first (week 1) six months before the restrictions were introduced, and the second (week 2) six months after. Data on what products were advertised were linked to data on how many people watched each advertisement. Nutritional content of Foods advertised was added to the dataset and used to calculate HFSS status. Relative exposure was calculated as the proportion of all Advertising person-minute-views (PMVs) that were for HFSS Foods. Results: 1,672,417 Advertising PMV were included. 14.6% of Advertising PMV were for Food and 51.1% of these were for HFSS Food. Relative exposure of all viewers to HFSS Food Advertising increased between study weeks 1 and 2 (odds ratio (99% confidence intervals) = 1.54 (1.51 to 1.57)). Exposure of children to HFSS Food Advertising did not change between study weeks 1 and 2 (odds ratio (99% confidence intervals) = 1.05 (0.99 to 1.12)). There was almost universal adherence to the restrictions. Conclusions: Despite good adherence to the restrictions, they did not change relative exposure of children to HFSS Advertising and were associated with an increase in relative exposure of all viewers to HFSS Advertising. Stronger restrictions targeting a wider range of advertisements are necessary to reduce exposure of children to marketing of less healthful Foods.

  • Socio-economic differences in outdoor Food Advertising in a city in Northern England
    Public Health Nutrition, 2010
    Co-Authors: Jean Adams, Ellie Ganiti, Martin White
    Abstract:

    OBJECTIVE: To explore differences in the prevalence of outdoor Food Advertising, and the type and nutritional content of advertised Foods, according to an area-based marker of socio-economic position (SEP) in a city in Northern England.\n\nDESIGN: All outdoor advertisements in the city were identified during October-December 2009, their size (in m2) estimated and their location determined using a global positioning system device. Advertisements were classified as Food or non-Food. Food advertisements were classified into one of six Food categories. Information on the nutritional content of advertised Foods was obtained from packaging and manufacturer's websites. An area-based marker of SEP was assigned using the location of each advertisement, grouped into three affluence tertiles for analysis.\n\nSETTING: A city in Northern England.\n\nSUBJECTS: None.\n\nRESULTS: In all, 1371 advertisements were identified; 211 (15 %) of these were for Food. The advertisements covered 6765 m2, of which 1326 m2 (20 %) was for Food. Total Advertising and Food Advertising space was largest in the least affluent tertile. There was little evidence of socio-economic trends in the type or nutritional content of advertised Foods.\n\nCONCLUSIONS: Despite an absence of socio-economic differences in the type and nutritional content of advertised Foods, there were socio-economic differences in Food Advertising space. There may also be socio-economic differences in exposure to outdoor Food Advertising.

  • Food Advertising during children s television in canada and the uk
    Archives of Disease in Childhood, 2009
    Co-Authors: Jean Adams, Kathleen Hennessypriest, Sigrun Ingimarsdottir, Judy Sheeshka, Truls Ostbye, Martin White
    Abstract:

    Background: Television advertisements for less healthy Foods are thought to contribute to overweight and obesity in children. In the UK, new regulations on television Food Advertising to children came into effect in April 2007. These prohibit advertisements for 9less healthy9 Foods during or around programmes 9of particular appeal to9 children. In Canada, self-regulated codes of practice on television Food Advertising to children were recently strengthened. Objective: To document the number and nutritional content of Food advertisements 9of particular appeal to9 children broadcast in the UK and central Canada before the introduction of the new UK regulations. Design: All Food advertisements broadcast on four popular channels in Canada and the three terrestrial commercial channels in the UK during one week in 2006 were identified and linked to relevant nutritional data. Food advertisements 9of particular appeal to9 children and for 9less healthy9 products were identified using the criterion in the UK regulations. Results: 2315 Food related advertisements broadcast in Canada and 1365 broadcast in the UK were included. 52-61% were for 9less healthy9 products; 5-11% were 9of particular appeal to9children. Around 5% of Food advertisements would have been prohibited under the new UK regulations. There were few differences in the nutritional content of Food advertisements that were and were not 9of particular appeal to9 children. Conclusion: There was little evidence that Foods advertisements 9of particular appeal to9 children were any less healthy than those that were not. Few Food advertisements are likely to be prohibited by the new UK regulations.