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Van Bussel G.j.w. - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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High-Lift Low Reynolds Number Aerofoils With Specified Pressure Drop for Ducted Wind Turbine
2017Co-Authors: Tang J., Van Bussel G.j.w.Abstract:A new high-lift aerofoil modification for the duct has been developed and will be experimentally tested in a small wind tunnel. Aerofoils for such wind tunnel ducts typically operate in the low Reynolds number range from 2 × 105 to 6 × 105. The effect of a duct and of rotor on power and pressure drop were considered separately in previous studies. This paper focuses on the optimization of aerofoil geometry for a Reynolds number of 3 × 105 taking into account of the presence of a screen, having a pressure drop similar to a real rotor. In Particular, the current work concentrates on obtaining high lift, instead of high lift-to-drag ratio. Since high lift is the only desirable feature when modifying an aerofoil for ducts, the factors most related to enhanced high-lift low Reynolds numbers aerofoil performance are investigated. Previous experimental data of a three-dimension aerofoil-shaped duct model are used. Combining these data, and applying the Liebeck type high-lift design philosophy, which is to make use of an optimal pressure recovery with aft loading, variations in thickness, camber, and the shape of leading and trailing edges are analysed through the fully inversed method. The XFOIL 6.99 code was adopted as the analyse tool in this study. With the specified velocity distribution, it is found that an increase of both camber and thickness of the duct leads to an increase in lift coefficient with the presence of the pressure drop. In Particular, the thickness increment for the aft Part of the aerofoil generates higher lift coefficient. The installation of screen divides the duct into two Parts, the duct Fore Part starts from the leading edge until the screen plane, while the duct aft Part includes the screen plane to trailing edge. It is observed from previous experimental data that, with the screen presence, the front stagnation point moves towards the inner Part of the duct. Consequently, the pressure coefficient reduces in the front Part of the suction side, although the pressure differences, between the upper surface and the lower surface, of the duct Fore Part enlarges. Decreasing the leading edge radius, in essence, accelerates the airflow around it so that a negative area was created. Building on these results, the modified aerofoil model is fabricated and will be tested in a wind tunnel experiment. The test two-dimension model, with the assumption of symmetrical flow, is composed of an aerofoil and a uniform porous screen to simulate half Part of the rotor from centreline. The aerofoil has a chord length of 20 mm and the screen has a length of 130 mm in vertical direction. To find the highest lift coefficient of this 2-dimension model, measurements will be conducted with the varying angle of attack and wind speed. Moreover, to investigate the effect of screen loading onto the configuration, there will be two different screens tested. Since the experiment will be carried out in April 2017 the comparison with the XFOIL 6.99 predictions cannot be provided at present, but will be shown during the symposium
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High-Lift Low Reynolds Number Aerofoils With Specified Pressure Drop for Ducted Wind Turbine
2017Co-Authors: Tang J., Van Bussel G.j.w.Abstract:A new high-lift aerofoil modification for the duct has been developed and will be experimentally tested in a small wind tunnel. Aerofoils for such wind tunnel ducts typically operate in the low Reynolds number range from 2 × 105 to 6 × 105. The effect of a duct and of rotor on power and pressure drop were considered separately in previous studies. This paper focuses on the optimization of aerofoil geometry for a Reynolds number of 3 × 105 taking into account of the presence of a screen, having a pressure drop similar to a real rotor. In Particular, the current work concentrates on obtaining high lift, instead of high lift-to-drag ratio. Since high lift is the only desirable feature when modifying an aerofoil for ducts, the factors most related to enhanced high-lift low Reynolds numbers aerofoil performance are investigated. Previous experimental data of a three-dimension aerofoil-shaped duct model are used. Combining these data, and applying the Liebeck type high-lift design philosophy, which is to make use of an optimal pressure recovery with aft loading, variations in thickness, camber, and the shape of leading and trailing edges are analysed through the fully inversed method. The XFOIL 6.99 code was adopted as the analyse tool in this study. With the specified velocity distribution, it is found that an increase of both camber and thickness of the duct leads to an increase in lift coefficient with the presence of the pressure drop. In Particular, the thickness increment for the aft Part of the aerofoil generates higher lift coefficient. The installation of screen divides the duct into two Parts, the duct Fore Part starts from the leading edge until the screen plane, while the duct aft Part includes the screen plane to trailing edge. It is observed from previous experimental data that, with the screen presence, the front stagnation point moves towards the inner Part of the duct. Consequently, the pressure coefficient reduces in the front Part of the suction side, although the pressure differences, between the upper surface and the lower surface, of the duct Fore Part enlarges. Decreasing the leading edge radius, in essence, accelerates the airflow around it so that a negative area was created. Building on these results, the modified aerofoil model is fabricated and will be tested in a wind tunnel experiment. The test two-dimension model, with the assumption of symmetrical flow, is composed of an aerofoil and a uniform porous screen to simulate half Part of the rotor from centreline. The aerofoil has a chord length of 20 mm and the screen has a length of 130 mm in vertical direction. To find the highest lift coefficient of this 2-dimension model, measurements will be conducted with the varying angle of attack and wind speed. Moreover, to investigate the effect of screen loading onto the configuration, there will be two different screens tested. Since the experiment will be carried out in April 2017 the comparison with the XFOIL 6.99 predictions cannot be provided at present, but will be shown during the symposium.Wind Energ
Tang J. - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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High-Lift Low Reynolds Number Aerofoils With Specified Pressure Drop for Ducted Wind Turbine
2017Co-Authors: Tang J., Van Bussel G.j.w.Abstract:A new high-lift aerofoil modification for the duct has been developed and will be experimentally tested in a small wind tunnel. Aerofoils for such wind tunnel ducts typically operate in the low Reynolds number range from 2 × 105 to 6 × 105. The effect of a duct and of rotor on power and pressure drop were considered separately in previous studies. This paper focuses on the optimization of aerofoil geometry for a Reynolds number of 3 × 105 taking into account of the presence of a screen, having a pressure drop similar to a real rotor. In Particular, the current work concentrates on obtaining high lift, instead of high lift-to-drag ratio. Since high lift is the only desirable feature when modifying an aerofoil for ducts, the factors most related to enhanced high-lift low Reynolds numbers aerofoil performance are investigated. Previous experimental data of a three-dimension aerofoil-shaped duct model are used. Combining these data, and applying the Liebeck type high-lift design philosophy, which is to make use of an optimal pressure recovery with aft loading, variations in thickness, camber, and the shape of leading and trailing edges are analysed through the fully inversed method. The XFOIL 6.99 code was adopted as the analyse tool in this study. With the specified velocity distribution, it is found that an increase of both camber and thickness of the duct leads to an increase in lift coefficient with the presence of the pressure drop. In Particular, the thickness increment for the aft Part of the aerofoil generates higher lift coefficient. The installation of screen divides the duct into two Parts, the duct Fore Part starts from the leading edge until the screen plane, while the duct aft Part includes the screen plane to trailing edge. It is observed from previous experimental data that, with the screen presence, the front stagnation point moves towards the inner Part of the duct. Consequently, the pressure coefficient reduces in the front Part of the suction side, although the pressure differences, between the upper surface and the lower surface, of the duct Fore Part enlarges. Decreasing the leading edge radius, in essence, accelerates the airflow around it so that a negative area was created. Building on these results, the modified aerofoil model is fabricated and will be tested in a wind tunnel experiment. The test two-dimension model, with the assumption of symmetrical flow, is composed of an aerofoil and a uniform porous screen to simulate half Part of the rotor from centreline. The aerofoil has a chord length of 20 mm and the screen has a length of 130 mm in vertical direction. To find the highest lift coefficient of this 2-dimension model, measurements will be conducted with the varying angle of attack and wind speed. Moreover, to investigate the effect of screen loading onto the configuration, there will be two different screens tested. Since the experiment will be carried out in April 2017 the comparison with the XFOIL 6.99 predictions cannot be provided at present, but will be shown during the symposium
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High-Lift Low Reynolds Number Aerofoils With Specified Pressure Drop for Ducted Wind Turbine
2017Co-Authors: Tang J., Van Bussel G.j.w.Abstract:A new high-lift aerofoil modification for the duct has been developed and will be experimentally tested in a small wind tunnel. Aerofoils for such wind tunnel ducts typically operate in the low Reynolds number range from 2 × 105 to 6 × 105. The effect of a duct and of rotor on power and pressure drop were considered separately in previous studies. This paper focuses on the optimization of aerofoil geometry for a Reynolds number of 3 × 105 taking into account of the presence of a screen, having a pressure drop similar to a real rotor. In Particular, the current work concentrates on obtaining high lift, instead of high lift-to-drag ratio. Since high lift is the only desirable feature when modifying an aerofoil for ducts, the factors most related to enhanced high-lift low Reynolds numbers aerofoil performance are investigated. Previous experimental data of a three-dimension aerofoil-shaped duct model are used. Combining these data, and applying the Liebeck type high-lift design philosophy, which is to make use of an optimal pressure recovery with aft loading, variations in thickness, camber, and the shape of leading and trailing edges are analysed through the fully inversed method. The XFOIL 6.99 code was adopted as the analyse tool in this study. With the specified velocity distribution, it is found that an increase of both camber and thickness of the duct leads to an increase in lift coefficient with the presence of the pressure drop. In Particular, the thickness increment for the aft Part of the aerofoil generates higher lift coefficient. The installation of screen divides the duct into two Parts, the duct Fore Part starts from the leading edge until the screen plane, while the duct aft Part includes the screen plane to trailing edge. It is observed from previous experimental data that, with the screen presence, the front stagnation point moves towards the inner Part of the duct. Consequently, the pressure coefficient reduces in the front Part of the suction side, although the pressure differences, between the upper surface and the lower surface, of the duct Fore Part enlarges. Decreasing the leading edge radius, in essence, accelerates the airflow around it so that a negative area was created. Building on these results, the modified aerofoil model is fabricated and will be tested in a wind tunnel experiment. The test two-dimension model, with the assumption of symmetrical flow, is composed of an aerofoil and a uniform porous screen to simulate half Part of the rotor from centreline. The aerofoil has a chord length of 20 mm and the screen has a length of 130 mm in vertical direction. To find the highest lift coefficient of this 2-dimension model, measurements will be conducted with the varying angle of attack and wind speed. Moreover, to investigate the effect of screen loading onto the configuration, there will be two different screens tested. Since the experiment will be carried out in April 2017 the comparison with the XFOIL 6.99 predictions cannot be provided at present, but will be shown during the symposium.Wind Energ
Istvan Nagy - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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effect of group size and stocking density on productive carcass meat quality and aggression traits of growing rabbits
World Rabbit Science, 2010Co-Authors: Zs Szendrő, Z Princz, Andras Szabo, I Radnai, E Bironemeth, Robert Romvari, L Locsmandi, Gy Bazar, Zs Matics, Istvan NagyAbstract:The aim of the experiment was to examine the effect of group size and stocking density on productive, carcass and meat quality traits. The trial was conducted using 230 Pannon white rabbits weaned at 5 weeks and reared until the age of 11 weeks. Seven groups were formed with different cage/pen sizes (group size) and stocking densities: SC16=small cage (0.12 m2), 16 rabbits/m2 (2 rabbits/cage); LC16=large cage (0.50 m2), 16 rabbits/m2 (8 rabbits/cage); LC12=large cage, 12 rabbits/m2 (6 rabbits/cage); SP16=small pen (0.86 m2), 16 rabbits/m2 (13 rabbits/cage); SP12=small pen, 12 rabbits/m2 (10 rabbits/cage); LP16=large pen (1.72 m2), 16 rabbits/m2 (26 rabbits/cage); LP12=large pen, 12 rabbits/m2 (20 rabbits/cage). Stocking density did not affect production significantly, as stocking densities lower than 16 rabbits/m2 had no effect on the growing rabbits? performance. Group size (size of the cage or pen) had an effect on certain growth, carcass and meat quality traits. Increasing group size resulted in lower values for weight gain (SC: 39.2>LC: 39.0> SP: 38.7> LP: 37.8 g/d; P=0.22) and body weight (SC: 2506>LC: 2498> SP: 2487> LP: 2446 g; P=0.35), similarly to other results in the literature, but the differences were not significant. Aggressive behaviour was observed to be more frequent in the larger group sizes. At the age of 11 weeks the proportion of rabbits with ear lesions in the SC, LC, SP and LP groups were 0.0, 7.1, 8.7, and 17.4%, respectively, demonstrating that larger group size increases the risk of ear lesions. The effect of group size on the ratio of the Fore Part to the reference carcass (SC: 28.5, LC: 28.2, LP: 29.0%; P=0.02) and on the amount of perirenal fat (SC: 21.3, LC: 18.0, LP: 13.7 g; P<0.001) was significant. Meat quality traits (dry matter, protein, fat and ash content, drip loss, pH, L*, a*, b* values) were not affected by group size (cage vs. pen), but successful discriminations were performed using the NIRS method.
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the effect of housing system on carcass traits and meat quality of rabbit
World Rabbit Science, 2010Co-Authors: Sz Metzger, Andras Szabo, K Kustos, Zs Szendro, Cs Eiben, Istvan NagyAbstract:One hundred and sixty one weaned New Zealand White rabbits were housed in 0.4x0.4 m cages (3 rabbits/cage, 18.7 rabbits/m2) or in 3x3.3 m pen on deep litter (80 rabbits/pen, 8.1 rabbits/m2). At 13 weeks of age the pen-housed rabbits (n=52) had lower body weight (2318 vs 2437 g; P<0.01) and dressing percentage (59.8 vs 61.0 %; P<0.01), higher proportion of the Fore Part (32.3 vs 31.4 %; P<0.01) and hind Part (40.3 vs 37.9 %; P<0.001), and lower proportion of the intermediate Part of the carcass (27.5 vs 30.7 %; P<0.001) than the cage-housed rabbits (n=68). The percentage of perirenal fat was lower in the pen-housed rabbits (0.45 vs 0.83 % P<0.001) than in the cage-housed group. The meat on the hind legs (HL) and the m. longissimus dorsi (MLD) of pen-housed rabbits contained more water (HL: 75.0 vs 73.9 %; MLD: 74.6 vs 74.0 %; P<0.001) but less protein (HL: 21.3 vs 21.5 %; MLD: 23.6 vs 23.9 %; P< 0.05) and fat (HL: 2.48 vs 3.36 %; MLD: 0.65 vs 0.90 %; P<0.05) than those kept in cages. The housing system had no effect on ash content and pH value of the meat samples.
Zs Szendrő - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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effect of group size and stocking density on productive carcass meat quality and aggression traits of growing rabbits
World Rabbit Science, 2010Co-Authors: Zs Szendrő, Z Princz, Andras Szabo, I Radnai, E Bironemeth, Robert Romvari, L Locsmandi, Gy Bazar, Zs Matics, Istvan NagyAbstract:The aim of the experiment was to examine the effect of group size and stocking density on productive, carcass and meat quality traits. The trial was conducted using 230 Pannon white rabbits weaned at 5 weeks and reared until the age of 11 weeks. Seven groups were formed with different cage/pen sizes (group size) and stocking densities: SC16=small cage (0.12 m2), 16 rabbits/m2 (2 rabbits/cage); LC16=large cage (0.50 m2), 16 rabbits/m2 (8 rabbits/cage); LC12=large cage, 12 rabbits/m2 (6 rabbits/cage); SP16=small pen (0.86 m2), 16 rabbits/m2 (13 rabbits/cage); SP12=small pen, 12 rabbits/m2 (10 rabbits/cage); LP16=large pen (1.72 m2), 16 rabbits/m2 (26 rabbits/cage); LP12=large pen, 12 rabbits/m2 (20 rabbits/cage). Stocking density did not affect production significantly, as stocking densities lower than 16 rabbits/m2 had no effect on the growing rabbits? performance. Group size (size of the cage or pen) had an effect on certain growth, carcass and meat quality traits. Increasing group size resulted in lower values for weight gain (SC: 39.2>LC: 39.0> SP: 38.7> LP: 37.8 g/d; P=0.22) and body weight (SC: 2506>LC: 2498> SP: 2487> LP: 2446 g; P=0.35), similarly to other results in the literature, but the differences were not significant. Aggressive behaviour was observed to be more frequent in the larger group sizes. At the age of 11 weeks the proportion of rabbits with ear lesions in the SC, LC, SP and LP groups were 0.0, 7.1, 8.7, and 17.4%, respectively, demonstrating that larger group size increases the risk of ear lesions. The effect of group size on the ratio of the Fore Part to the reference carcass (SC: 28.5, LC: 28.2, LP: 29.0%; P=0.02) and on the amount of perirenal fat (SC: 21.3, LC: 18.0, LP: 13.7 g; P<0.001) was significant. Meat quality traits (dry matter, protein, fat and ash content, drip loss, pH, L*, a*, b* values) were not affected by group size (cage vs. pen), but successful discriminations were performed using the NIRS method.
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response of fattening rabbits reared under different housing conditions 2 carcass and meat quality
Livestock Science, 2009Co-Authors: Dalle A Zotte, Z Princz, Sz Metzger, Andras Szabo, I Radnai, E Bironemeth, Z Orova, Zs SzendrőAbstract:This 2 × 2 × 2 factorial experiment was conducted to study the effects of housing system (pair caged – cage – : 2 rabbits/0.122 m2 vs open top pen housed – pen – : 13 rabbits/0.86 m2; same stocking density), floor type (wire mesh vs plastic net), and environmental enrichment (with vs without gnawing stick) on the meat quality of Pannon White growing rabbits (n = 64). The housing system significantly influenced slaughter weight (2590 vs 2531 g in cage or pen, respectively; P < 0.01), reference carcass (RC) weight (1266 vs 1234 g; in cage or pen, respectively; P < 0.05), and the hind leg meat to bone ratio (6.11 vs 5.62 in cage or pen, respectively, P < 0.001). The animals reared in pens showed paler meat with lower pHu than that of those reared paired in cages. Hind leg meat dry matter and protein content were also influenced by the housing system (26.3 vs 25.9%, 21.9 vs 21.6%; in cage or pen, respectively; P < 0.05). Pen housed rabbits had significantly heavier femur and tibia bone weight and higher fracture toughness than pair caged rabbits. Floor type affected the Fore Part/RC weight ratio (29.2 vs 29.6% of the RC on plastic net or wire mesh, respectively). Gnawing stick presence increased slaughter yield (59.0 vs 58.3%; P < 0.05), RC weight (1266 vs 1236 g; P < 0.05) and the ForePart/RC ratio (29.6 vs 29.2% RC; P < 0.05) while significantly reducing the meat colour b⁎ value and increasing m. Longissimus dorsi shear force (0.60 vs 0.50 kg/cm2; P < 0.01). The hind leg meat fatty acid profile was only slightly influenced by experimental factors. Although this study showed pair caged rabbits to have increased carcass weight with better meatiness and other meat quality traits, hind leg bone strength was shown to be higher in pen housed rabbits.
Andras Szabo - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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effect of group size and stocking density on productive carcass meat quality and aggression traits of growing rabbits
World Rabbit Science, 2010Co-Authors: Zs Szendrő, Z Princz, Andras Szabo, I Radnai, E Bironemeth, Robert Romvari, L Locsmandi, Gy Bazar, Zs Matics, Istvan NagyAbstract:The aim of the experiment was to examine the effect of group size and stocking density on productive, carcass and meat quality traits. The trial was conducted using 230 Pannon white rabbits weaned at 5 weeks and reared until the age of 11 weeks. Seven groups were formed with different cage/pen sizes (group size) and stocking densities: SC16=small cage (0.12 m2), 16 rabbits/m2 (2 rabbits/cage); LC16=large cage (0.50 m2), 16 rabbits/m2 (8 rabbits/cage); LC12=large cage, 12 rabbits/m2 (6 rabbits/cage); SP16=small pen (0.86 m2), 16 rabbits/m2 (13 rabbits/cage); SP12=small pen, 12 rabbits/m2 (10 rabbits/cage); LP16=large pen (1.72 m2), 16 rabbits/m2 (26 rabbits/cage); LP12=large pen, 12 rabbits/m2 (20 rabbits/cage). Stocking density did not affect production significantly, as stocking densities lower than 16 rabbits/m2 had no effect on the growing rabbits? performance. Group size (size of the cage or pen) had an effect on certain growth, carcass and meat quality traits. Increasing group size resulted in lower values for weight gain (SC: 39.2>LC: 39.0> SP: 38.7> LP: 37.8 g/d; P=0.22) and body weight (SC: 2506>LC: 2498> SP: 2487> LP: 2446 g; P=0.35), similarly to other results in the literature, but the differences were not significant. Aggressive behaviour was observed to be more frequent in the larger group sizes. At the age of 11 weeks the proportion of rabbits with ear lesions in the SC, LC, SP and LP groups were 0.0, 7.1, 8.7, and 17.4%, respectively, demonstrating that larger group size increases the risk of ear lesions. The effect of group size on the ratio of the Fore Part to the reference carcass (SC: 28.5, LC: 28.2, LP: 29.0%; P=0.02) and on the amount of perirenal fat (SC: 21.3, LC: 18.0, LP: 13.7 g; P<0.001) was significant. Meat quality traits (dry matter, protein, fat and ash content, drip loss, pH, L*, a*, b* values) were not affected by group size (cage vs. pen), but successful discriminations were performed using the NIRS method.
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the effect of housing system on carcass traits and meat quality of rabbit
World Rabbit Science, 2010Co-Authors: Sz Metzger, Andras Szabo, K Kustos, Zs Szendro, Cs Eiben, Istvan NagyAbstract:One hundred and sixty one weaned New Zealand White rabbits were housed in 0.4x0.4 m cages (3 rabbits/cage, 18.7 rabbits/m2) or in 3x3.3 m pen on deep litter (80 rabbits/pen, 8.1 rabbits/m2). At 13 weeks of age the pen-housed rabbits (n=52) had lower body weight (2318 vs 2437 g; P<0.01) and dressing percentage (59.8 vs 61.0 %; P<0.01), higher proportion of the Fore Part (32.3 vs 31.4 %; P<0.01) and hind Part (40.3 vs 37.9 %; P<0.001), and lower proportion of the intermediate Part of the carcass (27.5 vs 30.7 %; P<0.001) than the cage-housed rabbits (n=68). The percentage of perirenal fat was lower in the pen-housed rabbits (0.45 vs 0.83 % P<0.001) than in the cage-housed group. The meat on the hind legs (HL) and the m. longissimus dorsi (MLD) of pen-housed rabbits contained more water (HL: 75.0 vs 73.9 %; MLD: 74.6 vs 74.0 %; P<0.001) but less protein (HL: 21.3 vs 21.5 %; MLD: 23.6 vs 23.9 %; P< 0.05) and fat (HL: 2.48 vs 3.36 %; MLD: 0.65 vs 0.90 %; P<0.05) than those kept in cages. The housing system had no effect on ash content and pH value of the meat samples.
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response of fattening rabbits reared under different housing conditions 2 carcass and meat quality
Livestock Science, 2009Co-Authors: Dalle A Zotte, Z Princz, Sz Metzger, Andras Szabo, I Radnai, E Bironemeth, Z Orova, Zs SzendrőAbstract:This 2 × 2 × 2 factorial experiment was conducted to study the effects of housing system (pair caged – cage – : 2 rabbits/0.122 m2 vs open top pen housed – pen – : 13 rabbits/0.86 m2; same stocking density), floor type (wire mesh vs plastic net), and environmental enrichment (with vs without gnawing stick) on the meat quality of Pannon White growing rabbits (n = 64). The housing system significantly influenced slaughter weight (2590 vs 2531 g in cage or pen, respectively; P < 0.01), reference carcass (RC) weight (1266 vs 1234 g; in cage or pen, respectively; P < 0.05), and the hind leg meat to bone ratio (6.11 vs 5.62 in cage or pen, respectively, P < 0.001). The animals reared in pens showed paler meat with lower pHu than that of those reared paired in cages. Hind leg meat dry matter and protein content were also influenced by the housing system (26.3 vs 25.9%, 21.9 vs 21.6%; in cage or pen, respectively; P < 0.05). Pen housed rabbits had significantly heavier femur and tibia bone weight and higher fracture toughness than pair caged rabbits. Floor type affected the Fore Part/RC weight ratio (29.2 vs 29.6% of the RC on plastic net or wire mesh, respectively). Gnawing stick presence increased slaughter yield (59.0 vs 58.3%; P < 0.05), RC weight (1266 vs 1236 g; P < 0.05) and the ForePart/RC ratio (29.6 vs 29.2% RC; P < 0.05) while significantly reducing the meat colour b⁎ value and increasing m. Longissimus dorsi shear force (0.60 vs 0.50 kg/cm2; P < 0.01). The hind leg meat fatty acid profile was only slightly influenced by experimental factors. Although this study showed pair caged rabbits to have increased carcass weight with better meatiness and other meat quality traits, hind leg bone strength was shown to be higher in pen housed rabbits.