The Experts below are selected from a list of 18441 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Andrew M Liebhold - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Eradication and containment of non-native Forest Insects: successes and failures
Journal of Pest Science, 2019Co-Authors: Andrew M Liebhold, John M. KeanAbstract:The problem of Forest insect invasions is intensifying. Non-native Forest Insects are invading virtually every world region, and many are causing severe ecological and economic impacts. Biosecurity programs provide for intervention at various stages of the invasion process in order to mitigate the invasion problem. While preventing initial arrival of non-native insect species is a sound approach, such prevention is not always possible so additional measures are needed to manage invasions. Surveillance coupled with eradication is a valuable strategy for preventing the establishment of many new and potentially damaging species. Once non-native species are established, containment measures can be implemented to stop or slow the spread of these species in their non-native habitat. Here, we review how eradication and containment can be carried out as strategies for managing Forest insect invasions. Several hundred programs have been implemented to eradicate non-native Forest Insects, with most programs proving successful. The vast majority of these eradication programs were implemented from 1970 onward. Pheromone-baited traps play a key role for detection and delimitation in most successful eradication programs. The isolation and synthesis of pheromones provided a key technology that facilitated Forest insect eradications starting in the 1970s. Several examples are provided that illustrate both successful and failed eradication and containment programs. Consideration of historical experiences suggests the conditions that may lead to either success or failure of eradication and containment efforts.
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nonnative Forest Insects and pathogens in the united states impacts and policy options
Ecological Applications, 2016Co-Authors: Gary M Lovett, Andrew M Liebhold, David A Orwig, Brian Leung, Thomas P Holmes, Marissa S Weiss, Kathy Fallon Lambert, Faith T Campbell, Jonathan Rosenthal, Deborah G. McculloughAbstract:We review and synthesize information on invasions of nonnative Forest Insects and diseases in the United States, including their ecological and economic impacts, pathways of arrival, distribution within the United States, and policy options for reducing future invasions. Nonnative Insects have accumulated in United States Forests at a rate of ~2.5 per yr over the last 150 yr. Currently the two major pathways of introduction are importation of live plants and wood packing material such as pallets and crates. Introduced Insects and diseases occur in Forests and cities throughout the United States, and the problem is particularly severe in the Northeast and Upper Midwest. Nonnative Forest pests are the only disturbance agent that has effectively eliminated entire tree species or genera from United States Forests within decades. The resulting shift in Forest structure and species composition alters ecosystem functions such as productivity, nutrient cycling, and wildlife habitat. In urban and suburban areas, loss of trees from streets, yards, and parks affects aesthetics, property values, shading, stormwater runoff, and human health. The economic damage from nonnative pests is not yet fully known, but is likely in the billions of dollars per year, with the majority of this economic burden borne by municipalities and residential property owners. Current policies for preventing introductions are having positive effects but are insufficient to reduce the influx of pests in the face of burgeoning global trade. Options are available to strengthen the defenses against pest arrival and establishment, including measures taken in the exporting country prior to shipment, measures to ensure clean shipments of plants and wood products, inspections at ports of entry, and post-entry measures such as quarantines, surveillance, and eradication programs. Improved data collection procedures for inspections, greater data accessibility, and better reporting would support better evaluation of policy effectiveness. Lack of additional action places the nation, local municipalities, and property owners at high risk of further damaging and costly invasions. Adopting stronger policies to reduce establishments of new Forest Insects and diseases would shift the major costs of control to the source and alleviate the economic burden now borne by homeowners and municipalities.
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ORIGINAL PAPER Temperature explains variable spread rates of the invasive woodwasp Sirex noctilio in the Southern Hemisphere
2016Co-Authors: M. Victoria, Jeffrey R. Garnas, Philip Croft, A J Carnegie, Andrew M Liebhold, Lantschner Jose, M. Villacide, Juan C. CorleyAbstract:Abstract The frequency of introductions of non-indigenous Forest Insects into new habitats is increas-ing worldwide, often with profoundly adverse conse-quences on natural and plantation Forest ecosystems. Understanding rates and patterns of spread of invasive Forest Insects is important for predicting when and where these species will expand their geographical range, with the potential to improve mitigation strategies. The woodwasp Sirex noctilio is a damaging invasive Forest insect that kills numerous species of Pinus. Despite encountering highly variable eco-climatic conditions, S. noctilio has arrived and established in exotic pine Forest production areas throughout the Southern Hemisphere. In this study, we compiled historical records of S. noctilio invasion to compare spread rates among eight contrasting eco-climatic regions in the Southern Hemisphere and to explore how spread rate is predicted by landscape variation in climate, habitat characteristics and anthro-pogenic effects. Spread rates for S. noctilio varied considerably among the invaded regions, ranging from 12 to 82 km per year. Among regions, spread rates of S. noctilio increased with increasing mean annual temperature and isothermality. We hypothesize that temperature may directly or indirectly influence S. noctilio population growth and dispersal, thereby influencing spread rates
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temperature explains variable spread rates of the invasive woodwasp sirex noctilio in the southern hemisphere
Biological Invasions, 2014Co-Authors: Victoria M Lantschner, Jeffrey R. Garnas, Jose M Villacide, Philip Croft, A J Carnegie, Andrew M Liebhold, Juan C. CorleyAbstract:The frequency of introductions of non-indigenous Forest Insects into new habitats is increasing worldwide, often with profoundly adverse consequences on natural and plantation Forest ecosystems. Understanding rates and patterns of spread of invasive Forest Insects is important for predicting when and where these species will expand their geographical range, with the potential to improve mitigation strategies. The woodwasp Sirex noctilio is a damaging invasive Forest insect that kills numerous species of Pinus. Despite encountering highly variable eco-climatic conditions, S. noctilio has arrived and established in exotic pine Forest production areas throughout the Southern Hemisphere. In this study, we compiled historical records of S. noctilio invasion to compare spread rates among eight contrasting eco-climatic regions in the Southern Hemisphere and to explore how spread rate is predicted by landscape variation in climate, habitat characteristics and anthropogenic effects. Spread rates for S. noctilio varied considerably among the invaded regions, ranging from 12 to 82 km per year. Among regions, spread rates of S. noctilio increased with increasing mean annual temperature and isothermality. We hypothesize that temperature may directly or indirectly influence S. noctilio population growth and dispersal, thereby influencing spread rates.
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economic impacts of non native Forest Insects in the continental united states
PLOS ONE, 2011Co-Authors: Juliann E Aukema, Kerry O Britton, Susan J Frankel, Brian Leung, Kent Kovacs, Corey Chivers, Jeffrey Englin, Robert G Haight, Thomas P Holmes, Andrew M LiebholdAbstract:Reliable estimates of the impacts and costs of biological invasions are critical to developing credible management, trade and regulatory policies. Worldwide, Forests and urban trees provide important ecosystem services as well as economic and social benefits, but are threatened by non-native Insects. More than 450 non-native Forest Insects are established in the United States but estimates of broad-scale economic impacts associated with these species are largely unavailable. We developed a novel modeling approach that maximizes the use of available data, accounts for multiple sources of uncertainty, and provides cost estimates for three major feeding guilds of non-native Forest Insects. For each guild, we calculated the economic damages for five cost categories and we estimated the probability of future introductions of damaging pests. We found that costs are largely borne by homeowners and municipal governments. Wood- and phloemboring Insects are anticipated to cause the largest economic impacts by annually inducing nearly $1.7 billion in local government expenditures and approximately $830 million in lost residential property values. Given observations of new species, there is a 32% chance that another highly destructive borer species will invade the U.S. in the next 10 years. Our damage estimates provide a crucial but previously missing component of cost-benefit analyses to evaluate policies and management options intended to reduce species introductions. The modeling approach we developed is highly flexible and could be similarly employed to estimate damages in other countries or natural resource sectors.
Juan C. Corley - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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ORIGINAL PAPER Temperature explains variable spread rates of the invasive woodwasp Sirex noctilio in the Southern Hemisphere
2016Co-Authors: M. Victoria, Jeffrey R. Garnas, Philip Croft, A J Carnegie, Andrew M Liebhold, Lantschner Jose, M. Villacide, Juan C. CorleyAbstract:Abstract The frequency of introductions of non-indigenous Forest Insects into new habitats is increas-ing worldwide, often with profoundly adverse conse-quences on natural and plantation Forest ecosystems. Understanding rates and patterns of spread of invasive Forest Insects is important for predicting when and where these species will expand their geographical range, with the potential to improve mitigation strategies. The woodwasp Sirex noctilio is a damaging invasive Forest insect that kills numerous species of Pinus. Despite encountering highly variable eco-climatic conditions, S. noctilio has arrived and established in exotic pine Forest production areas throughout the Southern Hemisphere. In this study, we compiled historical records of S. noctilio invasion to compare spread rates among eight contrasting eco-climatic regions in the Southern Hemisphere and to explore how spread rate is predicted by landscape variation in climate, habitat characteristics and anthro-pogenic effects. Spread rates for S. noctilio varied considerably among the invaded regions, ranging from 12 to 82 km per year. Among regions, spread rates of S. noctilio increased with increasing mean annual temperature and isothermality. We hypothesize that temperature may directly or indirectly influence S. noctilio population growth and dispersal, thereby influencing spread rates
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classical biological control of an invasive Forest pest a world perspective of the management of sirex noctilio using the parasitoid ibalia leucospoides hymenoptera ibaliidae
Bulletin of Entomological Research, 2015Co-Authors: Deborah Fischbein, Juan C. CorleyAbstract:Classical biological control is a key method for managing populations of pests in long-lived crops such as plantation Forestry. The execution of biological control programmes in general, as the evaluation of potential natural enemies remains, to a large extent, an empirical endeavour. Thus, characterizing specific cases to determine patterns that may lead to more accurate predictions of success is an important goal of the much applied ecological research. We review the history of introduction, ecology and behaviour of the parasitoid Ibalia leucospoides . The species is a natural enemy of Sirex noctilio , one of the most important pests of pine afForestation worldwide. We use an invasion ecology perspective given the analogy between the main stages involved in classical biological control and the biological invasion processes. We conclude that success in the establishment, a common reason of failure in biocontrol, is not a limiting factor of success by I. leucospoides . A mismatch between the spread capacity of the parasitoid and that of its host could nevertheless affect control at a regional scale. In addition, we suggest that given its known life history traits, this natural enemy may be a better regulator than suppressor of the host population. Moreover, spatial and temporal refuges of the host population that may favour the local persistence of the interaction probably reduce the degree to which S. noctilio population is suppressed by the parasitoid. We emphasize the fact that some of the biological attributes that promote establishment may negatively affect suppression levels achieved. Studies on established non-native pest–parasitoid interactions may contribute to defining selection criteria for classical biological control which may prove especially useful in integrated pest management IPM programmes of invasive Forest Insects.
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temperature explains variable spread rates of the invasive woodwasp sirex noctilio in the southern hemisphere
Biological Invasions, 2014Co-Authors: Victoria M Lantschner, Jeffrey R. Garnas, Jose M Villacide, Philip Croft, A J Carnegie, Andrew M Liebhold, Juan C. CorleyAbstract:The frequency of introductions of non-indigenous Forest Insects into new habitats is increasing worldwide, often with profoundly adverse consequences on natural and plantation Forest ecosystems. Understanding rates and patterns of spread of invasive Forest Insects is important for predicting when and where these species will expand their geographical range, with the potential to improve mitigation strategies. The woodwasp Sirex noctilio is a damaging invasive Forest insect that kills numerous species of Pinus. Despite encountering highly variable eco-climatic conditions, S. noctilio has arrived and established in exotic pine Forest production areas throughout the Southern Hemisphere. In this study, we compiled historical records of S. noctilio invasion to compare spread rates among eight contrasting eco-climatic regions in the Southern Hemisphere and to explore how spread rate is predicted by landscape variation in climate, habitat characteristics and anthropogenic effects. Spread rates for S. noctilio varied considerably among the invaded regions, ranging from 12 to 82 km per year. Among regions, spread rates of S. noctilio increased with increasing mean annual temperature and isothermality. We hypothesize that temperature may directly or indirectly influence S. noctilio population growth and dispersal, thereby influencing spread rates.
Maria J. Lombardero - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Host Use Patterns by the European Woodwasp, Sirex noctilio, in Its Native and Invaded Range
2016Co-Authors: Matthew P Ayres, Rebeca Pena, Jeffrey A. Lombardo, Maria J. LombarderoAbstract:Accelerating introductions of Forest Insects challenge decision-makers who might or might not respond with surveillance programs, quarantines, eradication efforts, or biological control programs. Comparing ecological controls on indigenous vs. introduced populations could inform responses to new introductions. We studied the European woodwasp, Sirex noctilio, which is not a pest in its native Forests, is a serious invasive pest in the southern hemisphere, and now has an uncertain future in North America after its introduction there. Indigenous populations of S. noctilio (in Galicia, Spain) resembled those in New York in that S. noctilio were largely restricted to suppressed trees that were also dying for other reasons, and still only some dying trees showed evidence of S. noctilio: 20–40 % and 35–51 % in Galicia and New York, respectively. In both areas, P. sylvestris (native to Europe) was the species most likely to have attacks in non-suppressed trees. P. resinosa, native to North America, does not appear dangerously susceptible to S. noctilio. P. radiata, which sustains high damage in the southern hemisphere, is apparently not innately susceptible because in Galicia it was less often used by native S. noctilio than either native pine (P. pinaster and P. sylvestris). Silvicultural practices in Galicia that maintain basal area at 25–40 m2/ha limit S. noctilio abundance. More than 25 species of other xylophagous Insects feed on pine in Galicia, but co-occurrences with S. noctilio were infrequent, so strong interspecific competition seemed unlikely. Evidently, S. noctilio in northeastern North America will be more similar to indigenous populations in Europe, where it is not a pest, than to introduced populations i
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host use patterns by the european woodwasp sirex noctilio in its native and invaded range
PLOS ONE, 2014Co-Authors: Matthew P Ayres, Rebeca Pena, Jeffrey A. Lombardo, Maria J. LombarderoAbstract:Accelerating introductions of Forest Insects challenge decision-makers who might or might not respond with surveillance programs, quarantines, eradication efforts, or biological control programs. Comparing ecological controls on indigenous vs. introduced populations could inform responses to new introductions. We studied the European woodwasp, Sirex noctilio, which is not a pest in its native Forests, is a serious invasive pest in the southern hemisphere, and now has an uncertain future in North America after its introduction there. Indigenous populations of S. noctilio (in Galicia, Spain) resembled those in New York in that S. noctilio were largely restricted to suppressed trees that were also dying for other reasons, and still only some dying trees showed evidence of S. noctilio: 20–40% and 35–51% in Galicia and New York, respectively. In both areas, P. sylvestris (native to Europe) was the species most likely to have attacks in non-suppressed trees. P. resinosa, native to North America, does not appear dangerously susceptible to S. noctilio. P. radiata, which sustains high damage in the southern hemisphere, is apparently not innately susceptible because in Galicia it was less often used by native S. noctilio than either native pine (P. pinaster and P. sylvestris). Silvicultural practices in Galicia that maintain basal area at 25–40 m2/ha limit S. noctilio abundance. More than 25 species of other xylophagous Insects feed on pine in Galicia, but co-occurrences with S. noctilio were infrequent, so strong interspecific competition seemed unlikely. Evidently, S. noctilio in northeastern North America will be more similar to indigenous populations in Europe, where it is not a pest, than to introduced populations in the southern hemisphere, where it is. However, S. noctilio populations could behave differently when they reach Forests of the southeastern U.S., where tree species, soils, climate, ecology, management, and landscape configurations of pine stands are different.
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assessing the consequences of global change for Forest disturbance from herbivores and pathogens
Science of The Total Environment, 2000Co-Authors: Matthew P Ayres, Maria J. LombarderoAbstract:Herbivores and pathogens impact the species composition, ecosystem function, and socioeconomic value of Forests. Herbivores and pathogens are an integral part of Forests, but sometimes produce undesirable effects and a degradation of Forest resources. In the United States, a few species of Forest pests routinely have significant impacts on up to 20 million ha of Forest with economic costs that probably exceed $1 billion/year. Climatic change could alter patterns of disturbance from herbivores and pathogens through: (1) direct effects on the development and survival of herbivores and pathogens; (2) physiological changes in tree defenses; and (3) indirect effects from changes in the abundance of natural enemies (e.g. parasitoids of insect herbivores), mutualists (e.g. insect vectors of tree pathogens), and competitors. Because of their short life cycles, mobility, reproductive potential, and physiological sensitivity to temperature, even modest climate change will have rapid impacts on the distribution and abundance of many Forest Insects and pathogens. We identify 32 syndromes of biotic disturbance in North American Forests that should be carefully evaluated for their responses to climate change: 15 insect herbivores, browsing mammals; 12 pathogens; 1 plant parasite; and 3 undiagnosed patterns of Forest decline. It is probable that climatic effects on some herbivores and pathogens will impact on biodiversity, recreation, property value, Forest industry, and even water quality. Some scenarios are beneficial (e.g. decreased snow cover may increase winter mortality of some insect pests), but many are detrimental (e.g. warming tends to accelerate insect development rate and facilitate range expansions of pests and climate change tends to produce a mismatch between mature trees and their environment, which can increase vulnerability to herbivores and pathogens). Changes in Forest disturbance can produce feedback to climate through affects on water and carbon flux in Forest ecosystems; one alarming scenario is that climate warming may increase insect outbreaks in boreal Forests, which would tend to increase Forest fires and exacerbate further climate warming by releasing carbon stores from boreal ecosystems. We suggest a list of research priorities that will allow us to refine these risk assessments and adopt Forest management strategies that anticipate changes in biotic disturbance regimes and mitigate the ecological, social, and economic risks.
Matthew P Ayres - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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observed and anticipated impacts of drought on Forest Insects and diseases in the united states
Forest Ecology and Management, 2016Co-Authors: T Kolb, Jeffrey A Hicke, Barbara J Bentz, Christopher J Fettig, Matthew P Ayres, Robert L Mathiasen, Jane E Stewart, Aaron S WeedAbstract:Future anthropogenic-induced changes to the earth’s climate will likely include increases in temperature and changes in precipitation that will increase the frequency and severity of droughts. Insects and fungal diseases are important disturbances in Forests, yet understanding of the role of drought in outbreaks of these agents is limited. Current knowledge concerning the effects of drought on herbivorous insect and pathogen outbreaks in U.S. Forests is reviewed, and compared between the relatively mesic and structurally diverse Forests of the eastern U.S. and the more xeric Forests of the western U.S. Theory and limited evidence suggests a non-linear relationship between drought intensity and outbreaks of aggressive bark beetle species (i.e., those capable of causing extensive levels of tree mortality), where moderate droughts reduce bark beetle population performance and subsequent tree mortality, whereas intense droughts, which frequently occur in the western U.S., increase bark beetle performance and tree mortality. There is little evidence for a role of drought in outbreaks of the southern pine beetle (Dendroctonus frontalis), the only bark beetle species that causes large amounts of tree mortality in the eastern U.S. Defoliators do not show consistent responses to drought. The response of sapfeeders to drought appears non-linear, with the greatest performance and impacts at intermediate drought intensity or when drought is alleviated by wetter periods. Interactions between tree pathogens and drought are poorly understood, but available evidence suggests reduced pathogen performance and host impacts in response to drought for primary pathogens and pathogens whose lifecycle depends directly on moisture (humidity). In these cases, rates of reproduction, spread, and infection tend to be greater when conditions are moist. In contrast, secondary fungal pathogens (i.e., those that depend on stressed hosts for colonization) are anticipated to respond to drought with greater performance and host impacts. In the western U.S., drought increases stress on trees severely infected by mistletoes thereby predisposing mistletoe-infected trees to attack by Insects, particularly bark beetles and wood borers. Research needed to advance understanding of drought impacts on Forest Insects and diseases, and the role of Forest management in mitigation of infestations during drought are discussed.
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Host Use Patterns by the European Woodwasp, Sirex noctilio, in Its Native and Invaded Range
2016Co-Authors: Matthew P Ayres, Rebeca Pena, Jeffrey A. Lombardo, Maria J. LombarderoAbstract:Accelerating introductions of Forest Insects challenge decision-makers who might or might not respond with surveillance programs, quarantines, eradication efforts, or biological control programs. Comparing ecological controls on indigenous vs. introduced populations could inform responses to new introductions. We studied the European woodwasp, Sirex noctilio, which is not a pest in its native Forests, is a serious invasive pest in the southern hemisphere, and now has an uncertain future in North America after its introduction there. Indigenous populations of S. noctilio (in Galicia, Spain) resembled those in New York in that S. noctilio were largely restricted to suppressed trees that were also dying for other reasons, and still only some dying trees showed evidence of S. noctilio: 20–40 % and 35–51 % in Galicia and New York, respectively. In both areas, P. sylvestris (native to Europe) was the species most likely to have attacks in non-suppressed trees. P. resinosa, native to North America, does not appear dangerously susceptible to S. noctilio. P. radiata, which sustains high damage in the southern hemisphere, is apparently not innately susceptible because in Galicia it was less often used by native S. noctilio than either native pine (P. pinaster and P. sylvestris). Silvicultural practices in Galicia that maintain basal area at 25–40 m2/ha limit S. noctilio abundance. More than 25 species of other xylophagous Insects feed on pine in Galicia, but co-occurrences with S. noctilio were infrequent, so strong interspecific competition seemed unlikely. Evidently, S. noctilio in northeastern North America will be more similar to indigenous populations in Europe, where it is not a pest, than to introduced populations i
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host use patterns by the european woodwasp sirex noctilio in its native and invaded range
PLOS ONE, 2014Co-Authors: Matthew P Ayres, Rebeca Pena, Jeffrey A. Lombardo, Maria J. LombarderoAbstract:Accelerating introductions of Forest Insects challenge decision-makers who might or might not respond with surveillance programs, quarantines, eradication efforts, or biological control programs. Comparing ecological controls on indigenous vs. introduced populations could inform responses to new introductions. We studied the European woodwasp, Sirex noctilio, which is not a pest in its native Forests, is a serious invasive pest in the southern hemisphere, and now has an uncertain future in North America after its introduction there. Indigenous populations of S. noctilio (in Galicia, Spain) resembled those in New York in that S. noctilio were largely restricted to suppressed trees that were also dying for other reasons, and still only some dying trees showed evidence of S. noctilio: 20–40% and 35–51% in Galicia and New York, respectively. In both areas, P. sylvestris (native to Europe) was the species most likely to have attacks in non-suppressed trees. P. resinosa, native to North America, does not appear dangerously susceptible to S. noctilio. P. radiata, which sustains high damage in the southern hemisphere, is apparently not innately susceptible because in Galicia it was less often used by native S. noctilio than either native pine (P. pinaster and P. sylvestris). Silvicultural practices in Galicia that maintain basal area at 25–40 m2/ha limit S. noctilio abundance. More than 25 species of other xylophagous Insects feed on pine in Galicia, but co-occurrences with S. noctilio were infrequent, so strong interspecific competition seemed unlikely. Evidently, S. noctilio in northeastern North America will be more similar to indigenous populations in Europe, where it is not a pest, than to introduced populations in the southern hemisphere, where it is. However, S. noctilio populations could behave differently when they reach Forests of the southeastern U.S., where tree species, soils, climate, ecology, management, and landscape configurations of pine stands are different.
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assessing the consequences of global change for Forest disturbance from herbivores and pathogens
Science of The Total Environment, 2000Co-Authors: Matthew P Ayres, Maria J. LombarderoAbstract:Herbivores and pathogens impact the species composition, ecosystem function, and socioeconomic value of Forests. Herbivores and pathogens are an integral part of Forests, but sometimes produce undesirable effects and a degradation of Forest resources. In the United States, a few species of Forest pests routinely have significant impacts on up to 20 million ha of Forest with economic costs that probably exceed $1 billion/year. Climatic change could alter patterns of disturbance from herbivores and pathogens through: (1) direct effects on the development and survival of herbivores and pathogens; (2) physiological changes in tree defenses; and (3) indirect effects from changes in the abundance of natural enemies (e.g. parasitoids of insect herbivores), mutualists (e.g. insect vectors of tree pathogens), and competitors. Because of their short life cycles, mobility, reproductive potential, and physiological sensitivity to temperature, even modest climate change will have rapid impacts on the distribution and abundance of many Forest Insects and pathogens. We identify 32 syndromes of biotic disturbance in North American Forests that should be carefully evaluated for their responses to climate change: 15 insect herbivores, browsing mammals; 12 pathogens; 1 plant parasite; and 3 undiagnosed patterns of Forest decline. It is probable that climatic effects on some herbivores and pathogens will impact on biodiversity, recreation, property value, Forest industry, and even water quality. Some scenarios are beneficial (e.g. decreased snow cover may increase winter mortality of some insect pests), but many are detrimental (e.g. warming tends to accelerate insect development rate and facilitate range expansions of pests and climate change tends to produce a mismatch between mature trees and their environment, which can increase vulnerability to herbivores and pathogens). Changes in Forest disturbance can produce feedback to climate through affects on water and carbon flux in Forest ecosystems; one alarming scenario is that climate warming may increase insect outbreaks in boreal Forests, which would tend to increase Forest fires and exacerbate further climate warming by releasing carbon stores from boreal ecosystems. We suggest a list of research priorities that will allow us to refine these risk assessments and adopt Forest management strategies that anticipate changes in biotic disturbance regimes and mitigate the ecological, social, and economic risks.
Jeffrey R. Garnas - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Novel and co-evolved associations between Insects and microorganisms as drivers of Forest pestilence
Biological Invasions, 2016Co-Authors: Michael J. Wingfield, Jeffrey R. Garnas, Ann Hajek, Brett P. Hurley, Z. Wilhelm Beer, Stephen J. TaerumAbstract:Some of the most devastating diseases of trees involve associations between Forest Insects and microorganisms. Although a small number of native insect-microorganism symbioses can cause tree mortality, the majority of associations with tree health implications involve one or more exotic organisms. Here, we divide damaging symbioses between Forest Insects and microorganisms into four categories based on the native/exotic status of the species involved: (1) insect and microorganism are native; (2) insect is native, microorganism is exotic; (3) insect is exotic, microorganism is native; and (4) insect and microorganism are both exotic. For each category, we describe several well-researched examples of Forest insect symbioses and discuss some of the consequences of the types of interactions within each category. We then discuss priorities for research on Forest insect symbioses that could help to further elucidate patterns in the complexity of such interactions in the context of invasion biology. We argue that a nuanced understanding of insect-pathogen relationships is lacking, even for the few well-studied examples. Because novel associations between Insects, microorganisms, and trees are increasing with globalization, such symbioses and their potential to negatively impact Forest ecosystems demand focused research in the future.
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ORIGINAL PAPER Temperature explains variable spread rates of the invasive woodwasp Sirex noctilio in the Southern Hemisphere
2016Co-Authors: M. Victoria, Jeffrey R. Garnas, Philip Croft, A J Carnegie, Andrew M Liebhold, Lantschner Jose, M. Villacide, Juan C. CorleyAbstract:Abstract The frequency of introductions of non-indigenous Forest Insects into new habitats is increas-ing worldwide, often with profoundly adverse conse-quences on natural and plantation Forest ecosystems. Understanding rates and patterns of spread of invasive Forest Insects is important for predicting when and where these species will expand their geographical range, with the potential to improve mitigation strategies. The woodwasp Sirex noctilio is a damaging invasive Forest insect that kills numerous species of Pinus. Despite encountering highly variable eco-climatic conditions, S. noctilio has arrived and established in exotic pine Forest production areas throughout the Southern Hemisphere. In this study, we compiled historical records of S. noctilio invasion to compare spread rates among eight contrasting eco-climatic regions in the Southern Hemisphere and to explore how spread rate is predicted by landscape variation in climate, habitat characteristics and anthro-pogenic effects. Spread rates for S. noctilio varied considerably among the invaded regions, ranging from 12 to 82 km per year. Among regions, spread rates of S. noctilio increased with increasing mean annual temperature and isothermality. We hypothesize that temperature may directly or indirectly influence S. noctilio population growth and dispersal, thereby influencing spread rates
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temperature explains variable spread rates of the invasive woodwasp sirex noctilio in the southern hemisphere
Biological Invasions, 2014Co-Authors: Victoria M Lantschner, Jeffrey R. Garnas, Jose M Villacide, Philip Croft, A J Carnegie, Andrew M Liebhold, Juan C. CorleyAbstract:The frequency of introductions of non-indigenous Forest Insects into new habitats is increasing worldwide, often with profoundly adverse consequences on natural and plantation Forest ecosystems. Understanding rates and patterns of spread of invasive Forest Insects is important for predicting when and where these species will expand their geographical range, with the potential to improve mitigation strategies. The woodwasp Sirex noctilio is a damaging invasive Forest insect that kills numerous species of Pinus. Despite encountering highly variable eco-climatic conditions, S. noctilio has arrived and established in exotic pine Forest production areas throughout the Southern Hemisphere. In this study, we compiled historical records of S. noctilio invasion to compare spread rates among eight contrasting eco-climatic regions in the Southern Hemisphere and to explore how spread rate is predicted by landscape variation in climate, habitat characteristics and anthropogenic effects. Spread rates for S. noctilio varied considerably among the invaded regions, ranging from 12 to 82 km per year. Among regions, spread rates of S. noctilio increased with increasing mean annual temperature and isothermality. We hypothesize that temperature may directly or indirectly influence S. noctilio population growth and dispersal, thereby influencing spread rates.