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Hagen Pfeifer - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

Kashyap Kodanda Ram Kambhatla - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Cross-Layer Prioritized Video Transmission : : Adaptive Packetization, FEC Protection and Scheduling Methods
    2014
    Co-Authors: Kashyap Kodanda Ram Kambhatla
    Abstract:

    The quality of H.264/AVC compressed video delivery over time-varying and error-prone wireless channels is affected by packet losses. To support quality of service (QoS) for video delivery over wireless networks cross-layer schemes have been discussed in the literature. We introduce a cross-layer priority-aware packet Fragmentation scheme at the medium access control (MAC) layer to enhance the quality of pre-encoded H.264/AVC compressed bitstreams over bit-rate limited error-prone links in wireless networks. Larger Fragments are more likely to be in error but smaller Fragments require more overhead. The H.264 slices are classified in four priorities at the encoder based on their cumulative mean square error (CMSE) contribution towards the received video quality. The slices of a priority class in each frame are aggregated into video packets of corresponding priority at the application (APP) layer. We derive the optimal Fragment size for each priority class which achieves the maximum expected weighted goodput at different encoded video bit rates, slice sizes and bit error rates. Priority-aware packet Fragmentation invokes slice discard in the buffer due to channel bit rate constraints on allocating Fragment Header bits. We propose a slice discard scheme using frame importance and slice CMSE contribution to control error propagation effects. Packet Fragmentation is then extended to slice Fragmentation by modifying the conventional H.264 decoder to handle partial slice decoding. Priority-aware slice Fragmentation combined with the proposed slice discard scheme provides considerable peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and video quality metric gains as compared to priority-agnostic Fragmentation. Distortion due to channel errors can be alleviated by assigning stronger channel code rates, at the cost of reduced rate for source coding. Besides MAC layer Fragmentation, aggregating H.264/AVC slices at the APP layer to form video packets with sizes adapted to their importance can also improve transmission reliability. We present a cross-layer dynamic programming (DP) approach to minimize the expected received video distortion by jointly addressing the priority-adaptive packet formation at the APP layer and rate compatible punctured convolutional (RCPC) code rate allocation at the physical layer for pre-encoded prioritized slices of each group of pictures (GOP). Our scheme discards some low priority slices in order to improve protection to more important slices and meet the channel bitrate limitations, whenever necessary. Simulation results show that our proposed approach significantly improves received video quality compared to other error protection schemes. Further, we extend our cross-layer DP-based scheme to slices of each frame by predicting the expected channel bit budget per frame for real-time transmission. The prediction uses a generalized linear model developed over the parameters - CMSE per frame, channel SNR, and normalized compressed frame bit budget determined over a video dataset that spans high, medium and low motion complexity. This predicted frame bit budget is used to derive the packet sizes and their corresponding RCPC code rates for transmission using our DP-based approach. Simulation results show good correlation with the results of our DP-based scheme applied over the GOP. Unique characteristics of video traffic, such as the temporal and spatial dependencies between different video frames and their deadline constraints, pose a challenge in supporting the video quality rendered to the clients over time- varying, bandwidth-limited channels. Scalable Video Coding (H.264/SVC) enables the transmission and decoding of partial bit streams to provide video services with lower temporal or spatial resolutions or reduced fidelity while retaining a reconstruction quality that is high relative to the rate of the partial bit streams. We propose a sliding-window based flow control for scheduling the network abstraction layer (NAL) units in the post-encoding buffer of the streaming server for a real-time scalable video transmission scenario over a fast time-varying channel. Our scheduling scheme considers the importance of the NAL unit in terms of (i ) its CMSE distortion contributed to the received video quality, (ii ) its size in bits, and (iii ) its time-to-expiry in seconds. The scheduling problem of determining the appropriate order of transmission is formulated as a 0-1 knapsack problem and a DP solution is proposed which runs in polynomial time. Our scheduling approach significantly reduces the number of whole frames discarded as compared to (a) a CMSE-based scheme which considers the importance of the NAL units only in terms of their CMSE contribution, and (b) the earliest deadline first scheme which minimizes the dwelling time of the NAL units in the post-encoding buffer. Simulation results show significant PSNR gains for different video sequences at different pre-roll delays

  • Wireless H.264 Video Quality Enhancement Through Optimal Prioritized Packet Fragmentation
    IEEE Transactions on Multimedia, 2012
    Co-Authors: Kashyap Kodanda Ram Kambhatla, Seethal Paluri, Sunil Kumar, Pamela C. Cosman
    Abstract:

    We introduce a cross-layer priority-aware packet Fragmentation scheme at the MAC layer to enhance the quality of pre-encoded H.264/AVC compressed bitstreams over bit-rate limited error-prone links in wireless networks. The H.264 slices are classified in four priorities at the encoder based on their cumulative mean square error (CMSE) contribution towards the received video quality. The slices of a priority class in each frame are aggregated into video packets of corresponding priority. We derive the optimal Fragment size for each priority class which achieves the maximum expected weighted goodput at different encoded video bit rates, slice sizes and bit error rates. Priority-aware packet Fragmentation invokes slice discard in the buffer due to channel bit rate constraints on allocating Fragment Header bits. We propose a slice discard scheme using frame importance and slice CMSE contribution to control error propagation effects. Packet Fragmentation is extended to slice Fragmentation by modifying the conventional H.264 decoder to handle partial slice decoding. Priority-aware slice Fragmentation combined with the proposed slice discard scheme provides considerable PSNR and VQM gains as compared to priority-agnostic Fragmentation.

Fernando Gont - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Security Implications of Predictable Fragment Identification Values
    2016
    Co-Authors: Fernando Gont
    Abstract:

    IPv6 specifies the Fragment Header, which is employed for the Fragmentation and reassembly mechanisms. The Fragment Header contains an "Identification" field that, together with the IPv6 Source Address and the IPv6 Destination Address of a packet, identifies Fragments that correspond to the same original datagram, such that they can be reassembled together by the receiving host. The only requirement for setting the Identification field is that the corresponding value must be different than that employed for any other Fragmented datagram sent recently with the same Source Address and Destination Address. Some implementations use a simple global counter for setting the Identification field, thus leading to predictable Identification values. This document analyzes the security implications of predictable Identification values, and provides implementation guidance for setting the Identification field of the Fragment Header, such that the aforementioned security implications are mitigated.

  • Deprecating the Generation of IPv6 Atomic Fragments
    2014
    Co-Authors: Tore Anderson, Will Liu, Fernando Gont
    Abstract:

    The core IPv6 specification requires that when a host receives an ICMPv6 "Packet Too Big" message reporting a "Next-Hop MTU" smaller than 1280, the host includes a Fragment Header in all subsequent packets sent to that destination, without reducing the assumed Path- MTU. The simplicity with which ICMPv6 "Packet Too Big" messages can be forged, coupled with the widespread filtering of IPv6 Fragments, results in an attack vector that can be leveraged for Denial of Service purposes. This document briefly discusses the aforementioned attack vector, and formally updates RFC2460 such that generation of IPv6 atomic Fragments is deprecated, thus eliminating the aforementioned attack vector. Additionally, it formally updates RFC6145 such that the Stateless IP/ICMP Translation Algorithm (SIIT) does not rely on the generation of IPv6 atomic Fragments, thus improving the robustness of the protocol.

  • Processing of IPv6 "Atomic" Fragments
    2013
    Co-Authors: Fernando Gont
    Abstract:

    The IPv6 specification allows packets to contain a Fragment Header without the packet being actually Fragmented into multiple pieces (we refer to these packets as "atomic Fragments"). Such packets are typically sent by hosts that have received an ICMPv6 "Packet Too Big" error message that advertises a Next-Hop MTU smaller than 1280 bytes, and are currently processed by some implementations as normal "Fragmented traffic" (i.e., they are "reassembled" with any other queued Fragments that supposedly correspond to the same original packet). Thus, an attacker can cause hosts to employ atomic Fragments by forging ICMPv6 "Packet Too Big" error messages, and then launch any Fragmentation-based attacks against such traffic. This document discusses the generation of the aforementioned atomic Fragments and the corresponding security implications. Additionally, this document formally updates RFC 2460 and RFC 5722, such that IPv6 atomic Fragments are processed independently of any other Fragments, thus completely eliminating the aforementioned attack vector.

Pamela C. Cosman - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Wireless H.264 Video Quality Enhancement Through Optimal Prioritized Packet Fragmentation
    IEEE Transactions on Multimedia, 2012
    Co-Authors: Kashyap Kodanda Ram Kambhatla, Seethal Paluri, Sunil Kumar, Pamela C. Cosman
    Abstract:

    We introduce a cross-layer priority-aware packet Fragmentation scheme at the MAC layer to enhance the quality of pre-encoded H.264/AVC compressed bitstreams over bit-rate limited error-prone links in wireless networks. The H.264 slices are classified in four priorities at the encoder based on their cumulative mean square error (CMSE) contribution towards the received video quality. The slices of a priority class in each frame are aggregated into video packets of corresponding priority. We derive the optimal Fragment size for each priority class which achieves the maximum expected weighted goodput at different encoded video bit rates, slice sizes and bit error rates. Priority-aware packet Fragmentation invokes slice discard in the buffer due to channel bit rate constraints on allocating Fragment Header bits. We propose a slice discard scheme using frame importance and slice CMSE contribution to control error propagation effects. Packet Fragmentation is extended to slice Fragmentation by modifying the conventional H.264 decoder to handle partial slice decoding. Priority-aware slice Fragmentation combined with the proposed slice discard scheme provides considerable PSNR and VQM gains as compared to priority-agnostic Fragmentation.

Randy Bush - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

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