The Experts below are selected from a list of 360 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Alirio E Rodrigues - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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extraction of aromatic volatiles by hydrodistillation and supercritical fluid extraction with co2 from helichrysum italicum subsp picardii growing in portugal
Industrial Crops and Products, 2015Co-Authors: Patrícia Costa, Miguel A. Teixeira, Jose M Loureiro, Alirio E RodriguesAbstract:Abstract Volatiles from H elichrysum italicum subsp. picardii growing in Portugal were extracted by supercritical fluid extraction with CO 2 (SFE-CO 2 ) under different conditions of pressure (9 and 12 MPa) and particle size ( 2 extraction. Chemical analysis highlighted the abundance of monoterpene hydrocarbons in the essential oil and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons in the SFE-CO 2 extracts. In terms of organoleptic properties, the SFE-CO 2 extraction allowed the recovery of pleasantly scented Fragrances resembling the original scent of the living plant H. italicum subsp. picardii found in Portugal. The SFE-CO 2 extracts isolated at 12 MPa showed free radical scavenging ability at all tested concentrations. This study allowed the extraction and identification of high-value aromatic components with pleasant Fragrance properties suggesting the Portuguese coast as an exploitable source of relevant plant matrices.
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modeling Fragrance components release from a simplified matrix used in toiletries and household products
Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2015Co-Authors: Patrícia Costa, Miguel A. Teixeira, Yohan Lièvre, Jose M Loureiro, Alirio E RodriguesAbstract:A new methodology based on Henry’s law is proposed for modeling the release of Fragrances from a simplified matrix commonly used in consumer products’ formulations. For that purpose, different mixtures were formulated containing one, two, three, or four Fragrance ingredients diluted in dipropylene glycol (simplified matrix). Headspace concentrations were measured to estimate Henry’s constants (H) for each Fragrance component in all mixtures. The individual Henry’s constants for multicomponent Fragrance mixtures were also predicted from the ones measured for each single compound diluted in the matrix. Furthermore, we used a model that combines the UNIFAC group-contribution method with the modified Raoult’s law and the psychophysicals Stevens’ power law and strongest component model to predict the perceived odor intensity and character, respectively. Results showed a strong linear relationship between experimental H for single Fragrances and experimental H for binary (r2 = 0.998), ternary (r2 = 0.997), and ...
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Modeling Fragrance Components Release from a Simplified Matrix Used in Toiletries and Household Products
'American Chemical Society (ACS)', 2015Co-Authors: Patrícia Costa, Miguel A. Teixeira, Yohan Lièvre, José Miguel Loureiro, Alirio E RodriguesAbstract:A new methodology based on Henrys law is proposed for modeling the release of Fragrances from a simplified matrix commonly used in consumer products formulations. For that purpose, different mixtures were formulated containing one, two, three, or four Fragrance ingredients diluted in dipropylene glycol (simplified matrix). Headspace concentrations were measured to estimate Henrys constants (H) for each Fragrance component in all mixtures. The individual Henrys constants for multicomponent Fragrance mixtures were also predicted from the ones measured for each single compound diluted in the matrix. Furthermore, we used a model that combines the UNIFAC group-contribution method with the modified Raoults law and the psychophysicals Stevens power law and strongest component model to predict the perceived odor intensity and character, respectively. Results showed a strong linear relationship between experimental H for single Fragrances and experimental H for binary (r(2) = 0.998), ternary (r(2) = 0.997), and quaternary (r(2) = 0.996) Fragrance mixtures. This new approach can bring a relevant advantage to the preformulation process by reducing time and cost associated with trial-and-error experiments
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scentfashion microencapsulated perfumes for textile application
Chemical Engineering Journal, 2009Co-Authors: Sofia N. Rodrigues, Isabel Fernandes, Maria Filomena Barreiro, Isabel Martins, Vera G. Mata, Paula Gomes, Alirio E RodriguesAbstract:Abstract This work is a contribution to the introduction of emergent technologies in the textile sector, namely the microencapsulation of Fragrances and its application to obtain added-value products. Interfacial polymerization was used to produce polyurethane/urea (PUU) microcapsules with a perfume for industrial application on textile substrate having in view man suits production. The extent of reaction of PUU microcapsules formation was followed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Size distribution and morphology of the produced microcapsules were studied using particle size analysis, optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Impregnation on textile substrates was tested both at laboratory level and at industrial scale. The Fragrance release from textile substrates was measured with headspace chromatography. The content of microcapsules was released with light abrasion to simulate day-to-day wear, and fabrics impregnated at laboratory scale have survived to 9000 abrasion cycles. Microcapsules have continued to release aroma up to five dry cleaning washing cycles.
Wolfgang Uter - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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patch test results with Fragrance markers of the baseline series analysis of the european surveillance system on contact allergies essca network 2009 2012
Contact Dermatitis, 2015Co-Authors: Peter J Frosch, Marielouise Schuttelaar, Jeanne D Johansen, J F Silvestre, Javier Sanchezperez, Elke Weisshaar, Wolfgang UterAbstract:Background. Contact allergy to Fragrances is common, and impairs quality of life, particularly in young women. Objective. To provide current results on the prevalences of sensitization to Fragrance allergens used as markers in the baseline series of most European countries. Methods. Data of patients consecutively patch tested between 2009 and 2012 in 12 European countries with Fragrance allergens contained in the baseline series were collected by the European Surveillance System on Contact Allergies network and descriptively analysed. Four departments used the TRUE Test (R) system. Results. The 'basic markers' were tested on 51 477 [Fragrance mix II (FM II)] to 57 123 [Myroxylon pereirae, balsam of Peru] patients, and yielded positive reactions as follows: Fragrance mix I 6.9%, Myroxylon pereirae 5.4%, FM II 3.8%, colophonium 2.6%, and hydroxyisohexyl 3-cyclohexene carboxaldehyde 1.7%, with some regional differences. Prevalences with TRUE Test (R) allergens were lower. Additional Fragrances were tested on 3643 (trimethylbenzenepropanol) to 14 071 (oil of turpentine) patients, and yielded between 2.6% (Cananga odorata) and 0.7% (trimethylbenzenepropanol) positive reactions. Conclusions. Contact allergy to Fragrances is common throughout Europe, with regional variation probably being explained by patch test technique, and differences in exposure and referral patterns. The current basic markers of Fragrance sensitivity in the baseline series should be supplemented with additional Fragrance allergens.
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contact sensitization to Fragrance mix i and ii to myroxylon pereirae resin and oil of tupentine multifactorial analysis of risk factors based on data of the ivdk network
Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 2015Co-Authors: Wolfgang Uter, Johannes Geier, Cornelia Fieβler, Olaf Gefeller, Axel SchnuchAbstract:Fragrances are among the most common contact sensitizers. Changes in exposure lead to subsequent changes of sensitization incidence; patterns of exposure may be reflected in certain surrogate markers such as affected anatomical site or occupation. The objective of this study was to provide current results on sensitization prevalences to the Fragrance allergy screening markers of the patch test baseline series, on time trends and on risk factors associated with sensitization. Data of all patients tested between 1999 and 2012 with Fragrance mix I (8% petrolatum (pet.) n = 130 325), Fragrance mix II (14% pet., since 2005, n = 81 290), Myroxylon pereirae resin (25% pet., n = 130 258) and oil of turpentine (10% pet., n = 131 595), respectively, in the Information Network of Departments of Dermatology (IVDK, www.ivkd.org) were subject to descriptive and log-binomial regression analysis. Overall, 16.31% of patients had a positive patch test reaction to at least one of the four markers. The prevalence to each of the four single markers was 8.71, 4.87, 8.36 and 1.95%. A peculiar downward trend of FM I until around 2006/2007 with subsequent increase, both significant, was noted. Mostly, sensitization risk was higher in older patients and females, and was to a varying extent associated with certain anatomical sites. The mostly stable or even increasing time trends warrant further in-depth research into causative exposures, addressing the effectiveness of (self-) regulation, aggregate exposure and ‘cocktail effect’. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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contact allergy to Fragrances current patch test results 2005 2008 from the information network of departments of dermatology
Contact Dermatitis, 2010Co-Authors: Wolfgang Uter, Peter J Frosch, Johannes Geier, Axel SchnuchAbstract:Background: Contact sensitization to Fragrances is common both in clinical and in population samples. The spectrum of allergens is broad and diverse, and to some extent covered by a set of screening agents. Objectives: To examine the current frequency of contact sensitization to Fragrance allergens in patients routinely patch tested for suspected allergic contact dermatitis with the baseline series and special series. Patients and methods: Between 2005 and 2008, 40 709 patients were patch tested in the departments of the Information Network of Departments of Dermatology (http://www.ivdk.org). Results with selected Fragrances were analysed. Results: Of all patients tested with the German baseline series, 15.1% reacted positively to Fragrance mix (FM) I (6.6% positive), FM II (4.6% positive) or Myroxylon pereirae resin (balsam of Peru, 6.8% positive). Among the single constituents of FM I, Evernia prunastri [oak moss absolute (abs.)] was the leading allergen, and amyl cinnamal the least frequent allergen. Among Fragrances not included in FM I or FM II, Evernia furfuracea (tree moss abs.) was the most common allergen. Conclusions: For diagnostic purposes, it is necessary to combine several screening agents. The frequency of contact sensitization differs greatly between single Fragrances.
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patch test results with patients own perfumes deodorants and shaving lotions results of the ivdk 1998 2002
Journal of The European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology, 2007Co-Authors: Wolfgang Uter, Johannes Geier, Axel Schnuch, P J FroschAbstract:Objective Assessment of the value of patch testing patients’ own perfumes, eau de toilette, deodorants and shaving lotions with regard to diagnosing contact allergy to Fragrances, and an analysis of the spectrum of concurrent patch test reactions to single Fragrance allergens. Study design Data of the Information Network of Departments of Dermatology (IVDK; http://www.ivdk.org) regarding patch test results with above products brought in by the patient, considered as possible cause of contact dermatitis, were retrospectively analysed. Between 1998 and 2002, 1468 patients were patch tested with 2557 single products (deodorants, n = 1094; eau de toilette, n = 598; perfume, n = 530; and pre- or after-shave, n = 325; remainder not classifiable), mostly ‘as is’. Results Positive reactions were observed in 129 patients (to 191 products). In 58 of these patients, no further patch test reactions to the Fragrance mix (FM-I), Myroxylon pereirae resin (balsam of Peru) or 4-(4-hydroxy-4-methyl-pentyl)-3-cyclohexencarboxaldehyde (e.g. Lyral®) were found. A strong association between contact sensitivity to the above commercial allergens and positive reactions to products was observed. Some single compounds such as ylang-ylang oil, propolis and especially oak moss absolute are important allergens in the ‘perfume-positive’ subgroup, but less in a subgroup positive to own deodorants. Discussion Patch testing this scope of products, brought in by the patient, can be regarded as a simple, safe and effective method to diagnose clinically relevant contact sensitization – the more so, as the composition of such products is ever-changing, and the sensitivity of established ‘screening allergens’ is thus insufficient.
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patch testing with a new Fragrance mix detects additional patients sensitive to perfumes and missed by the current Fragrance mix
Contact Dermatitis, 2005Co-Authors: Peter J Frosch, Wolfgang Uter, Ian R. White, An Goossens, Klaus Ejner Andersen, Cecilia Svedman, M Bruze, Claudia Pirker, Suresh Chandra Rastogi, Elena Gimenez ArnauAbstract:The currently used 8% Fragrance mix (FM I) does not identify all patients with a positive history of adverse reactions to Fragrances. A new FM II with 6 frequently used chemicals was evaluated in 1701 consecutive patients patch tested in 6 dermatological centres in Europe. FM II was tested in 3 concentrations - 28% FM II contained 5% hydroxyisohexyl 3-cyclohexene carboxaldehyde (Lyral((R))), 2% citral, 5% farnesol, 5% coumarin, 1% citronellol and 10%alpha-hexyl-cinnamic aldehyde; in 14% FM II, the single constituents' concentration was lowered to 50% and in 2.8% FM II to 10%. Each patient was classified regarding a history of adverse reactions to Fragrances: certain, probable, questionable, none. Positive reactions to FM I occurred in 6.5% of the patients. Positive reactions to FM II were dose-dependent and increased from 1.3% (2.8% FM II), through 2.9% (14% FM II) to 4.1% (28% FM II). Reactions classified as doubtful or irritant varied considerably between the 6 centres, with a mean value of 7.2% for FM I and means ranging from 1.8% to 10.6% for FM II. 8.7% of the tested patients had a certain Fragrance history. Of these, 25.2% were positive to FM I; reactivity to FM II was again dose-dependent and ranged from 8.1% to 17.6% in this subgroup. Comparing 2 groups of history - certain and none - values for sensitivity and specificity were calculated: sensitivity: FM I, 25.2%; 2.8% FM II, 8.1%; 14% FM II, 13.5%; 28% FM II, 17.6%; specificity: FM I, 96.5%; 2.8% FM II, 99.5%; 14% FM II, 98.8%; 28% FM II, 98.1%. 31/70 patients (44.3%) positive to 28% FM II were negative to FM I, with 14% FM II this proportion being 16/50 (32%). In the group of patients with a certain history, a total of 7 patients were found reacting to FM II only. Conversely, in the group of patients without any Fragrance history, there were significantly more positive reactions to FM I than to any concentration of FM II. In conclusion, the new FM II detects additional patients sensitive to Fragrances missed by FM I; the number of false-positive reactions is lower with FM II than with FM I. Considering sensitivity, specificity and the frequency of doubtful reactions, the medium concentration, 14% FM II, seems to be the most appropriate diagnostic screening tool.
Patrícia Costa - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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extraction of aromatic volatiles by hydrodistillation and supercritical fluid extraction with co2 from helichrysum italicum subsp picardii growing in portugal
Industrial Crops and Products, 2015Co-Authors: Patrícia Costa, Miguel A. Teixeira, Jose M Loureiro, Alirio E RodriguesAbstract:Abstract Volatiles from H elichrysum italicum subsp. picardii growing in Portugal were extracted by supercritical fluid extraction with CO 2 (SFE-CO 2 ) under different conditions of pressure (9 and 12 MPa) and particle size ( 2 extraction. Chemical analysis highlighted the abundance of monoterpene hydrocarbons in the essential oil and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons in the SFE-CO 2 extracts. In terms of organoleptic properties, the SFE-CO 2 extraction allowed the recovery of pleasantly scented Fragrances resembling the original scent of the living plant H. italicum subsp. picardii found in Portugal. The SFE-CO 2 extracts isolated at 12 MPa showed free radical scavenging ability at all tested concentrations. This study allowed the extraction and identification of high-value aromatic components with pleasant Fragrance properties suggesting the Portuguese coast as an exploitable source of relevant plant matrices.
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modeling Fragrance components release from a simplified matrix used in toiletries and household products
Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2015Co-Authors: Patrícia Costa, Miguel A. Teixeira, Yohan Lièvre, Jose M Loureiro, Alirio E RodriguesAbstract:A new methodology based on Henry’s law is proposed for modeling the release of Fragrances from a simplified matrix commonly used in consumer products’ formulations. For that purpose, different mixtures were formulated containing one, two, three, or four Fragrance ingredients diluted in dipropylene glycol (simplified matrix). Headspace concentrations were measured to estimate Henry’s constants (H) for each Fragrance component in all mixtures. The individual Henry’s constants for multicomponent Fragrance mixtures were also predicted from the ones measured for each single compound diluted in the matrix. Furthermore, we used a model that combines the UNIFAC group-contribution method with the modified Raoult’s law and the psychophysicals Stevens’ power law and strongest component model to predict the perceived odor intensity and character, respectively. Results showed a strong linear relationship between experimental H for single Fragrances and experimental H for binary (r2 = 0.998), ternary (r2 = 0.997), and ...
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Modeling Fragrance Components Release from a Simplified Matrix Used in Toiletries and Household Products
'American Chemical Society (ACS)', 2015Co-Authors: Patrícia Costa, Miguel A. Teixeira, Yohan Lièvre, José Miguel Loureiro, Alirio E RodriguesAbstract:A new methodology based on Henrys law is proposed for modeling the release of Fragrances from a simplified matrix commonly used in consumer products formulations. For that purpose, different mixtures were formulated containing one, two, three, or four Fragrance ingredients diluted in dipropylene glycol (simplified matrix). Headspace concentrations were measured to estimate Henrys constants (H) for each Fragrance component in all mixtures. The individual Henrys constants for multicomponent Fragrance mixtures were also predicted from the ones measured for each single compound diluted in the matrix. Furthermore, we used a model that combines the UNIFAC group-contribution method with the modified Raoults law and the psychophysicals Stevens power law and strongest component model to predict the perceived odor intensity and character, respectively. Results showed a strong linear relationship between experimental H for single Fragrances and experimental H for binary (r(2) = 0.998), ternary (r(2) = 0.997), and quaternary (r(2) = 0.996) Fragrance mixtures. This new approach can bring a relevant advantage to the preformulation process by reducing time and cost associated with trial-and-error experiments
Jeanne D Johansen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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non mix Fragrances are top sensitizers in consecutive dermatitis patients a cross sectional study of the 26 eu labelled Fragrance allergens
Contact Dermatitis, 2017Co-Authors: Niels Hojsager Bennike, Claus Zachariae, Jeanne D JohansenAbstract:SummaryBackground For cosmetics, it is mandatory to label 26 Fragrance substances, including all constituents of Fragrance mix I (FM I) and Fragrance mix II (FM II). Earlier reports have not included oxidized R-limonene [hydroperoxides of R-limonene (Lim-OOH)] and oxidized linalool [hydroperoxides of linalool (Lin-OOH)], and breakdown testing of FM I and FM II has mainly been performed in selected, mix-positive patients. Objectives To report the prevalence of sensitization to the 26 Fragrances, and to assess concomitant reactivity to FM I and/or FM II. Methods A cross-sectional study on consecutive dermatitis patients patch tested with the 26 Fragrances and the European baseline series from 2010 to 2015 at a single university clinic was performed. Results Of 6004 patients, 940 (15.7%, 95%CI: 14.7–16.6%) were Fragrance-sensitized. Regarding the single Fragrances, most patients were sensitized to Lin-OOH (3.9%), Evernia furfuracea (3.0%), Lim-OOH (2.5%), and hydroxyisohexyl 3-cyclohexene carboxaldehyde (2.1%). Significantly fewer patients were ‘FM I-positive and constituent-positive’ than ‘FM II-positive and constituent-positive’ (32.7% versus 57.0%, p < 0.0001). Additionally, significantly more patients were ‘FM II-negative but constituent-positive’ than ‘FM I-negative but constituent-positive’ (12.4% versus 3.2%, p = 0.0008). Conclusions Non-mix Fragrances are the most important single Fragrance allergens among consecutive patients. The test concentration of the single FM I constituents should be increased when possible.
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patch test results with Fragrance markers of the baseline series analysis of the european surveillance system on contact allergies essca network 2009 2012
Contact Dermatitis, 2015Co-Authors: Peter J Frosch, Marielouise Schuttelaar, Jeanne D Johansen, J F Silvestre, Javier Sanchezperez, Elke Weisshaar, Wolfgang UterAbstract:Background. Contact allergy to Fragrances is common, and impairs quality of life, particularly in young women. Objective. To provide current results on the prevalences of sensitization to Fragrance allergens used as markers in the baseline series of most European countries. Methods. Data of patients consecutively patch tested between 2009 and 2012 in 12 European countries with Fragrance allergens contained in the baseline series were collected by the European Surveillance System on Contact Allergies network and descriptively analysed. Four departments used the TRUE Test (R) system. Results. The 'basic markers' were tested on 51 477 [Fragrance mix II (FM II)] to 57 123 [Myroxylon pereirae, balsam of Peru] patients, and yielded positive reactions as follows: Fragrance mix I 6.9%, Myroxylon pereirae 5.4%, FM II 3.8%, colophonium 2.6%, and hydroxyisohexyl 3-cyclohexene carboxaldehyde 1.7%, with some regional differences. Prevalences with TRUE Test (R) allergens were lower. Additional Fragrances were tested on 3643 (trimethylbenzenepropanol) to 14 071 (oil of turpentine) patients, and yielded between 2.6% (Cananga odorata) and 0.7% (trimethylbenzenepropanol) positive reactions. Conclusions. Contact allergy to Fragrances is common throughout Europe, with regional variation probably being explained by patch test technique, and differences in exposure and referral patterns. The current basic markers of Fragrance sensitivity in the baseline series should be supplemented with additional Fragrance allergens.
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contact allergy to the 26 specific Fragrance ingredients to be declared on cosmetic products in accordance with the eu cosmetics directive
Contact Dermatitis, 2011Co-Authors: Maria V Heisterberg, Torkil Menne, Jeanne D JohansenAbstract:Background. Fragrance ingredients are a frequent cause of allergic contact dermatitis. The EU Cosmetics Directive states that 26 specific Fragrance ingredients, known to cause allergic contact dermatitis, must be declared on the ingredient lists of cosmetic products. Objectives. To investigate frequencies of sensitization to the 26 individual Fragrances and evaluate their importance as screening markers of Fragrance allergy. Method. This was a retrospective study based on data from the Department of Dermato-Allergology, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte. Eczema patients (n = 1508) were patch tested (January 2008 to July 2010) with the 26 Fragrance ingredients. Results. Sensitization to the 26 Fragrances was identified in 115 (7.6%) subjects. The most frequent allergens were Evernia furfuracea (n = 50), Evernia prunastri (n = 31), and hydroxyisohexyl 3-cyclohexene carboxaldehyde (n = 24). Including Fragrance mix I, Fragrance mix II and Myroxylon pereirae, 196 (13.0%) had a Fragrance allergy. Testing with the 26 Fragrances additionally identified 23 subjects who would otherwise have gone undetected. The majority (75.7%) of positive reactions to the 26 Fragrances were of clinical relevance. Conclusions. Sensitization to the 26 individual Fragrance ingredients was identified in 7.6% of the subjects patch tested. Most reactions were of clinical relevance. Fragrance-allergic subjects would be missed if testing with the individual Fragrance ingredients was not performed.
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selected oxidized Fragrance terpenes are common contact allergens
Contact Dermatitis, 2005Co-Authors: Mihaly Matura, Anna Borje, Peter J Frosch, Jeanne D Johansen, An Goossens, Maria Skold, Klaus Ejner Andersen, Magnus Bruze, Cecilia Svedman, Ian R. WhiteAbstract:Terpenes are widely used Fragrance compounds in fine Fragrances, but also in domestic and occupational products. Terpenes oxidize easily due to autoxidation on air exposure. Previous studies have shown that limonene, linalool and caryophyllene are not allergenic themselves but readily form allergenic products on air-exposure. This study aimed to determine the frequency and characteristics of allergic reactions to selected oxidized Fragrance terpenes other than limonene. In total 1511 consecutive dermatitis patients in 6 European dermatology centres were patch tested with oxidized Fragrance terpenes and some oxidation fractions and compounds. Oxidized linalool and its hydroperoxide fraction were found to be common contact allergens. Of the patients tested, 1.3% showed a positive reaction to oxidized linalool and 1.1% to the hydroperoxide fraction. About 0.5% of the patients reacted to oxidized caryophyllene whereas 1 patient reacted to oxidized myrcene. Of the patients reacting to the oxidized terpenes, 58% had Fragrance-related contact allergy and/or a positive history for adverse reaction to Fragrances. Autoxidation of Fragrance terpenes contributes greatly to Fragrance allergy, which emphasizes the need of testing with compounds that patients are actually exposed to and not only with the ingredients originally applied in commercial formulations.
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Fragrance contact allergy a clinical review
American Journal of Clinical Dermatology, 2003Co-Authors: Jeanne D JohansenAbstract:Most people in modern society are exposed daily to Fragrance ingredients from one or more sources. Fragrance ingredients are also one of the most frequent causes of contact allergic reactions. The diagnosis is made by patch testing with a mixture of Fragrance ingredients, the Fragrance mix. This gives a positive patch-test reaction in about 10% of tested patients with eczema, and the most recent estimates show that 1.7-4.1% of the general population are sensitized to ingredients of the Fragrance mix. Fragrance allergy occurs predominantly in women with facial or hand eczema. These women typically have a history of rash to a fine Fragrance or scented deodorants. Chemical analysis has revealed that well known allergens from the Fragrance mix are present in 15-100% of cosmetic products, including deodorants and fine Fragrances, and most often in combinations of three to four allergens in the same products. This means that it is difficult to avoid exposure, as products labelled as 'Fragrance free' have also been shown to contain Fragrance ingredients, either because of the use of Fragrance ingredients as preservatives or masking perfumes, or the use of botanicals. About 2500 different Fragrance ingredients are currently used in the composition of perfumes and at least 100 of these are known contact allergens. Therefore, it is advisable to supplement standard patch testing with the patient's own stay-on cosmetic products, as well as the Fragrance chemical hydroxyisohexyl-3-cyclohexane carboxaldehyde, which on its own gives responses in 1-3% of tested patients. The focus in recent years on the ingredients of the Fragrance mix will probably result in the Fragrance industry changing the composition of perfumes, and thus make the current diagnostic test less useful. New diagnostic tests are under development to identify contact allergy to new allergens, reflecting the continuous developments and trends in exposure.
Axel Schnuch - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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contact sensitization to Fragrance mix i and ii to myroxylon pereirae resin and oil of tupentine multifactorial analysis of risk factors based on data of the ivdk network
Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 2015Co-Authors: Wolfgang Uter, Johannes Geier, Cornelia Fieβler, Olaf Gefeller, Axel SchnuchAbstract:Fragrances are among the most common contact sensitizers. Changes in exposure lead to subsequent changes of sensitization incidence; patterns of exposure may be reflected in certain surrogate markers such as affected anatomical site or occupation. The objective of this study was to provide current results on sensitization prevalences to the Fragrance allergy screening markers of the patch test baseline series, on time trends and on risk factors associated with sensitization. Data of all patients tested between 1999 and 2012 with Fragrance mix I (8% petrolatum (pet.) n = 130 325), Fragrance mix II (14% pet., since 2005, n = 81 290), Myroxylon pereirae resin (25% pet., n = 130 258) and oil of turpentine (10% pet., n = 131 595), respectively, in the Information Network of Departments of Dermatology (IVDK, www.ivkd.org) were subject to descriptive and log-binomial regression analysis. Overall, 16.31% of patients had a positive patch test reaction to at least one of the four markers. The prevalence to each of the four single markers was 8.71, 4.87, 8.36 and 1.95%. A peculiar downward trend of FM I until around 2006/2007 with subsequent increase, both significant, was noted. Mostly, sensitization risk was higher in older patients and females, and was to a varying extent associated with certain anatomical sites. The mostly stable or even increasing time trends warrant further in-depth research into causative exposures, addressing the effectiveness of (self-) regulation, aggregate exposure and ‘cocktail effect’. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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contact allergy to Fragrances current patch test results 2005 2008 from the information network of departments of dermatology
Contact Dermatitis, 2010Co-Authors: Wolfgang Uter, Peter J Frosch, Johannes Geier, Axel SchnuchAbstract:Background: Contact sensitization to Fragrances is common both in clinical and in population samples. The spectrum of allergens is broad and diverse, and to some extent covered by a set of screening agents. Objectives: To examine the current frequency of contact sensitization to Fragrance allergens in patients routinely patch tested for suspected allergic contact dermatitis with the baseline series and special series. Patients and methods: Between 2005 and 2008, 40 709 patients were patch tested in the departments of the Information Network of Departments of Dermatology (http://www.ivdk.org). Results with selected Fragrances were analysed. Results: Of all patients tested with the German baseline series, 15.1% reacted positively to Fragrance mix (FM) I (6.6% positive), FM II (4.6% positive) or Myroxylon pereirae resin (balsam of Peru, 6.8% positive). Among the single constituents of FM I, Evernia prunastri [oak moss absolute (abs.)] was the leading allergen, and amyl cinnamal the least frequent allergen. Among Fragrances not included in FM I or FM II, Evernia furfuracea (tree moss abs.) was the most common allergen. Conclusions: For diagnostic purposes, it is necessary to combine several screening agents. The frequency of contact sensitization differs greatly between single Fragrances.
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patch test results with patients own perfumes deodorants and shaving lotions results of the ivdk 1998 2002
Journal of The European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology, 2007Co-Authors: Wolfgang Uter, Johannes Geier, Axel Schnuch, P J FroschAbstract:Objective Assessment of the value of patch testing patients’ own perfumes, eau de toilette, deodorants and shaving lotions with regard to diagnosing contact allergy to Fragrances, and an analysis of the spectrum of concurrent patch test reactions to single Fragrance allergens. Study design Data of the Information Network of Departments of Dermatology (IVDK; http://www.ivdk.org) regarding patch test results with above products brought in by the patient, considered as possible cause of contact dermatitis, were retrospectively analysed. Between 1998 and 2002, 1468 patients were patch tested with 2557 single products (deodorants, n = 1094; eau de toilette, n = 598; perfume, n = 530; and pre- or after-shave, n = 325; remainder not classifiable), mostly ‘as is’. Results Positive reactions were observed in 129 patients (to 191 products). In 58 of these patients, no further patch test reactions to the Fragrance mix (FM-I), Myroxylon pereirae resin (balsam of Peru) or 4-(4-hydroxy-4-methyl-pentyl)-3-cyclohexencarboxaldehyde (e.g. Lyral®) were found. A strong association between contact sensitivity to the above commercial allergens and positive reactions to products was observed. Some single compounds such as ylang-ylang oil, propolis and especially oak moss absolute are important allergens in the ‘perfume-positive’ subgroup, but less in a subgroup positive to own deodorants. Discussion Patch testing this scope of products, brought in by the patient, can be regarded as a simple, safe and effective method to diagnose clinically relevant contact sensitization – the more so, as the composition of such products is ever-changing, and the sensitivity of established ‘screening allergens’ is thus insufficient.
