The Experts below are selected from a list of 312 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Pieter-jan Coenraads - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Formaldehyde releasers relationship to Formaldehyde contact allergy metalworking fluids and remainder part 1
Contact Dermatitis, 2010Co-Authors: Anton C. De Groot, Mari-ann Flyvholm, Gerda Lensen, Johannes Geier, Pieter-jan CoenraadsAbstract:This is the second part of a review article on Formaldehyde-releasers used as durable press chemical finishes (DPCF) in textiles. The early finishes contained large amounts of Free Formaldehyde, which led to many cases of allergic contact dermatitis to clothes in the 1950s and 1960s. Currently, most finishes are based on modified dimethylol dihydroxyethyleneurea, which releases less Formaldehyde. Nevertheless, recent studies in the United States and Israel have identified patients reacting to DPCF, considered to have allergic contact reactions to clothes, either from Formaldehyde released by the DPCF therein or from the DPCF per se (in patients negative to Formaldehyde). However, all studies had some weaknesses in design or interpretation and in not a single case has the clinical relevance been proven. The amount of Free Formaldehyde in most garments will likely be below the threshold for the elicitation of dermatitis for all but the most sensitive patients. The amount of Free cyclized urea DPCF in clothes is unlikely to be high enough to cause sensitization. Patch test reactions to Formaldehyde-releasing DPCF will in most cases represent a reaction to Formaldehyde released from the test material.
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Formaldehyde-releasers: relationship to Formaldehyde contact allergy. Part 2. Formaldehyde-releasers in clothes: durable press chemical finishes.
Contact dermatitis, 2010Co-Authors: Anton C. De Groot, Mari-ann Flyvholm, Gerda Lensen, Howard I. Maibach, Pieter-jan CoenraadsAbstract:This is the second part of a review article on Formaldehyde-releasers used as durable press chemical finishes (DPCF) in textiles. The early finishes contained large amounts of Free Formaldehyde, which led to many cases of allergic contact dermatitis to clothes in the 1950s and 1960s. Currently, most finishes are based on modified dimethylol dihydroxyethyleneurea, which releases less Formaldehyde. Nevertheless, recent studies in the United States and Israel have identified patients reacting to DPCF, considered to have allergic contact reactions to clothes, either from Formaldehyde released by the DPCF therein or from the DPCF per se (in patients negative to Formaldehyde). However, all studies had some weaknesses in design or interpretation and in not a single case has the clinical relevance been proven. The amount of Free Formaldehyde in most garments will likely be below the threshold for the elicitation of dermatitis for all but the most sensitive patients. The amount of Free cyclized urea DPCF in clothes is unlikely to be high enough to cause sensitization. Patch test reactions to Formaldehyde-releasing DPCF will in most cases represent a reaction to Formaldehyde released from the test material.
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Formaldehyde‐releasers: relationship to Formaldehyde contact allergy. Part 2. Formaldehyde‐releasers in clothes: durable press chemical finishes
Contact Dermatitis, 2010Co-Authors: Anton C. De Groot, Mari-ann Flyvholm, Gerda Lensen, Howard I. Maibach, Pieter-jan CoenraadsAbstract:This is the second part of a review article on Formaldehyde-releasers used as durable press chemical finishes (DPCF) in textiles. The early finishes contained large amounts of Free Formaldehyde, which led to many cases of allergic contact dermatitis to clothes in the 1950s and 1960s. Currently, most finishes are based on modified dimethylol dihydroxyethyleneurea, which releases less Formaldehyde. Nevertheless, recent studies in the United States and Israel have identified patients reacting to DPCF, considered to have allergic contact reactions to clothes, either from Formaldehyde released by the DPCF therein or from the DPCF per se (in patients negative to Formaldehyde). However, all studies had some weaknesses in design or interpretation and in not a single case has the clinical relevance been proven. The amount of Free Formaldehyde in most garments will likely be below the threshold for the elicitation of dermatitis for all but the most sensitive patients. The amount of Free cyclized urea DPCF in clothes is unlikely to be high enough to cause sensitization. Patch test reactions to Formaldehyde-releasing DPCF will in most cases represent a reaction to Formaldehyde released from the test material.
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Formaldehyde releasers in cosmetics relationship to Formaldehyde contact allergy part 2 patch test relationship to Formaldehyde contact allergy experimental provocation tests amount of Formaldehyde released and assessment of risk to consumers allergi
Contact Dermatitis, 2010Co-Authors: Anton C. De Groot, Mari-ann Flyvholm, Gerda Lensen, Ian R White, Pieter-jan CoenraadsAbstract:: This is the second part of an article on Formaldehyde-releasers in cosmetics. The patch test relationship between the releasers in cosmetics to Formaldehyde contact allergy is reviewed and it is assessed whether products preserved with Formaldehyde-releasers may contain enough Free Formaldehyde to pose a threat to individuals with contact allergy to Formaldehyde. There is a clear relationship between positive patch test reactions to Formaldehyde-releasers and Formaldehyde contact allergy: 15% of all reactions to 2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol and 40-60% of the reactions to the other releasers are caused by a reaction to the Formaldehyde in the test material. There is only fragmented data on the amount of Free Formaldehyde in cosmetics preserved with Formaldehyde donors. However, all releasers (with the exception of 2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol, for which adequate data are lacking) can, in the right circumstances of concentration and product composition, release >200 p.p.m. Formaldehyde, which may result in allergic contact dermatitis. Whether this is actually the case in any particular product cannot be determined from the ingredient labelling. Therefore, we recommend advising patients allergic to Formaldehyde to avoid leave-on cosmetics preserved with quaternium-15, diazolidinyl urea, DMDM hydantoin, or imidazolidinyl urea, acknowledging that many would tolerate some products.
Anton C. De Groot - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Formaldehyde releasers relationship to Formaldehyde contact allergy metalworking fluids and remainder part 1
Contact Dermatitis, 2010Co-Authors: Anton C. De Groot, Mari-ann Flyvholm, Gerda Lensen, Johannes Geier, Pieter-jan CoenraadsAbstract:This is the second part of a review article on Formaldehyde-releasers used as durable press chemical finishes (DPCF) in textiles. The early finishes contained large amounts of Free Formaldehyde, which led to many cases of allergic contact dermatitis to clothes in the 1950s and 1960s. Currently, most finishes are based on modified dimethylol dihydroxyethyleneurea, which releases less Formaldehyde. Nevertheless, recent studies in the United States and Israel have identified patients reacting to DPCF, considered to have allergic contact reactions to clothes, either from Formaldehyde released by the DPCF therein or from the DPCF per se (in patients negative to Formaldehyde). However, all studies had some weaknesses in design or interpretation and in not a single case has the clinical relevance been proven. The amount of Free Formaldehyde in most garments will likely be below the threshold for the elicitation of dermatitis for all but the most sensitive patients. The amount of Free cyclized urea DPCF in clothes is unlikely to be high enough to cause sensitization. Patch test reactions to Formaldehyde-releasing DPCF will in most cases represent a reaction to Formaldehyde released from the test material.
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Determination of Formaldehyde in Formaldehyde-releaser patch test preparations.
Contact Dermatitis, 2010Co-Authors: Detlef Emeis, Anton C. De Groot, Jürgen BrinkmannAbstract:Background: Positive patch test reactions to Formaldehyde-releasers in patients co-reacting to Formaldehyde are often ascribed to Formaldehyde allergy. However, the Formaldehyde content of patch test materials has not been investigated. Objectives: To demonstrate and quantify Free Formaldehyde in commercial patch test materials and in prepared aqueous solutions of Formaldehyde releasers. Materials: Free Formaldehyde was measured by 13C NMR Spectroscopy in (i) all Formaldehyde-releasers in water available from Chemotechnique® and Brial®, (ii) 5 releasers in petrolatum, (iii) 12 prepared aqueous solutions of Formaldehyde-releasers and (iv) water that had been in contact with petrolatum test samples. Results: In none of the five petrolatum test substances was Free Formaldehyde found. In all nine commercial aqueous patch test substances and 9 of the 12 prepared solutions, Free Formaldehyde was demonstrated with concentrations ranging from 0.019% to 0.37% (detection limit 0.01%). Contact of the petrolatum test samples with water resulted in the release of Formaldehyde. Conclusions: Most aqueous solutions of Formaldehyde-releasers contain Free Formaldehyde. Petrolatum-based patch test materials with Formaldehyde-releasers do not contain Free Formaldehyde, but probably start releasing it upon contact with water. Therefore, in future studies, determination of Free and releasable Formaldehyde may be preferable.
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Formaldehyde-releasers: relationship to Formaldehyde contact allergy. Part 2. Formaldehyde-releasers in clothes: durable press chemical finishes.
Contact dermatitis, 2010Co-Authors: Anton C. De Groot, Mari-ann Flyvholm, Gerda Lensen, Howard I. Maibach, Pieter-jan CoenraadsAbstract:This is the second part of a review article on Formaldehyde-releasers used as durable press chemical finishes (DPCF) in textiles. The early finishes contained large amounts of Free Formaldehyde, which led to many cases of allergic contact dermatitis to clothes in the 1950s and 1960s. Currently, most finishes are based on modified dimethylol dihydroxyethyleneurea, which releases less Formaldehyde. Nevertheless, recent studies in the United States and Israel have identified patients reacting to DPCF, considered to have allergic contact reactions to clothes, either from Formaldehyde released by the DPCF therein or from the DPCF per se (in patients negative to Formaldehyde). However, all studies had some weaknesses in design or interpretation and in not a single case has the clinical relevance been proven. The amount of Free Formaldehyde in most garments will likely be below the threshold for the elicitation of dermatitis for all but the most sensitive patients. The amount of Free cyclized urea DPCF in clothes is unlikely to be high enough to cause sensitization. Patch test reactions to Formaldehyde-releasing DPCF will in most cases represent a reaction to Formaldehyde released from the test material.
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Formaldehyde‐releasers: relationship to Formaldehyde contact allergy. Part 2. Formaldehyde‐releasers in clothes: durable press chemical finishes
Contact Dermatitis, 2010Co-Authors: Anton C. De Groot, Mari-ann Flyvholm, Gerda Lensen, Howard I. Maibach, Pieter-jan CoenraadsAbstract:This is the second part of a review article on Formaldehyde-releasers used as durable press chemical finishes (DPCF) in textiles. The early finishes contained large amounts of Free Formaldehyde, which led to many cases of allergic contact dermatitis to clothes in the 1950s and 1960s. Currently, most finishes are based on modified dimethylol dihydroxyethyleneurea, which releases less Formaldehyde. Nevertheless, recent studies in the United States and Israel have identified patients reacting to DPCF, considered to have allergic contact reactions to clothes, either from Formaldehyde released by the DPCF therein or from the DPCF per se (in patients negative to Formaldehyde). However, all studies had some weaknesses in design or interpretation and in not a single case has the clinical relevance been proven. The amount of Free Formaldehyde in most garments will likely be below the threshold for the elicitation of dermatitis for all but the most sensitive patients. The amount of Free cyclized urea DPCF in clothes is unlikely to be high enough to cause sensitization. Patch test reactions to Formaldehyde-releasing DPCF will in most cases represent a reaction to Formaldehyde released from the test material.
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Formaldehyde releasers in cosmetics relationship to Formaldehyde contact allergy part 2 patch test relationship to Formaldehyde contact allergy experimental provocation tests amount of Formaldehyde released and assessment of risk to consumers allergi
Contact Dermatitis, 2010Co-Authors: Anton C. De Groot, Mari-ann Flyvholm, Gerda Lensen, Ian R White, Pieter-jan CoenraadsAbstract:: This is the second part of an article on Formaldehyde-releasers in cosmetics. The patch test relationship between the releasers in cosmetics to Formaldehyde contact allergy is reviewed and it is assessed whether products preserved with Formaldehyde-releasers may contain enough Free Formaldehyde to pose a threat to individuals with contact allergy to Formaldehyde. There is a clear relationship between positive patch test reactions to Formaldehyde-releasers and Formaldehyde contact allergy: 15% of all reactions to 2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol and 40-60% of the reactions to the other releasers are caused by a reaction to the Formaldehyde in the test material. There is only fragmented data on the amount of Free Formaldehyde in cosmetics preserved with Formaldehyde donors. However, all releasers (with the exception of 2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol, for which adequate data are lacking) can, in the right circumstances of concentration and product composition, release >200 p.p.m. Formaldehyde, which may result in allergic contact dermatitis. Whether this is actually the case in any particular product cannot be determined from the ingredient labelling. Therefore, we recommend advising patients allergic to Formaldehyde to avoid leave-on cosmetics preserved with quaternium-15, diazolidinyl urea, DMDM hydantoin, or imidazolidinyl urea, acknowledging that many would tolerate some products.
Milena Marinoviccincovic - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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thermal behavior of modified urea Formaldehyde resins
Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 2011Co-Authors: Suzana Samaržijajovanovic, Vojislav Jovanovic, Sandra S Konstantinovic, Gordana Markovic, Milena MarinoviccincovicAbstract:The thermal stability of pure urea–Formaldehyde resin (PR) and modified urea–Formaldehyde (UF) resins with hexamethylenetetramine-HMTA (Resin 1), melamine-M (Resin 2), and ethylene urea (EU, Resin 3) including nano-SiO2 was investigated by non-isothermal thermo-gravimetric analysis (TG), differential thermal gravimetry (DTG), and differential thermal analysis (DTA) supported by data from IR spectroscopy. Possibility of combining inorganic filler in a form of silicon dioxide with UF resins was found investigated and percentage of Free Formaldehyde was determined. The shift of DTG peaks to a high temperature indicates the increase of thermal stability of modified UF resin with EU (Resin 3) which is confirmed by data obtained from the FTIR study. The minimum percentage (6%) of Free Formaldehyde was obtained in Resin 3.
Gerda Lensen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Formaldehyde releasers relationship to Formaldehyde contact allergy metalworking fluids and remainder part 1
Contact Dermatitis, 2010Co-Authors: Anton C. De Groot, Mari-ann Flyvholm, Gerda Lensen, Johannes Geier, Pieter-jan CoenraadsAbstract:This is the second part of a review article on Formaldehyde-releasers used as durable press chemical finishes (DPCF) in textiles. The early finishes contained large amounts of Free Formaldehyde, which led to many cases of allergic contact dermatitis to clothes in the 1950s and 1960s. Currently, most finishes are based on modified dimethylol dihydroxyethyleneurea, which releases less Formaldehyde. Nevertheless, recent studies in the United States and Israel have identified patients reacting to DPCF, considered to have allergic contact reactions to clothes, either from Formaldehyde released by the DPCF therein or from the DPCF per se (in patients negative to Formaldehyde). However, all studies had some weaknesses in design or interpretation and in not a single case has the clinical relevance been proven. The amount of Free Formaldehyde in most garments will likely be below the threshold for the elicitation of dermatitis for all but the most sensitive patients. The amount of Free cyclized urea DPCF in clothes is unlikely to be high enough to cause sensitization. Patch test reactions to Formaldehyde-releasing DPCF will in most cases represent a reaction to Formaldehyde released from the test material.
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Formaldehyde-releasers: relationship to Formaldehyde contact allergy. Part 2. Formaldehyde-releasers in clothes: durable press chemical finishes.
Contact dermatitis, 2010Co-Authors: Anton C. De Groot, Mari-ann Flyvholm, Gerda Lensen, Howard I. Maibach, Pieter-jan CoenraadsAbstract:This is the second part of a review article on Formaldehyde-releasers used as durable press chemical finishes (DPCF) in textiles. The early finishes contained large amounts of Free Formaldehyde, which led to many cases of allergic contact dermatitis to clothes in the 1950s and 1960s. Currently, most finishes are based on modified dimethylol dihydroxyethyleneurea, which releases less Formaldehyde. Nevertheless, recent studies in the United States and Israel have identified patients reacting to DPCF, considered to have allergic contact reactions to clothes, either from Formaldehyde released by the DPCF therein or from the DPCF per se (in patients negative to Formaldehyde). However, all studies had some weaknesses in design or interpretation and in not a single case has the clinical relevance been proven. The amount of Free Formaldehyde in most garments will likely be below the threshold for the elicitation of dermatitis for all but the most sensitive patients. The amount of Free cyclized urea DPCF in clothes is unlikely to be high enough to cause sensitization. Patch test reactions to Formaldehyde-releasing DPCF will in most cases represent a reaction to Formaldehyde released from the test material.
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Formaldehyde‐releasers: relationship to Formaldehyde contact allergy. Part 2. Formaldehyde‐releasers in clothes: durable press chemical finishes
Contact Dermatitis, 2010Co-Authors: Anton C. De Groot, Mari-ann Flyvholm, Gerda Lensen, Howard I. Maibach, Pieter-jan CoenraadsAbstract:This is the second part of a review article on Formaldehyde-releasers used as durable press chemical finishes (DPCF) in textiles. The early finishes contained large amounts of Free Formaldehyde, which led to many cases of allergic contact dermatitis to clothes in the 1950s and 1960s. Currently, most finishes are based on modified dimethylol dihydroxyethyleneurea, which releases less Formaldehyde. Nevertheless, recent studies in the United States and Israel have identified patients reacting to DPCF, considered to have allergic contact reactions to clothes, either from Formaldehyde released by the DPCF therein or from the DPCF per se (in patients negative to Formaldehyde). However, all studies had some weaknesses in design or interpretation and in not a single case has the clinical relevance been proven. The amount of Free Formaldehyde in most garments will likely be below the threshold for the elicitation of dermatitis for all but the most sensitive patients. The amount of Free cyclized urea DPCF in clothes is unlikely to be high enough to cause sensitization. Patch test reactions to Formaldehyde-releasing DPCF will in most cases represent a reaction to Formaldehyde released from the test material.
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Formaldehyde releasers in cosmetics relationship to Formaldehyde contact allergy part 2 patch test relationship to Formaldehyde contact allergy experimental provocation tests amount of Formaldehyde released and assessment of risk to consumers allergi
Contact Dermatitis, 2010Co-Authors: Anton C. De Groot, Mari-ann Flyvholm, Gerda Lensen, Ian R White, Pieter-jan CoenraadsAbstract:: This is the second part of an article on Formaldehyde-releasers in cosmetics. The patch test relationship between the releasers in cosmetics to Formaldehyde contact allergy is reviewed and it is assessed whether products preserved with Formaldehyde-releasers may contain enough Free Formaldehyde to pose a threat to individuals with contact allergy to Formaldehyde. There is a clear relationship between positive patch test reactions to Formaldehyde-releasers and Formaldehyde contact allergy: 15% of all reactions to 2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol and 40-60% of the reactions to the other releasers are caused by a reaction to the Formaldehyde in the test material. There is only fragmented data on the amount of Free Formaldehyde in cosmetics preserved with Formaldehyde donors. However, all releasers (with the exception of 2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol, for which adequate data are lacking) can, in the right circumstances of concentration and product composition, release >200 p.p.m. Formaldehyde, which may result in allergic contact dermatitis. Whether this is actually the case in any particular product cannot be determined from the ingredient labelling. Therefore, we recommend advising patients allergic to Formaldehyde to avoid leave-on cosmetics preserved with quaternium-15, diazolidinyl urea, DMDM hydantoin, or imidazolidinyl urea, acknowledging that many would tolerate some products.
Mari-ann Flyvholm - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Formaldehyde releasers relationship to Formaldehyde contact allergy metalworking fluids and remainder part 1
Contact Dermatitis, 2010Co-Authors: Anton C. De Groot, Mari-ann Flyvholm, Gerda Lensen, Johannes Geier, Pieter-jan CoenraadsAbstract:This is the second part of a review article on Formaldehyde-releasers used as durable press chemical finishes (DPCF) in textiles. The early finishes contained large amounts of Free Formaldehyde, which led to many cases of allergic contact dermatitis to clothes in the 1950s and 1960s. Currently, most finishes are based on modified dimethylol dihydroxyethyleneurea, which releases less Formaldehyde. Nevertheless, recent studies in the United States and Israel have identified patients reacting to DPCF, considered to have allergic contact reactions to clothes, either from Formaldehyde released by the DPCF therein or from the DPCF per se (in patients negative to Formaldehyde). However, all studies had some weaknesses in design or interpretation and in not a single case has the clinical relevance been proven. The amount of Free Formaldehyde in most garments will likely be below the threshold for the elicitation of dermatitis for all but the most sensitive patients. The amount of Free cyclized urea DPCF in clothes is unlikely to be high enough to cause sensitization. Patch test reactions to Formaldehyde-releasing DPCF will in most cases represent a reaction to Formaldehyde released from the test material.
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Formaldehyde-releasers: relationship to Formaldehyde contact allergy. Part 2. Formaldehyde-releasers in clothes: durable press chemical finishes.
Contact dermatitis, 2010Co-Authors: Anton C. De Groot, Mari-ann Flyvholm, Gerda Lensen, Howard I. Maibach, Pieter-jan CoenraadsAbstract:This is the second part of a review article on Formaldehyde-releasers used as durable press chemical finishes (DPCF) in textiles. The early finishes contained large amounts of Free Formaldehyde, which led to many cases of allergic contact dermatitis to clothes in the 1950s and 1960s. Currently, most finishes are based on modified dimethylol dihydroxyethyleneurea, which releases less Formaldehyde. Nevertheless, recent studies in the United States and Israel have identified patients reacting to DPCF, considered to have allergic contact reactions to clothes, either from Formaldehyde released by the DPCF therein or from the DPCF per se (in patients negative to Formaldehyde). However, all studies had some weaknesses in design or interpretation and in not a single case has the clinical relevance been proven. The amount of Free Formaldehyde in most garments will likely be below the threshold for the elicitation of dermatitis for all but the most sensitive patients. The amount of Free cyclized urea DPCF in clothes is unlikely to be high enough to cause sensitization. Patch test reactions to Formaldehyde-releasing DPCF will in most cases represent a reaction to Formaldehyde released from the test material.
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Formaldehyde‐releasers: relationship to Formaldehyde contact allergy. Part 2. Formaldehyde‐releasers in clothes: durable press chemical finishes
Contact Dermatitis, 2010Co-Authors: Anton C. De Groot, Mari-ann Flyvholm, Gerda Lensen, Howard I. Maibach, Pieter-jan CoenraadsAbstract:This is the second part of a review article on Formaldehyde-releasers used as durable press chemical finishes (DPCF) in textiles. The early finishes contained large amounts of Free Formaldehyde, which led to many cases of allergic contact dermatitis to clothes in the 1950s and 1960s. Currently, most finishes are based on modified dimethylol dihydroxyethyleneurea, which releases less Formaldehyde. Nevertheless, recent studies in the United States and Israel have identified patients reacting to DPCF, considered to have allergic contact reactions to clothes, either from Formaldehyde released by the DPCF therein or from the DPCF per se (in patients negative to Formaldehyde). However, all studies had some weaknesses in design or interpretation and in not a single case has the clinical relevance been proven. The amount of Free Formaldehyde in most garments will likely be below the threshold for the elicitation of dermatitis for all but the most sensitive patients. The amount of Free cyclized urea DPCF in clothes is unlikely to be high enough to cause sensitization. Patch test reactions to Formaldehyde-releasing DPCF will in most cases represent a reaction to Formaldehyde released from the test material.
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Formaldehyde releasers in cosmetics relationship to Formaldehyde contact allergy part 2 patch test relationship to Formaldehyde contact allergy experimental provocation tests amount of Formaldehyde released and assessment of risk to consumers allergi
Contact Dermatitis, 2010Co-Authors: Anton C. De Groot, Mari-ann Flyvholm, Gerda Lensen, Ian R White, Pieter-jan CoenraadsAbstract:: This is the second part of an article on Formaldehyde-releasers in cosmetics. The patch test relationship between the releasers in cosmetics to Formaldehyde contact allergy is reviewed and it is assessed whether products preserved with Formaldehyde-releasers may contain enough Free Formaldehyde to pose a threat to individuals with contact allergy to Formaldehyde. There is a clear relationship between positive patch test reactions to Formaldehyde-releasers and Formaldehyde contact allergy: 15% of all reactions to 2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol and 40-60% of the reactions to the other releasers are caused by a reaction to the Formaldehyde in the test material. There is only fragmented data on the amount of Free Formaldehyde in cosmetics preserved with Formaldehyde donors. However, all releasers (with the exception of 2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol, for which adequate data are lacking) can, in the right circumstances of concentration and product composition, release >200 p.p.m. Formaldehyde, which may result in allergic contact dermatitis. Whether this is actually the case in any particular product cannot be determined from the ingredient labelling. Therefore, we recommend advising patients allergic to Formaldehyde to avoid leave-on cosmetics preserved with quaternium-15, diazolidinyl urea, DMDM hydantoin, or imidazolidinyl urea, acknowledging that many would tolerate some products.
