The Experts below are selected from a list of 258 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Nicolas De Tribolet - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the superior orbital fissure a microanatomical study
Neurosurgery, 1994Co-Authors: Marc Morard, Vassily Tcherekayev, Nicolas De TriboletAbstract:: The superior orbital fissure (SOF) is a small (3 x 22 mm), but functionally very important, region. The microsurgical anatomy of the SOF was studied on five adult, formalin-fixed cadavers. The vascular structures of three of them were injected with latex. The SOF contains the third, fourth, and sixth Nerves, the ophthalmic branch of the fifth Nerve, and the superior orbital vein. It is divided by the two tendons of the lateral rectus muscle: the superior part contains the fourth Nerve, the Frontal and the lacrimal branches of the ophthalmic division of the fifth Nerve, and the superior orbital vein; the inferior part contains the superior and inferior branches of the third, the nasociliary, and the sixth Nerves. In regard to surgical access to lesions involving the SOF, the question is often raised as to whether the dissection should be started from the cranial or the orbital side. The following procedure is recommended: 1) frontotemporo-orbital craniotomy; 2) resection of the lesser wing of the sphenoid bone, of the anterior clinoid, and of the superolateral part of the orbital roof and opening of the dura along the Sylvian fissure, with an extension to the Frontal lobe and another extension to the temporal lobe; 3) incision of the periorbita in its superolateral part and identification of the Frontal Nerve; and 4) dissection of the Frontal Nerve in an anteroposterior direction. The fourth Nerve will be found medially and inferiorly to the Frontal Nerve. The third Nerve will be found inferomedially to the Frontal Nerve in the SOF, and the sixth Nerve will be found inferiorly to the inferior branch of the third Nerve.
Roland Spieß - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The thoracic muscular system and its innervation in third instar Calliphora vicina Larvae. II. Projection patterns of the Nerves associated with the pro- and mesothorax and the pharyngeal complex.
Journal of Morphology, 2010Co-Authors: Andreas Schoofs, Senta Niederegger, Hans-georg Heinzel, Ulrike Hanslik, Roland SpießAbstract:We describe the anatomy of the Nerves that project from the central nervous system (CNS) to the pro- and mesothoracic segments and the cephalopharyngeal skeleton (CPS) for third instar Calliphora larvae. Due to the complex branching pattern we introduce a nomenclature that labels side branches of first and second order. Two fine Nerves that were not yet described are briefly introduced. One paired Nerve projects to the ventral arms (VAs) of the CPS. The second, an unpaired Nerve, projects to the ventral surface of the cibarial part of the esophagus (ES). Both Nerves were tentatively labeled after the structures they innervate. The antennal Nerve (AN) innervates the olfactory dorsal organ (DO). It contains motor pathways that project through the Frontal connectives (FC) to the Frontal Nerve (FN) and innervate the cibarial dilator muscles (CDM) which mediate food ingestion. The maxillary Nerve (MN) innervates the sensory terminal organ (TO), ventral organ (VO), and labial organ (LO) and comprises the motor pathways to the mouth hook (MH) elevator, MH depressor, and the labial retractor (LR) which opens the mouth cavity. An anastomosis of unknown function exists between the AN and MN. The prothoracic accessory Nerve (PaN) innervates a dorsal protractor muscle of the CPS and sends side branches to the aorta and the bolwig organ (BO) (stemmata). In its further course, this Nerve merges with the prothoracic Nerve (PN). The architecture of the PN is extremely complex. It innervates a set of accessory pharyngeal muscles attached to the CPS and the body wall musculature of the prothorax. Several anastomoses exist between side branches of this Nerve which were shown to contain motor pathways. The mesothoracic Nerve (MeN) innervates a MH accessor and the longitudinal and transversal body wall muscles of the second segment. J. Morphol. 271:969–979, 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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The brain can eat: establishing the existence of a central pattern generator for feeding in third instar larvae of Drosophila virilis and Drosophila melanogaster.
Journal of Insect Physiology, 2010Co-Authors: Andreas Schoofs, Senta Niederegger, André Van Ooyen, Hans-georg Heinzel, Roland SpießAbstract:Abstract To establish the existence of a central pattern generator for feeding in the larval central nervous system of two Drosophila species, the gross anatomy of feeding related muscles and their innervation is described, the motor units of the muscles identified and rhythmic motor output recorded from the isolated CNS. The cibarial dilator muscles that mediate food ingestion are innervated by the Frontal Nerve. Their motor pathway projects from the brain through the antennal Nerves, the Frontal connectives and the Frontal Nerve junction. The mouth hook elevator and depressor system is innervated by side branches of the maxillary Nerve. The motor units of the two muscle groups differ in amplitude: the elevator is always activated by a small unit, the depressor by a large one. The dorsal protractors span the cephalopharyngeal skeleton and the body wall hence mediating an extension of the CPS. These muscles are innervated by the prothoracic accessory Nerve. Rhythmic motor output produced by the isolated central nervous system can simultaneously be recorded from all three Nerves. The temporal pattern of the identified motor units resembles the sequence of muscle contractions deduced from natural feeding behavior and is therefore considered as fictive feeding. Phase diagrams show an almost identical fictive feeding pattern is in both species.
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Anatomy of the stomatogastric nervous system associated with the foregut in Drosophila melanogaster and Calliphora vicina third instar larvae.
Journal of Morphology, 2008Co-Authors: Roland Spieß, Andreas Schoofs, Hans-georg HeinzelAbstract:The stomatogastric nervous system (SNS) associated with the foregut was studied in 3rd instar larvae of Drosophila melanogaster and Calliphora vicina (blowfly). In both species, the foregut comprises pharynx, esophagus, and proventriculus. Only in Calliphora does the esophagus form a crop. The position of Nerves and neurons was investigated with neuronal tracers in both species and GFP expression in Drosophila. The SNS is nearly identical in both species. Neurons are located in the proventricular and the hypocerebral ganglion (HCG), which are connected to each other by the proventricular Nerve. Motor neurons for pharyngeal muscles are located in the brain not, as in other insect groups, in the Frontal ganglion. The position of the Frontal ganglion is taken by a Nerve junction devoid of neurons. The junction is composed of four Nerves: the Frontal connectives that fuse with the antennal Nerves (ANs), the Frontal Nerve innervating the cibarial dilator muscles and the recurrent Nerve that innervates the esophagus and projects to the HCG. Differences in the SNS are restricted to a crop Nerve only present in Calliphora and an esophageal ganglion that only exists in Drosophila. The ganglia of the dorsal organs give rise to the ANs, which project to the brain. The extensive conformity of the SNS of both species suggests functional parallels. Future electrophysiological studies of the motor circuits in the SNS of Drosophila will profit from parallel studies of the homologous but more accessible structures in Calliphora. J. Morphol., 2008. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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Anatomical and functional characterisation of the stomatogastric nervous system of blowfly (Calliphora vicina) larvae.
Journal of Insect Physiology, 2007Co-Authors: Andreas Schoofs, Roland SpießAbstract:The anatomy and functionality of the stomatogastric nervous system (SNS) of third-instar larvae of Calliphora vicina was characterised. As in other insects, the Calliphora SNS consists of several peripheral ganglia involved in foregut movement regulation. The Frontal ganglion gives rise to the Frontal Nerve and is connected to the brain via the Frontal connectives and antennal Nerves (ANs). The recurrent Nerve connects the Frontal- to the hypocerebral ganglion from which the proventricular Nerve runs to the proventricular ganglion. Foregut movements include rhythmic contractions of the cibarial dilator muscles (CDM), wavelike movements of crop and oesophagus and contractions of the proventriculus. Transections of SNS Nerves indicate mostly myogenic crop and oesophagus movements and suggest modulatory function of the associated Nerves. Neural activity in the ANs, correlating with postsynaptic potentials on the CDM, demonstrates a motor pathway from the brain to CDM. Crop volume is monitored by putative stretch receptors. The respective sensory pathway includes the recurrent Nerve and the proventricular Nerve. The dorsal organs (DOs) are directly connected to the SNS. Mechanical stimulation of the DOs evokes sensory activity in the AN. This suggests the DOs can provide sensory input for temporal coordination of feeding behaviour.
Fritz E Barton - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the Frontal branch of the facial Nerve across the zygomatic arch anatomical relevanceof the high smas technique
Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 2010Co-Authors: Andrew P Trussler, Phillip Stephan, Dan Hatef, Mark Schaverien, Ricardo A Meade, Fritz E BartonAbstract:Background: The Frontal branch has a defined course along the Pitanguy line from tragus to lateral brow, although its depth along this line is controversial. The high-superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS) face-lift technique divides the SMAS above the arch, which conflicts with previous descriptions of the Frontal Nerve depth. This anatomical study defines the depth and fascial boundaries of the Frontal branch of the facial Nerve over the zygomatic arch. Methods: Eight fresh cadaver heads were included in the study, with bilateral facial Nerves studied (n = 16). The proximal Frontal branches were isolated and then sectioned in full-thickness tissue blocks over a 5-cm distance over the zygomatic arch. The tissue blocks were evaluated histologically for the depth and fascial planes surrounding the Frontal Nerve. A dissection video accompanies this article. Results: The Frontal branch of the facial Nerve was identified in each tissue section and its fascial boundaries were easily identified using epidermis and periosteum as reference points. The Frontal branch coursed under a separate fascial plane, the parotid-temporal fascia, which was deep to the SMAS as it coursed to the zygomatic arch and remained within this deep fascia over the arch. The Frontal branch was intact and protected by the parotid-temporal fascia after a high-SMAS face lift. Conclusions: The Frontal branch of the facial Nerve is protected by a deep layer of fascia, termed the parotid-temporal fascia, which is separate from the SMAS as it travels over the zygomatic arch. Division of the SMAS above the arch in a high-SMAS face lift is safe using the technique described in this study.
Thomas Schwaha - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the nervous system of paludicella articulata first evidence of a neuroepithelium in a ctenostome ectoproct
Frontiers in Zoology, 2014Co-Authors: Anna V Weber, Andreas Wanninger, Thomas SchwahaAbstract:Comparatively few data are available concerning the structure of the adult nervous system in the Ectoprocta or Bryozoa. In contrast to all other ectoprocts, the cerebral ganglion of phylactolaemates contains a central fluid-filled lumen surrounded by a neuroepithelium. Preliminary observations have shown a small lumen within the cerebral ganglion of the ctenostome Paludicella articulata. Ctenostome-grade ectoprocts are of phylogenetic relevance since they are considered to have retained ancestral ectoproct features. Therefore, the ctenostome Paludicella articulata was analyzed in order to contribute to the basal neural bauplan of ctenostomes and the Ectoprocta in general. The presence of a lumen and a neuroepithelial organization of the Nerve cells within the cerebral ganglion are confirmed. Four tentacle Nerves project from the cerebral ganglion into each tentacle. Three of the tentacle Nerves (one abFrontal and two latero-Frontal Nerves) have an intertentacular origin, whereas the medio-Frontal Nerve arises from the cerebral ganglion. Six to eight visceral Nerves and four tentacle sheath Nerves are found to emanate from the cerebral ganglion and innervate the digestive tract and the tentacle sheath, respectively. The situation in P. articulata corresponds to the situation found in other ctenostomes and supports the notion that four tentacle Nerves are the ancestral configuration in Ectoprocta and not six as proposed earlier. The presence of a lumen in the ganglion represents the ancestral state in Ectoprocta which disappears during ontogeny in all except in adult Phylactolaemata and P. articulata. It appears likely that it has been overlooked in earlier studies owing to its small size.
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The nervous system of Paludicella articulata - first evidence of a neuroepithelium in a ctenostome ectoproct
Frontiers in Zoology, 2014Co-Authors: Anna V Weber, Andreas Wanninger, Thomas SchwahaAbstract:Introduction Comparatively few data are available concerning the structure of the adult nervous system in the Ectoprocta or Bryozoa. In contrast to all other ectoprocts, the cerebral ganglion of phylactolaemates contains a central fluid-filled lumen surrounded by a neuroepithelium. Preliminary observations have shown a small lumen within the cerebral ganglion of the ctenostome Paludicella articulata . Ctenostome-grade ectoprocts are of phylogenetic relevance since they are considered to have retained ancestral ectoproct features. Therefore, the ctenostome Paludicella articulata was analyzed in order to contribute to the basal neural bauplan of ctenostomes and the Ectoprocta in general. Results The presence of a lumen and a neuroepithelial organization of the Nerve cells within the cerebral ganglion are confirmed. Four tentacle Nerves project from the cerebral ganglion into each tentacle. Three of the tentacle Nerves (one abFrontal and two latero-Frontal Nerves) have an intertentacular origin, whereas the medio-Frontal Nerve arises from the cerebral ganglion. Six to eight visceral Nerves and four tentacle sheath Nerves are found to emanate from the cerebral ganglion and innervate the digestive tract and the tentacle sheath, respectively. Conclusions The situation in P. articulata corresponds to the situation found in other ctenostomes and supports the notion that four tentacle Nerves are the ancestral configuration in Ectoprocta and not six as proposed earlier. The presence of a lumen in the ganglion represents the ancestral state in Ectoprocta which disappears during ontogeny in all except in adult Phylactolaemata and P. articulata . It appears likely that it has been overlooked in earlier studies owing to its small size.
Nyall R London - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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expanded exposure and detailed anatomic analysis of the superior orbital fissure implications for endonasal and transorbital approaches
Head and Neck-journal for The Sciences and Specialties of The Head and Neck, 2020Co-Authors: Lifeng Li, Nyall R London, Daniel M Prevedello, Xiaohong Chen, Ricardo L CarrauAbstract:This study aimed to ascertain the maximal exposure of the superior orbital fissure (SOF) afforded by combining endonasal and transorbital endoscopic approaches. Six cadaveric specimens (12 sides) were dissected using endonasal and transorbital endoscopic approaches to access the SOF. The order of the approaches was alternated in each specimen (eg, starting with an endonasal approach in one side followed by a transorbital exposure and reversing the order on the contralateral side). Maximal exposure of the SOF and its contents for individual and combined approaches were explored. The endonasal corridor provided adequate access to the inferomedial 1/3 of the SOF and including the proximal segments of cranial Nerves (CN) III, V1 and VI. A transorbital approach was superior accessing the superolateral 2/3's of the SOF, including the superior ophthalmic vein, lacrimal Nerve, and distal segment of the CN VI at the lateral aspect; the nasociliary Nerve and divisions of CN III centrally; and the Frontal Nerve and CN IV at the dorsal aspect of levator palpebrae superioris. This study suggests that a combined endonasal and transorbital exposure of the SOF may be advantageous to address lesions in this challenging region.
