Fullerenes

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Jussi V. K. Kukkonen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • toxicity of fullerene c60 to sediment dwelling invertebrate chironomus riparius larvae
    Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 2012
    Co-Authors: Greta C Waissileinonen, Kukka Pakarinen, Matti T. Leppänen, Jussi V. K. Kukkonen, Jarkko Akkanen, Elijah J Petersen
    Abstract:

    An environmentally realistic method to test fullerene (C60) toxicity to the benthic organism Chironomus riparius was created by allowing suspended Fullerenes to settle down, making a layer on top of the sediment. To test the hypothesis that higher food concentrations will reduce toxic responses, two food concentrations were tested (0.5 and 0.8% Urtica sp.) in sediment containing fullerene masses of 0.36 to 0.55 mg/cm2 using a 10-d chronic test. In the 0.5% food level treatments, there were significant differences in all growth-related endpoints compared with controls. Fewer effects were observed for the higher food treatment. Fullerene agglomerates were observed by electron microscopy in the gut, but no absorption into the gut epithelial cells was detected. In the organisms exposed to Fullerenes, microvilli were damaged and were significantly shorter. The potential toxicity of fullerene to C. riparius appears to be caused by morphological changes, inhibiting larval growth. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012; 31: 2108–2116. © 2012 SETAC

  • toxicity of fullerene c60 to sediment dwelling invertebrate chironomus riparius larvae
    Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 2012
    Co-Authors: Greta C Waissileinonen, Kukka Pakarinen, Matti T. Leppänen, Jussi V. K. Kukkonen, Jarkko Akkanen, Elijah J Petersen
    Abstract:

    An environmentally realistic method to test fullerene (C(60) ) toxicity to the benthic organism Chironomus riparius was created by allowing suspended Fullerenes to settle down, making a layer on top of the sediment. To test the hypothesis that higher food concentrations will reduce toxic responses, two food concentrations were tested (0.5 and 0.8% Urtica sp.) in sediment containing fullerene masses of 0.36 to 0.55 mg/cm(2) using a 10-d chronic test. In the 0.5% food level treatments, there were significant differences in all growth-related endpoints compared with controls. Fewer effects were observed for the higher food treatment. Fullerene agglomerates were observed by electron microscopy in the gut, but no absorption into the gut epithelial cells was detected. In the organisms exposed to Fullerenes, microvilli were damaged and were significantly shorter. The potential toxicity of fullerene to C. riparius appears to be caused by morphological changes, inhibiting larval growth.

  • analysis of fullerene c60 and kinetic measurements for its accumulation and depuration in daphnia magna
    Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 2010
    Co-Authors: Kukka Tervonen, Elijah J Petersen, Jarkko Akkanen, Greta Waissi, Jussi V. K. Kukkonen
    Abstract:

    A simple method for analyzing masses of water suspended Fullerenes (nC60 )i nDaphnia magna by extracting to toluene and measuring by ultraviolet-vis spectrophotometry was developed. This method was used to assess bioaccumulation and depuration rates by daphnia after nC60 exposure in artificial freshwater. Accumulation was rapid during the first few hours, and based on accumulation modeling, 90% of the steady-state concentration was reached in 21 h. After exposure for 24 h to a 2 mg/L fullerene solution, the daphnia accumulated 4.5 � 0.7 g/kg wet weight, or 0.45% of the organism wet mass. Daphnids exposed to 2 mg/L Fullerenes for 24 h eliminated 46 and 74% of the accumulated Fullerenes after depuration in clean water for 24 and 48 h, respectively. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the majority of the Fullerenes present in the gut of daphnids were large agglomerates. The significant fullerene uptake and relatively slow depuration suggest that D. magna may play a role as a carrier of fullerene from one trophic level to another. Additionally, D. magna may impact the fate of suspended fullerene particles in aquatic ecosystems by their ability to pack fullerene agglomerates into larger particles than were found in the exposure water, and then excrete agglomerates that are not stable in water, causing them to settle out of solution. This process decreases fullerene exposure to other aquatic organisms in the water column but may increase exposure to benthic organisms in the sediment. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:1072-1078. # 2010 SETAC Keywords—Carbon nanoparticle Aquatic ecotoxicology Nanotoxicology Carbon nanotubes

Matti T. Leppänen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • toxicity of fullerene c60 to sediment dwelling invertebrate chironomus riparius larvae
    Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 2012
    Co-Authors: Greta C Waissileinonen, Kukka Pakarinen, Matti T. Leppänen, Jussi V. K. Kukkonen, Jarkko Akkanen, Elijah J Petersen
    Abstract:

    An environmentally realistic method to test fullerene (C60) toxicity to the benthic organism Chironomus riparius was created by allowing suspended Fullerenes to settle down, making a layer on top of the sediment. To test the hypothesis that higher food concentrations will reduce toxic responses, two food concentrations were tested (0.5 and 0.8% Urtica sp.) in sediment containing fullerene masses of 0.36 to 0.55 mg/cm2 using a 10-d chronic test. In the 0.5% food level treatments, there were significant differences in all growth-related endpoints compared with controls. Fewer effects were observed for the higher food treatment. Fullerene agglomerates were observed by electron microscopy in the gut, but no absorption into the gut epithelial cells was detected. In the organisms exposed to Fullerenes, microvilli were damaged and were significantly shorter. The potential toxicity of fullerene to C. riparius appears to be caused by morphological changes, inhibiting larval growth. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012; 31: 2108–2116. © 2012 SETAC

  • toxicity of fullerene c60 to sediment dwelling invertebrate chironomus riparius larvae
    Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 2012
    Co-Authors: Greta C Waissileinonen, Kukka Pakarinen, Matti T. Leppänen, Jussi V. K. Kukkonen, Jarkko Akkanen, Elijah J Petersen
    Abstract:

    An environmentally realistic method to test fullerene (C(60) ) toxicity to the benthic organism Chironomus riparius was created by allowing suspended Fullerenes to settle down, making a layer on top of the sediment. To test the hypothesis that higher food concentrations will reduce toxic responses, two food concentrations were tested (0.5 and 0.8% Urtica sp.) in sediment containing fullerene masses of 0.36 to 0.55 mg/cm(2) using a 10-d chronic test. In the 0.5% food level treatments, there were significant differences in all growth-related endpoints compared with controls. Fewer effects were observed for the higher food treatment. Fullerene agglomerates were observed by electron microscopy in the gut, but no absorption into the gut epithelial cells was detected. In the organisms exposed to Fullerenes, microvilli were damaged and were significantly shorter. The potential toxicity of fullerene to C. riparius appears to be caused by morphological changes, inhibiting larval growth.

Greta C Waissileinonen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • toxicity of fullerene c60 to sediment dwelling invertebrate chironomus riparius larvae
    Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 2012
    Co-Authors: Greta C Waissileinonen, Kukka Pakarinen, Matti T. Leppänen, Jussi V. K. Kukkonen, Jarkko Akkanen, Elijah J Petersen
    Abstract:

    An environmentally realistic method to test fullerene (C60) toxicity to the benthic organism Chironomus riparius was created by allowing suspended Fullerenes to settle down, making a layer on top of the sediment. To test the hypothesis that higher food concentrations will reduce toxic responses, two food concentrations were tested (0.5 and 0.8% Urtica sp.) in sediment containing fullerene masses of 0.36 to 0.55 mg/cm2 using a 10-d chronic test. In the 0.5% food level treatments, there were significant differences in all growth-related endpoints compared with controls. Fewer effects were observed for the higher food treatment. Fullerene agglomerates were observed by electron microscopy in the gut, but no absorption into the gut epithelial cells was detected. In the organisms exposed to Fullerenes, microvilli were damaged and were significantly shorter. The potential toxicity of fullerene to C. riparius appears to be caused by morphological changes, inhibiting larval growth. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012; 31: 2108–2116. © 2012 SETAC

  • toxicity of fullerene c60 to sediment dwelling invertebrate chironomus riparius larvae
    Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 2012
    Co-Authors: Greta C Waissileinonen, Kukka Pakarinen, Matti T. Leppänen, Jussi V. K. Kukkonen, Jarkko Akkanen, Elijah J Petersen
    Abstract:

    An environmentally realistic method to test fullerene (C(60) ) toxicity to the benthic organism Chironomus riparius was created by allowing suspended Fullerenes to settle down, making a layer on top of the sediment. To test the hypothesis that higher food concentrations will reduce toxic responses, two food concentrations were tested (0.5 and 0.8% Urtica sp.) in sediment containing fullerene masses of 0.36 to 0.55 mg/cm(2) using a 10-d chronic test. In the 0.5% food level treatments, there were significant differences in all growth-related endpoints compared with controls. Fewer effects were observed for the higher food treatment. Fullerene agglomerates were observed by electron microscopy in the gut, but no absorption into the gut epithelial cells was detected. In the organisms exposed to Fullerenes, microvilli were damaged and were significantly shorter. The potential toxicity of fullerene to C. riparius appears to be caused by morphological changes, inhibiting larval growth.

Jarkko Akkanen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • toxicity of fullerene c60 to sediment dwelling invertebrate chironomus riparius larvae
    Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 2012
    Co-Authors: Greta C Waissileinonen, Kukka Pakarinen, Matti T. Leppänen, Jussi V. K. Kukkonen, Jarkko Akkanen, Elijah J Petersen
    Abstract:

    An environmentally realistic method to test fullerene (C60) toxicity to the benthic organism Chironomus riparius was created by allowing suspended Fullerenes to settle down, making a layer on top of the sediment. To test the hypothesis that higher food concentrations will reduce toxic responses, two food concentrations were tested (0.5 and 0.8% Urtica sp.) in sediment containing fullerene masses of 0.36 to 0.55 mg/cm2 using a 10-d chronic test. In the 0.5% food level treatments, there were significant differences in all growth-related endpoints compared with controls. Fewer effects were observed for the higher food treatment. Fullerene agglomerates were observed by electron microscopy in the gut, but no absorption into the gut epithelial cells was detected. In the organisms exposed to Fullerenes, microvilli were damaged and were significantly shorter. The potential toxicity of fullerene to C. riparius appears to be caused by morphological changes, inhibiting larval growth. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012; 31: 2108–2116. © 2012 SETAC

  • toxicity of fullerene c60 to sediment dwelling invertebrate chironomus riparius larvae
    Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 2012
    Co-Authors: Greta C Waissileinonen, Kukka Pakarinen, Matti T. Leppänen, Jussi V. K. Kukkonen, Jarkko Akkanen, Elijah J Petersen
    Abstract:

    An environmentally realistic method to test fullerene (C(60) ) toxicity to the benthic organism Chironomus riparius was created by allowing suspended Fullerenes to settle down, making a layer on top of the sediment. To test the hypothesis that higher food concentrations will reduce toxic responses, two food concentrations were tested (0.5 and 0.8% Urtica sp.) in sediment containing fullerene masses of 0.36 to 0.55 mg/cm(2) using a 10-d chronic test. In the 0.5% food level treatments, there were significant differences in all growth-related endpoints compared with controls. Fewer effects were observed for the higher food treatment. Fullerene agglomerates were observed by electron microscopy in the gut, but no absorption into the gut epithelial cells was detected. In the organisms exposed to Fullerenes, microvilli were damaged and were significantly shorter. The potential toxicity of fullerene to C. riparius appears to be caused by morphological changes, inhibiting larval growth.

  • analysis of fullerene c60 and kinetic measurements for its accumulation and depuration in daphnia magna
    Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 2010
    Co-Authors: Kukka Tervonen, Elijah J Petersen, Jarkko Akkanen, Greta Waissi, Jussi V. K. Kukkonen
    Abstract:

    A simple method for analyzing masses of water suspended Fullerenes (nC60 )i nDaphnia magna by extracting to toluene and measuring by ultraviolet-vis spectrophotometry was developed. This method was used to assess bioaccumulation and depuration rates by daphnia after nC60 exposure in artificial freshwater. Accumulation was rapid during the first few hours, and based on accumulation modeling, 90% of the steady-state concentration was reached in 21 h. After exposure for 24 h to a 2 mg/L fullerene solution, the daphnia accumulated 4.5 � 0.7 g/kg wet weight, or 0.45% of the organism wet mass. Daphnids exposed to 2 mg/L Fullerenes for 24 h eliminated 46 and 74% of the accumulated Fullerenes after depuration in clean water for 24 and 48 h, respectively. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the majority of the Fullerenes present in the gut of daphnids were large agglomerates. The significant fullerene uptake and relatively slow depuration suggest that D. magna may play a role as a carrier of fullerene from one trophic level to another. Additionally, D. magna may impact the fate of suspended fullerene particles in aquatic ecosystems by their ability to pack fullerene agglomerates into larger particles than were found in the exposure water, and then excrete agglomerates that are not stable in water, causing them to settle out of solution. This process decreases fullerene exposure to other aquatic organisms in the water column but may increase exposure to benthic organisms in the sediment. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:1072-1078. # 2010 SETAC Keywords—Carbon nanoparticle Aquatic ecotoxicology Nanotoxicology Carbon nanotubes

Elijah J Petersen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • toxicity of fullerene c60 to sediment dwelling invertebrate chironomus riparius larvae
    Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 2012
    Co-Authors: Greta C Waissileinonen, Kukka Pakarinen, Matti T. Leppänen, Jussi V. K. Kukkonen, Jarkko Akkanen, Elijah J Petersen
    Abstract:

    An environmentally realistic method to test fullerene (C60) toxicity to the benthic organism Chironomus riparius was created by allowing suspended Fullerenes to settle down, making a layer on top of the sediment. To test the hypothesis that higher food concentrations will reduce toxic responses, two food concentrations were tested (0.5 and 0.8% Urtica sp.) in sediment containing fullerene masses of 0.36 to 0.55 mg/cm2 using a 10-d chronic test. In the 0.5% food level treatments, there were significant differences in all growth-related endpoints compared with controls. Fewer effects were observed for the higher food treatment. Fullerene agglomerates were observed by electron microscopy in the gut, but no absorption into the gut epithelial cells was detected. In the organisms exposed to Fullerenes, microvilli were damaged and were significantly shorter. The potential toxicity of fullerene to C. riparius appears to be caused by morphological changes, inhibiting larval growth. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012; 31: 2108–2116. © 2012 SETAC

  • toxicity of fullerene c60 to sediment dwelling invertebrate chironomus riparius larvae
    Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 2012
    Co-Authors: Greta C Waissileinonen, Kukka Pakarinen, Matti T. Leppänen, Jussi V. K. Kukkonen, Jarkko Akkanen, Elijah J Petersen
    Abstract:

    An environmentally realistic method to test fullerene (C(60) ) toxicity to the benthic organism Chironomus riparius was created by allowing suspended Fullerenes to settle down, making a layer on top of the sediment. To test the hypothesis that higher food concentrations will reduce toxic responses, two food concentrations were tested (0.5 and 0.8% Urtica sp.) in sediment containing fullerene masses of 0.36 to 0.55 mg/cm(2) using a 10-d chronic test. In the 0.5% food level treatments, there were significant differences in all growth-related endpoints compared with controls. Fewer effects were observed for the higher food treatment. Fullerene agglomerates were observed by electron microscopy in the gut, but no absorption into the gut epithelial cells was detected. In the organisms exposed to Fullerenes, microvilli were damaged and were significantly shorter. The potential toxicity of fullerene to C. riparius appears to be caused by morphological changes, inhibiting larval growth.

  • analysis of fullerene c60 and kinetic measurements for its accumulation and depuration in daphnia magna
    Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 2010
    Co-Authors: Kukka Tervonen, Elijah J Petersen, Jarkko Akkanen, Greta Waissi, Jussi V. K. Kukkonen
    Abstract:

    A simple method for analyzing masses of water suspended Fullerenes (nC60 )i nDaphnia magna by extracting to toluene and measuring by ultraviolet-vis spectrophotometry was developed. This method was used to assess bioaccumulation and depuration rates by daphnia after nC60 exposure in artificial freshwater. Accumulation was rapid during the first few hours, and based on accumulation modeling, 90% of the steady-state concentration was reached in 21 h. After exposure for 24 h to a 2 mg/L fullerene solution, the daphnia accumulated 4.5 � 0.7 g/kg wet weight, or 0.45% of the organism wet mass. Daphnids exposed to 2 mg/L Fullerenes for 24 h eliminated 46 and 74% of the accumulated Fullerenes after depuration in clean water for 24 and 48 h, respectively. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the majority of the Fullerenes present in the gut of daphnids were large agglomerates. The significant fullerene uptake and relatively slow depuration suggest that D. magna may play a role as a carrier of fullerene from one trophic level to another. Additionally, D. magna may impact the fate of suspended fullerene particles in aquatic ecosystems by their ability to pack fullerene agglomerates into larger particles than were found in the exposure water, and then excrete agglomerates that are not stable in water, causing them to settle out of solution. This process decreases fullerene exposure to other aquatic organisms in the water column but may increase exposure to benthic organisms in the sediment. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:1072-1078. # 2010 SETAC Keywords—Carbon nanoparticle Aquatic ecotoxicology Nanotoxicology Carbon nanotubes