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William Bussiere - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Electric Fuses Operation, a review: 1. Pre-arcing period
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2012Co-Authors: William BussiereAbstract:In the electric Fuse Operation the arcing period follows immediately the pre-arcing period depicted in Part 1 (Part 1. Pre-arcing period). The transition between these two Operation steps is not fully understood at this time. To simplify the beginning of the arcing period can be identified with the electric arc ignition i.e. with the electrodes voltage drop. The consecutive plasma is of metallic type at the beginning of the arcing period and of metallic plus silica type with varying mixture up to the end of the arcing period. The energy brought by the fault current is withdrawn by means of the interaction between the electric arc and the arc quenching material (usually silica sand) whose morphometric properties influence the properties of the plasma column: composition, thermodynamic properties and transport coefficients of the plasma column depend on the porosity (and other morphometric properties) of the filler. The Fuse element erosion also known as burn-back is responsible for the lengthening of the plasma column and the variations of the electric field. The whole of these processes is depicted by means of experimental results or modellings when possible.
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Electric Fuses Operation, a review: 1. Pre-arcing period
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2012Co-Authors: William BussiereAbstract:Electrical needs are continously growing because of many various factors linked to increasing consumption and a green perception. This development - geographical, increasing production, growth of transport network, interconnection of continental networks, diversity of the transport technologies ... - can not be dissociated from electrical safety considerations whatever the voltage level. For the three main levels of electric network - High Voltage, Middle Voltage and Low Voltage - one has to provide efficient electrical safety techniques or schemas which integrate different electrical safety apparatus. Among well-known apparatus we can cite SF 6 breakers, HV and MV switchgears (such as MV cells, MV and LV high current vacuum switchgears), and Fuses. Electrical Fuses are especially used in the MV and LV domains, sometimes as an additional safety device and sometimes as the main electrical safety component which is linked to the electrical current breaking function of electric Fuse. In the paper, we will quickly depict the various kinds of electric Fuses. We will especially focuss on the physical mechanisms - whatever the type of work, experimental, theoretical, modelling or empirical - prevailing during the pre-arcing period of the electric Fuse Operation.
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Electric Fuses Operation, a review: 2. Arcing period
2011Co-Authors: William BussiereAbstract:In the electric Fuse Operation the arcing period follows immediately the pre-arcing period depicted in Part 1 (Part 1. Pre-arcing period). The transition between these two Operation steps is not fully understood at this time. To simplify the beginning of the arcing period can be identified with the electric arc ignition i.e. with the electrodes voltage drop. The consecutive plasma is of metallic type at the beginning of the arcing period and of metallic plus silica type with varying mixture up to the end of the arcing period. The energy brought by the fault current is withdrawn by means of the interaction between the electric arc and the arc quenching material (usually silica sand) whose morphometric properties influence the properties of the plasma column: composition, thermodynamic properties and transport coefficients of the plasma column depend on the porosity (and other morphometric properties) of the filler. The Fuse element erosion also known as burn-back is responsible for the lengthening of the plasma column and the variations of the electric field. The whole of these processes is depicted by means of experimental results or modellings when possible.
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Experimental study of HBC Fuses working at short and medium pre-arcing times
Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 2008Co-Authors: William Bussiere, Thierry Latchimy, Gérard Velleaud, David Rochette, T Rambaud, Jean-louis Gelet, François Gentils, J C Perez-quesada, Pascal AndréAbstract:Pre-arcing stage is the first working step in high breaking capacity (HBC) Fuse Operation and affects the following step, namely, the arcing step. We have performed realistic HBC Fuse tests for short ( 10 ms) pre-arcing times by varying the phase angle of the electrical fault (defined as the phase angle of the fault current once the supplied voltage is applied to the Fuse) in the range from 0° to 160°, for two values of the power factor (cos φ ∼ 0.9 and cos φ ∼ 0.1). Experimental values of the pre-arcing time and the arcing time (t are ) are given for t prearc /t MC ? 1 to ∼4.2, and discussed from the energetic point of view by taking into account the inductive source term. The adiabatic assumption classically used in the modelling is also examined. The influence of the pre-arcing step on the arcing step is analysed by means of the Joule integral, the energy dissipated in the Fuse and the mass and length of the fulgurite.
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Experimental study of HBC Fuses working at short and medium pre-arcing times
Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 2008Co-Authors: William Bussiere, Thierry Latchimy, Gérard Velleaud, David Rochette, Jean-louis Gelet, François Gentils, J C Perez-quesada, Pascal André, Thierry RambaudAbstract:Pre-arcing stage is the first working step in High Breaking Capacity (HBC) Fuse Operation and affects the following step, namely the arcing step. We have performed realistic HBC Fuse tests for short (< 10 ms) and medium (> 10 ms) pre-arcing times by varying the phase angle of the electrical fault (defined as the phase angle of the fault current once the supplied voltage is applied to the Fuse) in the range from 0 to 160 deg., for two values of the power factor cos phi ~ 0.9 and cos phi ~ 0.1. Experimental values of the pre-arcing time and the arcing timeare given for tprearc/tarc ≲ 1 to ~ 4.2, and discussed from the energetic point of view by taking into account the inductive source term. The adiabatic assumption classically used in the modelling is also examined. The influence of the pre-arcing step on the arcing step is analysed by means of the Joule integral, the energy dissipated in the Fuse, and the mass and length of the fulgurite.
David Rochette - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Experimental study of HBC Fuses working at short and medium pre-arcing times
Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 2008Co-Authors: William Bussiere, Thierry Latchimy, Gérard Velleaud, David Rochette, T Rambaud, Jean-louis Gelet, François Gentils, J C Perez-quesada, Pascal AndréAbstract:Pre-arcing stage is the first working step in high breaking capacity (HBC) Fuse Operation and affects the following step, namely, the arcing step. We have performed realistic HBC Fuse tests for short ( 10 ms) pre-arcing times by varying the phase angle of the electrical fault (defined as the phase angle of the fault current once the supplied voltage is applied to the Fuse) in the range from 0° to 160°, for two values of the power factor (cos φ ∼ 0.9 and cos φ ∼ 0.1). Experimental values of the pre-arcing time and the arcing time (t are ) are given for t prearc /t MC ? 1 to ∼4.2, and discussed from the energetic point of view by taking into account the inductive source term. The adiabatic assumption classically used in the modelling is also examined. The influence of the pre-arcing step on the arcing step is analysed by means of the Joule integral, the energy dissipated in the Fuse and the mass and length of the fulgurite.
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Experimental study of HBC Fuses working at short and medium pre-arcing times
Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 2008Co-Authors: William Bussiere, Thierry Latchimy, Gérard Velleaud, David Rochette, Jean-louis Gelet, François Gentils, J C Perez-quesada, Pascal André, Thierry RambaudAbstract:Pre-arcing stage is the first working step in High Breaking Capacity (HBC) Fuse Operation and affects the following step, namely the arcing step. We have performed realistic HBC Fuse tests for short (< 10 ms) and medium (> 10 ms) pre-arcing times by varying the phase angle of the electrical fault (defined as the phase angle of the fault current once the supplied voltage is applied to the Fuse) in the range from 0 to 160 deg., for two values of the power factor cos phi ~ 0.9 and cos phi ~ 0.1. Experimental values of the pre-arcing time and the arcing timeare given for tprearc/tarc ≲ 1 to ~ 4.2, and discussed from the energetic point of view by taking into account the inductive source term. The adiabatic assumption classically used in the modelling is also examined. The influence of the pre-arcing step on the arcing step is analysed by means of the Joule integral, the energy dissipated in the Fuse, and the mass and length of the fulgurite.
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MEASUREMENT OF DARCY AND FORCHHEIMER COEFFICIENTS FOR SILICA SAND BEADS
High Temperature Material Processes, 2006Co-Authors: William Bussiere, Thierry Latchimy, Gérard Velleaud, David Rochette, P. AndreAbstract:High Breaking Capacity Fuses are widely used to withdraw the energy brought by an electric fault current. One of the main constituent elements of a HBC Fuse is the arc quenching material, silica sand in our case. During the arc quenching by the Fuse, a plasma is generated due to the fusion and the vaporization of the Fuse element (Ag) and the silica sand (SiO2). The plasma resulting from the dissociation of Ag and SiO2 is surrounded by a Fused silica viscous sheath itself surrounded by silica sand grains. In this study we show that the main silica sand morphometric properties – granulometry, porosity, Darcy and Forchheimer coefficient – strongly influence the Fuse Operation. The measurements of the Darcy and Forchheimer coefficients is described, and the results are given for silica sand beads and glass sphere beads. The influence of the morphometric properties is discussed taking into consideration already published data concerning pressure, temperature and electron density of the plasma generated during the Fuse Operation.
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Pressure evolution during HBC Fuse Operation
Plasma Sources Science and Technology, 2004Co-Authors: David Rochette, William BussiereAbstract:The purpose of this paper is to describe the influence of the silica sand grains on pressure during the energy release in a high breaking capacity (HBC) Fuse. During the HBC Fuse Operation, the pressure evolution is the result of two opposite trends: the pressure increase due to the interaction of the silica plasma with the surrounding granular sand, and the pressure decrease due to the propagation of the pressure waves toward the porous medium. Due to the complex phenomena occurring during the current extinction by a Fuse, two kinds of pressure are distinguished: the pressure inside the silica plasma and the pressure in the silica sand. From the simulations we show that the Forchheimer flow resistance is stronger than the Darcy flow resistance once the electric power is over 30% of the maximum value. A comparison of the calculated and measured pressures is made at various positions from the Fuse element axis. Two different pressures are obtained experimentally: the pressure PSAND exerted on the sand grains due to the plasma pressure, and the pressure P GAS of the gas flowing through the interstices of the silica sand. We show that the experimental and calculated trends are similar and they both depend on the electric power level and the silica sand mean granulometry. The maximum pressures are observed at the same time as the maximum electric power levels. The ratio PSAND/PGAS is about 8 with P GAS values not exceeding 1.5 × 105 Pa.
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Pressure evolution during HBC Fuse Operation
Plasma Sources Science and Technology, 2004Co-Authors: David Rochette, William BussiereAbstract:The purpose of this paper is to describe the influence of the silica sand grains on pressure during the energy release in a HBC Fuse. During the HBC Fuse Operation, the pressure evolution is the result of two opposite trends: the pressure increase due to the interaction of the silica plasma with the surrounding granular sand, and the pressure decrease due to the propagation of the pressure waves toward the porous medium. Due to the complex phenomena occuring during the current extinction by a Fuse, two kinds of pressure are distinguished: the pressure inside the silica plasma and the pressure in silica sand. From the simulations, we show that the Forchheimer flow resistance is stronger than the Darcy flow resistance once the electric power is over 30% of the maximum value. A comparison of the calculated and measured pressures is made at various positions from the Fuse element axis. Two different pressures are obtained experimentally: the pressure exerted on the sand grains due to the plasma pressure and the pressure of the gas flowing through the interstices of the silica sand. We show that the experimentally and calculated trends are similar and they both depend on the electric power level and the silica sand mean granulometry. The maximum pressures are observed at the same time as the maximum electric power levels.
Pascal André - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Experimental study of HBC Fuses working at short and medium pre-arcing times
Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 2008Co-Authors: William Bussiere, Thierry Latchimy, Gérard Velleaud, David Rochette, T Rambaud, Jean-louis Gelet, François Gentils, J C Perez-quesada, Pascal AndréAbstract:Pre-arcing stage is the first working step in high breaking capacity (HBC) Fuse Operation and affects the following step, namely, the arcing step. We have performed realistic HBC Fuse tests for short ( 10 ms) pre-arcing times by varying the phase angle of the electrical fault (defined as the phase angle of the fault current once the supplied voltage is applied to the Fuse) in the range from 0° to 160°, for two values of the power factor (cos φ ∼ 0.9 and cos φ ∼ 0.1). Experimental values of the pre-arcing time and the arcing time (t are ) are given for t prearc /t MC ? 1 to ∼4.2, and discussed from the energetic point of view by taking into account the inductive source term. The adiabatic assumption classically used in the modelling is also examined. The influence of the pre-arcing step on the arcing step is analysed by means of the Joule integral, the energy dissipated in the Fuse and the mass and length of the fulgurite.
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Experimental study of HBC Fuses working at short and medium pre-arcing times
Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 2008Co-Authors: William Bussiere, Thierry Latchimy, Gérard Velleaud, David Rochette, Jean-louis Gelet, François Gentils, J C Perez-quesada, Pascal André, Thierry RambaudAbstract:Pre-arcing stage is the first working step in High Breaking Capacity (HBC) Fuse Operation and affects the following step, namely the arcing step. We have performed realistic HBC Fuse tests for short (< 10 ms) and medium (> 10 ms) pre-arcing times by varying the phase angle of the electrical fault (defined as the phase angle of the fault current once the supplied voltage is applied to the Fuse) in the range from 0 to 160 deg., for two values of the power factor cos phi ~ 0.9 and cos phi ~ 0.1. Experimental values of the pre-arcing time and the arcing timeare given for tprearc/tarc ≲ 1 to ~ 4.2, and discussed from the energetic point of view by taking into account the inductive source term. The adiabatic assumption classically used in the modelling is also examined. The influence of the pre-arcing step on the arcing step is analysed by means of the Joule integral, the energy dissipated in the Fuse, and the mass and length of the fulgurite.
Gérard Velleaud - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Experimental study of HBC Fuses working at short and medium pre-arcing times
Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 2008Co-Authors: William Bussiere, Thierry Latchimy, Gérard Velleaud, David Rochette, T Rambaud, Jean-louis Gelet, François Gentils, J C Perez-quesada, Pascal AndréAbstract:Pre-arcing stage is the first working step in high breaking capacity (HBC) Fuse Operation and affects the following step, namely, the arcing step. We have performed realistic HBC Fuse tests for short ( 10 ms) pre-arcing times by varying the phase angle of the electrical fault (defined as the phase angle of the fault current once the supplied voltage is applied to the Fuse) in the range from 0° to 160°, for two values of the power factor (cos φ ∼ 0.9 and cos φ ∼ 0.1). Experimental values of the pre-arcing time and the arcing time (t are ) are given for t prearc /t MC ? 1 to ∼4.2, and discussed from the energetic point of view by taking into account the inductive source term. The adiabatic assumption classically used in the modelling is also examined. The influence of the pre-arcing step on the arcing step is analysed by means of the Joule integral, the energy dissipated in the Fuse and the mass and length of the fulgurite.
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Experimental study of HBC Fuses working at short and medium pre-arcing times
Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 2008Co-Authors: William Bussiere, Thierry Latchimy, Gérard Velleaud, David Rochette, Jean-louis Gelet, François Gentils, J C Perez-quesada, Pascal André, Thierry RambaudAbstract:Pre-arcing stage is the first working step in High Breaking Capacity (HBC) Fuse Operation and affects the following step, namely the arcing step. We have performed realistic HBC Fuse tests for short (< 10 ms) and medium (> 10 ms) pre-arcing times by varying the phase angle of the electrical fault (defined as the phase angle of the fault current once the supplied voltage is applied to the Fuse) in the range from 0 to 160 deg., for two values of the power factor cos phi ~ 0.9 and cos phi ~ 0.1. Experimental values of the pre-arcing time and the arcing timeare given for tprearc/tarc ≲ 1 to ~ 4.2, and discussed from the energetic point of view by taking into account the inductive source term. The adiabatic assumption classically used in the modelling is also examined. The influence of the pre-arcing step on the arcing step is analysed by means of the Joule integral, the energy dissipated in the Fuse, and the mass and length of the fulgurite.
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MEASUREMENT OF DARCY AND FORCHHEIMER COEFFICIENTS FOR SILICA SAND BEADS
High Temperature Material Processes, 2006Co-Authors: William Bussiere, Thierry Latchimy, Gérard Velleaud, David Rochette, P. AndreAbstract:High Breaking Capacity Fuses are widely used to withdraw the energy brought by an electric fault current. One of the main constituent elements of a HBC Fuse is the arc quenching material, silica sand in our case. During the arc quenching by the Fuse, a plasma is generated due to the fusion and the vaporization of the Fuse element (Ag) and the silica sand (SiO2). The plasma resulting from the dissociation of Ag and SiO2 is surrounded by a Fused silica viscous sheath itself surrounded by silica sand grains. In this study we show that the main silica sand morphometric properties – granulometry, porosity, Darcy and Forchheimer coefficient – strongly influence the Fuse Operation. The measurements of the Darcy and Forchheimer coefficients is described, and the results are given for silica sand beads and glass sphere beads. The influence of the morphometric properties is discussed taking into consideration already published data concerning pressure, temperature and electron density of the plasma generated during the Fuse Operation.
Thierry Latchimy - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Experimental study of HBC Fuses working at short and medium pre-arcing times
Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 2008Co-Authors: William Bussiere, Thierry Latchimy, Gérard Velleaud, David Rochette, T Rambaud, Jean-louis Gelet, François Gentils, J C Perez-quesada, Pascal AndréAbstract:Pre-arcing stage is the first working step in high breaking capacity (HBC) Fuse Operation and affects the following step, namely, the arcing step. We have performed realistic HBC Fuse tests for short ( 10 ms) pre-arcing times by varying the phase angle of the electrical fault (defined as the phase angle of the fault current once the supplied voltage is applied to the Fuse) in the range from 0° to 160°, for two values of the power factor (cos φ ∼ 0.9 and cos φ ∼ 0.1). Experimental values of the pre-arcing time and the arcing time (t are ) are given for t prearc /t MC ? 1 to ∼4.2, and discussed from the energetic point of view by taking into account the inductive source term. The adiabatic assumption classically used in the modelling is also examined. The influence of the pre-arcing step on the arcing step is analysed by means of the Joule integral, the energy dissipated in the Fuse and the mass and length of the fulgurite.
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Experimental study of HBC Fuses working at short and medium pre-arcing times
Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 2008Co-Authors: William Bussiere, Thierry Latchimy, Gérard Velleaud, David Rochette, Jean-louis Gelet, François Gentils, J C Perez-quesada, Pascal André, Thierry RambaudAbstract:Pre-arcing stage is the first working step in High Breaking Capacity (HBC) Fuse Operation and affects the following step, namely the arcing step. We have performed realistic HBC Fuse tests for short (< 10 ms) and medium (> 10 ms) pre-arcing times by varying the phase angle of the electrical fault (defined as the phase angle of the fault current once the supplied voltage is applied to the Fuse) in the range from 0 to 160 deg., for two values of the power factor cos phi ~ 0.9 and cos phi ~ 0.1. Experimental values of the pre-arcing time and the arcing timeare given for tprearc/tarc ≲ 1 to ~ 4.2, and discussed from the energetic point of view by taking into account the inductive source term. The adiabatic assumption classically used in the modelling is also examined. The influence of the pre-arcing step on the arcing step is analysed by means of the Joule integral, the energy dissipated in the Fuse, and the mass and length of the fulgurite.
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MEASUREMENT OF DARCY AND FORCHHEIMER COEFFICIENTS FOR SILICA SAND BEADS
High Temperature Material Processes, 2006Co-Authors: William Bussiere, Thierry Latchimy, Gérard Velleaud, David Rochette, P. AndreAbstract:High Breaking Capacity Fuses are widely used to withdraw the energy brought by an electric fault current. One of the main constituent elements of a HBC Fuse is the arc quenching material, silica sand in our case. During the arc quenching by the Fuse, a plasma is generated due to the fusion and the vaporization of the Fuse element (Ag) and the silica sand (SiO2). The plasma resulting from the dissociation of Ag and SiO2 is surrounded by a Fused silica viscous sheath itself surrounded by silica sand grains. In this study we show that the main silica sand morphometric properties – granulometry, porosity, Darcy and Forchheimer coefficient – strongly influence the Fuse Operation. The measurements of the Darcy and Forchheimer coefficients is described, and the results are given for silica sand beads and glass sphere beads. The influence of the morphometric properties is discussed taking into consideration already published data concerning pressure, temperature and electron density of the plasma generated during the Fuse Operation.
