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Jeanyves Rasplus - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the evolution of dioecy among ficus moraceae an alternative hypothesis involving non pollinating fig wasp pressure on the fig pollinator mutualism
Oikos, 1996Co-Authors: Carole Kerdelhue, Jeanyves RasplusAbstract:In Ficus (Moraceae), about half of the species are monoecious and half are (gyno)dioecious. With a few exceptions (Kerdelhu6 et al. 1996, Rasplus in press), each is specifically associated with one single pollinating chalcid wasp (Chalcidoidea: Agaonidae: Agaoninae), which in turn only breeds on that fig species (Wiebes 1963). In monoecious Ficus species, the figs (or syconia) produced by all the trees contain both male and female flowers; the latter are set out in three or more ovary layers and have styles of various lengths. When the pollen-loaded female wasp enters the fig cavity, it lays eggs through the styles in the upper ovary layer (i.e. in the flowers with styles that are short enough for the ovipositor to reach the ovule) and pollinates the deepest flowers (Galil and Eisikowitch 1971). Basically, the outermost ovary layer will turn into seeds, whereas the inner ones will be transformed into Galls and shelter pollinator larvae. By the time the wasp offspring emerges from the Galls in the fig cavity, the male flowers reach maturity. When escaping from the syconium, the female wasps will bring pollen out, up to a young receptive fig. In dioecious Ficus, half of the trees bear figs that only contain one or two layers of long-styled female flowers. When the female wasp enters the cavity, it can pollinate but is not able to lay any egg. These figs will produce seeds, but no pollinators or pollen grains: such trees are functionally 'female' (Berg 1984). The rest of the trees produce figs with one or two layers of short-styled flowers, as well as male flowers. The wasp will thus be able to lay eggs in all ovaries, and its offspring will disseminate the pollen. These figs will produce pollen and pollinator wasps, but almost no seeds; such trees are functionally 'male'. In addition to its mutualistic partner, each Ficus species is associated with a great diversity of non-pollinating chalcid wasps (Hamilton 1979, Janzen 1979, Bronstein 1991, Compton and Van Noort 1992, Hawkins and Compton 1992, Boucek 1993), mostly belonging, like the pollinator, to the Agaonidae family (Boucek 1988). These wasps may be numerous (up to thirty species: Compton and Hawkins 1992), and mostly breed in the fig flowers. Some are Gall-makers, and oviposit in vacant ovaries; they lay eggs either from the fig cavity at the same time as the pollinator, or from outside the fig thanks to a long ovipositor. Most of these oviposit after pollination has occurred, and regardless of the oviposition place, they were proved to similarly lay eggs in the most internal ovary layers (West and Herre 1994, Kerdelhu& and Rasplus 1996). Kerdelhue and Rasplus (1996) have suggested that they are unable to oviposit in pollinated ovaries. The other species of non-pollinating fig wasps lay eggs in previously Gall-transformed ovaries that already shelter a larva. These insects are either parasitoids (their larva directly feeds on the developing larva of another species) or inquilines (their larva feeds on the Gall Plant tissue; if the first larva starves to death, the inquiline is functionally parasite; if not, it acts as a commensal). Among dioecious species, Ficus carica is one of the best studied (Valdeyron and Lloyd 1979). Its particular fruiting phonology was proved to stabilize the FicusBlastophaga symbiosis in the south of France. This has led to dioecy being considered as an adaptation to seasonal climates (Kjellberg et al. 1987). Although plausible, this hypothesis is limited by the existence of dioecious figs in tropical environments (Patel et al.
Carole Kerdelhue - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the evolution of dioecy among ficus moraceae an alternative hypothesis involving non pollinating fig wasp pressure on the fig pollinator mutualism
Oikos, 1996Co-Authors: Carole Kerdelhue, Jeanyves RasplusAbstract:In Ficus (Moraceae), about half of the species are monoecious and half are (gyno)dioecious. With a few exceptions (Kerdelhu6 et al. 1996, Rasplus in press), each is specifically associated with one single pollinating chalcid wasp (Chalcidoidea: Agaonidae: Agaoninae), which in turn only breeds on that fig species (Wiebes 1963). In monoecious Ficus species, the figs (or syconia) produced by all the trees contain both male and female flowers; the latter are set out in three or more ovary layers and have styles of various lengths. When the pollen-loaded female wasp enters the fig cavity, it lays eggs through the styles in the upper ovary layer (i.e. in the flowers with styles that are short enough for the ovipositor to reach the ovule) and pollinates the deepest flowers (Galil and Eisikowitch 1971). Basically, the outermost ovary layer will turn into seeds, whereas the inner ones will be transformed into Galls and shelter pollinator larvae. By the time the wasp offspring emerges from the Galls in the fig cavity, the male flowers reach maturity. When escaping from the syconium, the female wasps will bring pollen out, up to a young receptive fig. In dioecious Ficus, half of the trees bear figs that only contain one or two layers of long-styled female flowers. When the female wasp enters the cavity, it can pollinate but is not able to lay any egg. These figs will produce seeds, but no pollinators or pollen grains: such trees are functionally 'female' (Berg 1984). The rest of the trees produce figs with one or two layers of short-styled flowers, as well as male flowers. The wasp will thus be able to lay eggs in all ovaries, and its offspring will disseminate the pollen. These figs will produce pollen and pollinator wasps, but almost no seeds; such trees are functionally 'male'. In addition to its mutualistic partner, each Ficus species is associated with a great diversity of non-pollinating chalcid wasps (Hamilton 1979, Janzen 1979, Bronstein 1991, Compton and Van Noort 1992, Hawkins and Compton 1992, Boucek 1993), mostly belonging, like the pollinator, to the Agaonidae family (Boucek 1988). These wasps may be numerous (up to thirty species: Compton and Hawkins 1992), and mostly breed in the fig flowers. Some are Gall-makers, and oviposit in vacant ovaries; they lay eggs either from the fig cavity at the same time as the pollinator, or from outside the fig thanks to a long ovipositor. Most of these oviposit after pollination has occurred, and regardless of the oviposition place, they were proved to similarly lay eggs in the most internal ovary layers (West and Herre 1994, Kerdelhu& and Rasplus 1996). Kerdelhue and Rasplus (1996) have suggested that they are unable to oviposit in pollinated ovaries. The other species of non-pollinating fig wasps lay eggs in previously Gall-transformed ovaries that already shelter a larva. These insects are either parasitoids (their larva directly feeds on the developing larva of another species) or inquilines (their larva feeds on the Gall Plant tissue; if the first larva starves to death, the inquiline is functionally parasite; if not, it acts as a commensal). Among dioecious species, Ficus carica is one of the best studied (Valdeyron and Lloyd 1979). Its particular fruiting phonology was proved to stabilize the FicusBlastophaga symbiosis in the south of France. This has led to dioecy being considered as an adaptation to seasonal climates (Kjellberg et al. 1987). Although plausible, this hypothesis is limited by the existence of dioecious figs in tropical environments (Patel et al.
Ryosuke Fudou - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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A newly discovered Anaerococcus strain responsible for axillary odor and a new axillary odor inhibitor, pentaGalloyl glucose
FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 2014Co-Authors: Takayoshi Fujii, Junko Shinozaki, Takayuki Kajiura, Keiji Iwasaki, Ryosuke FudouAbstract:Skin surface bacteria contribute to body odor, especially axillary odor. We aimed to investigate anaerobic bacteria that had not been previously studied for axillary odor formation. A new anaerobic Anaerococcus sp. A20, that releases 3-hydroxy-3-metyl-hexanoic acid (HMHA, main component of axillary odor) from its glutamyl conjugate, was discovered from axillary isolates. This strain showed strong resistance to the antimicrobial agents, triclosan and 4-isopropyl-3-methylphenol; therefore, we screened Plant extracts that inhibit the A20 strain. We discovered that pentaGalloyl glucose (PGG) extracted from the Chinese Gall Plant exhibited both antibacterial and inhibitory activities against HMHA release by the A20 strain. As the excellent antibacterial activity and inhibitory effect of PGG against HMHA release were seen in vitro, we conducted an open study to evaluate the deodorant effects of PGG on axillary odor. The sensory tests on odor strength showed that application of the PGG solution could reduce axillary odors in vivo. Although there was a small change in axillary microbiota, the microbial count of A20 significantly reduced. These results strongly indicate PGG as a new innovative deodorant material that only affects odor-releasing bacteria in the axillary microbiota.
Takayoshi Fujii - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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A newly discovered Anaerococcus strain responsible for axillary odor and a new axillary odor inhibitor, pentaGalloyl glucose
FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 2014Co-Authors: Takayoshi Fujii, Junko Shinozaki, Takayuki Kajiura, Keiji Iwasaki, Ryosuke FudouAbstract:Skin surface bacteria contribute to body odor, especially axillary odor. We aimed to investigate anaerobic bacteria that had not been previously studied for axillary odor formation. A new anaerobic Anaerococcus sp. A20, that releases 3-hydroxy-3-metyl-hexanoic acid (HMHA, main component of axillary odor) from its glutamyl conjugate, was discovered from axillary isolates. This strain showed strong resistance to the antimicrobial agents, triclosan and 4-isopropyl-3-methylphenol; therefore, we screened Plant extracts that inhibit the A20 strain. We discovered that pentaGalloyl glucose (PGG) extracted from the Chinese Gall Plant exhibited both antibacterial and inhibitory activities against HMHA release by the A20 strain. As the excellent antibacterial activity and inhibitory effect of PGG against HMHA release were seen in vitro, we conducted an open study to evaluate the deodorant effects of PGG on axillary odor. The sensory tests on odor strength showed that application of the PGG solution could reduce axillary odors in vivo. Although there was a small change in axillary microbiota, the microbial count of A20 significantly reduced. These results strongly indicate PGG as a new innovative deodorant material that only affects odor-releasing bacteria in the axillary microbiota.
Denis Coelho De Oliveira - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Eavesdropping on Gall–Plant interactions: the importance of the signaling function of induced volatiles
Plant Signaling & Behavior, 2019Co-Authors: Gudryan Jackson Barônio, Denis Coelho De OliveiraAbstract:ABSTRACTThe Galling insect manipulates the host Plant tissue to its own benefit, building the Gall structure where it spends during most of its life cycle. These specialist herbivore insects can in...
