The Experts below are selected from a list of 204 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Nicholas J.e. Adkins - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Life cycle assessment of Gas atomised sponge nickel for use in alkaline hydrogen fuel cell applications
Journal of Power Sources, 2013Co-Authors: Benjamin P. Wilson, David J. Jarvis, Stephen G.r. Brown, Jyri Rantanen, Tomi Anttila, Nicholas P. Lavery, Nicholas J.e. AdkinsAbstract:Abstract This paper presents a cradle-to-grave comparative Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of new Gas atomised (GA) sponge nickel catalysts and evaluates their performance against the both cast and crush (CC) sponge nickel and platinum standards currently used in commercial alkaline fuel cells (AFC). The LCA takes into account the energy used and emissions throughout the entire life cycle of sponge nickel catalysts – ranging from the upstream production of materials (mainly aluminium and nickel), to the manufacturing, to the operation and finally to the recycling and disposal. Through this assessment it was found that the energy and emissions during the operational phase associated with a given catalyst considerably outweigh the primary production, manufacturing and recycling. Primary production of the nickel (and to a lesser extent dopant materials) also has a significant environmental impact but this is offset by operational energy savings over the electrode's estimated lifetime and end of life recyclability. From the results it can be concluded that higher activity spongy nickel catalysts produced by Gas Atomisation could have a significantly lower environmental impact than either CC nickel or platinum. Doped GA sponge nickel in particular showed comparable performance to that of the standard platinum electrode used in AFCs.
-
Life cycle assessment of sponge nickel produced by Gas Atomisation for use in industrial hydrogenation catalysis applications
The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 2013Co-Authors: Nicholas P. Lavery, David J. Jarvis, Stephen G.r. Brown, Nicholas J.e. Adkins, Benjamin P. WilsonAbstract:Purpose This paper presents a cradle-to-grave comparative life cycle assessment (LCA) of new Gas atomised (GA) sponge nickel catalysts and evaluates their performance against the current cast and crush standard currently used in the industrial hydrogenation of butyraldehyde to butanol. Methods A comparative LCA has been made, accounting for the energy used and emissions throughout the entire life cycle of sponge nickel catalysts—ranging from the upstream production of materials (mainly aluminium and nickel), to the manufacturing, to the operation and finally to the recycling and disposal. The LCA was performed following ISO14040 principles where possible, and subsequently implemented in the software package GaBi 4.3. The CML2001 impact assessment methodology was used, with primary focus on comparing catalysts for equivalent greenhouse Gasses generated over their lifetime and their relative global warming potential and secondary focus on acidification potential. This is justified as the lifetime is dominated by energy use in the operational phase, and acidification is dominated by the production of nickel for which existing ISO14040 collected data has been used. A sensitivity analysis was used to provide a number of scenarios and overall environmental performances of the various sponge nickels considered when compared to the existing industrial standard. Results and discussion It was found that the energy and emissions during the operation phase associated with a given catalyst significantly outweigh the primary production, manufacturing and recycling. Primary production of the nickel (and to a lesser extent molybdenum when used as a dopant) also has a significant environmental impact in terms of acidification potential, but this is offset by operational energy savings over the catalysts’ estimated lifetime and end of life recyclability. Finally, the impact of activity improvement and lifetime duration of sponge nickel catalysts was determined as both total life cycle energy for operational use and as a total life cycle global warming potential. Conclusions From this assessment, the newly developed, higher activity spongy nickel catalysts produced by Gas Atomisation could have a significantly lower environmental impact than the current industry standard cast and crush method. Given the potential environmental benefits of such catalysts, applications in other processes that require a catalyst should also be investigated.
-
Life cycle assessment of Gas atomised sponge nickel for use in alkaline hydrogen fuel cell applications
Journal of Power Sources, 2013Co-Authors: Benjamin P. Wilson, David J. Jarvis, Stephen G.r. Brown, Jyri Rantanen, Tomi Anttila, Nicholas P. Lavery, Nicholas J.e. AdkinsAbstract:This paper presents a cradle-to-grave comparative Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of new Gas atomised (GA) sponge nickel catalysts and evaluates their performance against the both cast and crush (CC) sponge nickel and platinum standards currently used in commercial alkaline fuel cells (AFC). The LCA takes into account the energy used and emissions throughout the entire life cycle of sponge nickel catalysts - ranging from the upstream production of materials (mainly aluminium and nickel), to the manufacturing, to the operation and finally to the recycling and disposal. Through this assessment it was found that the energy and emissions during the operational phase associated with a given catalyst considerably outweigh the primary production, manufacturing and recycling. Primary production of the nickel (and to a lesser extent dopant materials) also has a significant environmental impact but this is offset by operational energy savings over the electrode's estimated lifetime and end of life recyclability. From the results it can be concluded that higher activity spongy nickel catalysts produced by Gas Atomisation could have a significantly lower environmental impact than either CC nickel or platinum. Doped GA sponge nickel in particular showed comparable performance to that of the standard platinum electrode used in AFCs. © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
-
life cycle assessment of sponge nickel produced by Gas Atomisation for use in industrial hydrogenation catalysis applications
International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 2013Co-Authors: David J. Jarvis, Stephen G.r. Brown, Nicholas J.e. Adkins, Nicholas P. Lavery, Benjamin P. WilsonAbstract:Purpose This paper presents a cradle-to-grave comparative life cycle assessment (LCA) of new Gas atomised (GA) sponge nickel catalysts and evaluates their performance against the current cast and crush standard currently used in the industrial hydrogenation of butyraldehyde to butanol.
-
synchrotron x ray microtomography of raney type nickel catalysts prepared by Gas Atomisation effect of microstructure on catalytic performance
Catalysis Today, 2011Co-Authors: Francois Devred, Nicholas J.e. Adkins, G Reinhart, Gail N Iles, B Van Der Klugt, J W Bakker, B E NieuwenhuysAbstract:Synchrotron X-ray microtomography (SXRM) was used to examine the microstructure of various Ni–Al alloys prepared by Gas Atomisation. The resulting Raney-type nickel catalysts that were activated by chemical treatment with a concentrated sodium hydroxide solution (20 wt% in water) were also studied. The main objective of this work is to correlate the microstructure of various Ni–Al alloys prepared by Gas Atomisation and the catalytic performance of the resulting Raney-type nickel catalysts. It appears that a NiAl3/Ni2Al3 ratio around 2.3 in the precursor alloy prepared by Gas Atomisation favours the formation of a dendritic network in the atomised spherical particle. The spherical shape of the particle and the dendritic network are still present after the leaching process in the Raney-type nickel catalysts. After activation, the interdendritic space forms a macroporous network that is directly linked to the catalytic performance. Parameters of the precursor alloy, i.e. particle size, phase composition, are chosen to obtain an optimal catalytic performance. In this way, an activity is obtained that is at least a factor of 2 higher than that of alloys prepared by the commercial cast-and-crush method. Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) and BET measurements were used for bulk analysis and determination of the surface area, respectively. Hydrogenation of nitrobenzene and butyraldehyde were used as test reactions. A model that directly correlates the microstructure of a precursor alloy processed by Gas Atomisation and the catalytic performance of the resulting catalyst is proposed.
Benjamin P. Wilson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Life cycle assessment of Gas atomised sponge nickel for use in alkaline hydrogen fuel cell applications
Journal of Power Sources, 2013Co-Authors: Benjamin P. Wilson, David J. Jarvis, Stephen G.r. Brown, Jyri Rantanen, Tomi Anttila, Nicholas P. Lavery, Nicholas J.e. AdkinsAbstract:Abstract This paper presents a cradle-to-grave comparative Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of new Gas atomised (GA) sponge nickel catalysts and evaluates their performance against the both cast and crush (CC) sponge nickel and platinum standards currently used in commercial alkaline fuel cells (AFC). The LCA takes into account the energy used and emissions throughout the entire life cycle of sponge nickel catalysts – ranging from the upstream production of materials (mainly aluminium and nickel), to the manufacturing, to the operation and finally to the recycling and disposal. Through this assessment it was found that the energy and emissions during the operational phase associated with a given catalyst considerably outweigh the primary production, manufacturing and recycling. Primary production of the nickel (and to a lesser extent dopant materials) also has a significant environmental impact but this is offset by operational energy savings over the electrode's estimated lifetime and end of life recyclability. From the results it can be concluded that higher activity spongy nickel catalysts produced by Gas Atomisation could have a significantly lower environmental impact than either CC nickel or platinum. Doped GA sponge nickel in particular showed comparable performance to that of the standard platinum electrode used in AFCs.
-
Life cycle assessment of sponge nickel produced by Gas Atomisation for use in industrial hydrogenation catalysis applications
The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 2013Co-Authors: Nicholas P. Lavery, David J. Jarvis, Stephen G.r. Brown, Nicholas J.e. Adkins, Benjamin P. WilsonAbstract:Purpose This paper presents a cradle-to-grave comparative life cycle assessment (LCA) of new Gas atomised (GA) sponge nickel catalysts and evaluates their performance against the current cast and crush standard currently used in the industrial hydrogenation of butyraldehyde to butanol. Methods A comparative LCA has been made, accounting for the energy used and emissions throughout the entire life cycle of sponge nickel catalysts—ranging from the upstream production of materials (mainly aluminium and nickel), to the manufacturing, to the operation and finally to the recycling and disposal. The LCA was performed following ISO14040 principles where possible, and subsequently implemented in the software package GaBi 4.3. The CML2001 impact assessment methodology was used, with primary focus on comparing catalysts for equivalent greenhouse Gasses generated over their lifetime and their relative global warming potential and secondary focus on acidification potential. This is justified as the lifetime is dominated by energy use in the operational phase, and acidification is dominated by the production of nickel for which existing ISO14040 collected data has been used. A sensitivity analysis was used to provide a number of scenarios and overall environmental performances of the various sponge nickels considered when compared to the existing industrial standard. Results and discussion It was found that the energy and emissions during the operation phase associated with a given catalyst significantly outweigh the primary production, manufacturing and recycling. Primary production of the nickel (and to a lesser extent molybdenum when used as a dopant) also has a significant environmental impact in terms of acidification potential, but this is offset by operational energy savings over the catalysts’ estimated lifetime and end of life recyclability. Finally, the impact of activity improvement and lifetime duration of sponge nickel catalysts was determined as both total life cycle energy for operational use and as a total life cycle global warming potential. Conclusions From this assessment, the newly developed, higher activity spongy nickel catalysts produced by Gas Atomisation could have a significantly lower environmental impact than the current industry standard cast and crush method. Given the potential environmental benefits of such catalysts, applications in other processes that require a catalyst should also be investigated.
-
Life cycle assessment of Gas atomised sponge nickel for use in alkaline hydrogen fuel cell applications
Journal of Power Sources, 2013Co-Authors: Benjamin P. Wilson, David J. Jarvis, Stephen G.r. Brown, Jyri Rantanen, Tomi Anttila, Nicholas P. Lavery, Nicholas J.e. AdkinsAbstract:This paper presents a cradle-to-grave comparative Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of new Gas atomised (GA) sponge nickel catalysts and evaluates their performance against the both cast and crush (CC) sponge nickel and platinum standards currently used in commercial alkaline fuel cells (AFC). The LCA takes into account the energy used and emissions throughout the entire life cycle of sponge nickel catalysts - ranging from the upstream production of materials (mainly aluminium and nickel), to the manufacturing, to the operation and finally to the recycling and disposal. Through this assessment it was found that the energy and emissions during the operational phase associated with a given catalyst considerably outweigh the primary production, manufacturing and recycling. Primary production of the nickel (and to a lesser extent dopant materials) also has a significant environmental impact but this is offset by operational energy savings over the electrode's estimated lifetime and end of life recyclability. From the results it can be concluded that higher activity spongy nickel catalysts produced by Gas Atomisation could have a significantly lower environmental impact than either CC nickel or platinum. Doped GA sponge nickel in particular showed comparable performance to that of the standard platinum electrode used in AFCs. © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
-
life cycle assessment of sponge nickel produced by Gas Atomisation for use in industrial hydrogenation catalysis applications
International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 2013Co-Authors: David J. Jarvis, Stephen G.r. Brown, Nicholas J.e. Adkins, Nicholas P. Lavery, Benjamin P. WilsonAbstract:Purpose This paper presents a cradle-to-grave comparative life cycle assessment (LCA) of new Gas atomised (GA) sponge nickel catalysts and evaluates their performance against the current cast and crush standard currently used in the industrial hydrogenation of butyraldehyde to butanol.
Nicholas P. Lavery - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Life cycle assessment of Gas atomised sponge nickel for use in alkaline hydrogen fuel cell applications
Journal of Power Sources, 2013Co-Authors: Benjamin P. Wilson, David J. Jarvis, Stephen G.r. Brown, Jyri Rantanen, Tomi Anttila, Nicholas P. Lavery, Nicholas J.e. AdkinsAbstract:Abstract This paper presents a cradle-to-grave comparative Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of new Gas atomised (GA) sponge nickel catalysts and evaluates their performance against the both cast and crush (CC) sponge nickel and platinum standards currently used in commercial alkaline fuel cells (AFC). The LCA takes into account the energy used and emissions throughout the entire life cycle of sponge nickel catalysts – ranging from the upstream production of materials (mainly aluminium and nickel), to the manufacturing, to the operation and finally to the recycling and disposal. Through this assessment it was found that the energy and emissions during the operational phase associated with a given catalyst considerably outweigh the primary production, manufacturing and recycling. Primary production of the nickel (and to a lesser extent dopant materials) also has a significant environmental impact but this is offset by operational energy savings over the electrode's estimated lifetime and end of life recyclability. From the results it can be concluded that higher activity spongy nickel catalysts produced by Gas Atomisation could have a significantly lower environmental impact than either CC nickel or platinum. Doped GA sponge nickel in particular showed comparable performance to that of the standard platinum electrode used in AFCs.
-
Life cycle assessment of sponge nickel produced by Gas Atomisation for use in industrial hydrogenation catalysis applications
The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 2013Co-Authors: Nicholas P. Lavery, David J. Jarvis, Stephen G.r. Brown, Nicholas J.e. Adkins, Benjamin P. WilsonAbstract:Purpose This paper presents a cradle-to-grave comparative life cycle assessment (LCA) of new Gas atomised (GA) sponge nickel catalysts and evaluates their performance against the current cast and crush standard currently used in the industrial hydrogenation of butyraldehyde to butanol. Methods A comparative LCA has been made, accounting for the energy used and emissions throughout the entire life cycle of sponge nickel catalysts—ranging from the upstream production of materials (mainly aluminium and nickel), to the manufacturing, to the operation and finally to the recycling and disposal. The LCA was performed following ISO14040 principles where possible, and subsequently implemented in the software package GaBi 4.3. The CML2001 impact assessment methodology was used, with primary focus on comparing catalysts for equivalent greenhouse Gasses generated over their lifetime and their relative global warming potential and secondary focus on acidification potential. This is justified as the lifetime is dominated by energy use in the operational phase, and acidification is dominated by the production of nickel for which existing ISO14040 collected data has been used. A sensitivity analysis was used to provide a number of scenarios and overall environmental performances of the various sponge nickels considered when compared to the existing industrial standard. Results and discussion It was found that the energy and emissions during the operation phase associated with a given catalyst significantly outweigh the primary production, manufacturing and recycling. Primary production of the nickel (and to a lesser extent molybdenum when used as a dopant) also has a significant environmental impact in terms of acidification potential, but this is offset by operational energy savings over the catalysts’ estimated lifetime and end of life recyclability. Finally, the impact of activity improvement and lifetime duration of sponge nickel catalysts was determined as both total life cycle energy for operational use and as a total life cycle global warming potential. Conclusions From this assessment, the newly developed, higher activity spongy nickel catalysts produced by Gas Atomisation could have a significantly lower environmental impact than the current industry standard cast and crush method. Given the potential environmental benefits of such catalysts, applications in other processes that require a catalyst should also be investigated.
-
Life cycle assessment of Gas atomised sponge nickel for use in alkaline hydrogen fuel cell applications
Journal of Power Sources, 2013Co-Authors: Benjamin P. Wilson, David J. Jarvis, Stephen G.r. Brown, Jyri Rantanen, Tomi Anttila, Nicholas P. Lavery, Nicholas J.e. AdkinsAbstract:This paper presents a cradle-to-grave comparative Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of new Gas atomised (GA) sponge nickel catalysts and evaluates their performance against the both cast and crush (CC) sponge nickel and platinum standards currently used in commercial alkaline fuel cells (AFC). The LCA takes into account the energy used and emissions throughout the entire life cycle of sponge nickel catalysts - ranging from the upstream production of materials (mainly aluminium and nickel), to the manufacturing, to the operation and finally to the recycling and disposal. Through this assessment it was found that the energy and emissions during the operational phase associated with a given catalyst considerably outweigh the primary production, manufacturing and recycling. Primary production of the nickel (and to a lesser extent dopant materials) also has a significant environmental impact but this is offset by operational energy savings over the electrode's estimated lifetime and end of life recyclability. From the results it can be concluded that higher activity spongy nickel catalysts produced by Gas Atomisation could have a significantly lower environmental impact than either CC nickel or platinum. Doped GA sponge nickel in particular showed comparable performance to that of the standard platinum electrode used in AFCs. © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
-
life cycle assessment of sponge nickel produced by Gas Atomisation for use in industrial hydrogenation catalysis applications
International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 2013Co-Authors: David J. Jarvis, Stephen G.r. Brown, Nicholas J.e. Adkins, Nicholas P. Lavery, Benjamin P. WilsonAbstract:Purpose This paper presents a cradle-to-grave comparative life cycle assessment (LCA) of new Gas atomised (GA) sponge nickel catalysts and evaluates their performance against the current cast and crush standard currently used in the industrial hydrogenation of butyraldehyde to butanol.
D.a. Stewart - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Microstructural characterisation of Tristelle 5183 (Fe-21%Cr-10%Ni-7.5%Nb-5%Si-2%C in wt%) alloy powder produced by Gas Atomisation
Materials & Design, 2019Co-Authors: M.j. Carrington, J.l. Daure, Vilma Ratia, P.h. Shipway, D.g. Mccartney, D.a. StewartAbstract:Abstract Nitrogen Gas atomised powders of the hardfacing alloy Tristelle 5183 (Fe-21%Cr-10%Ni-7%Nb-5%Si-2%C in wt%) were sieved into different particle size ranges and their microstructures have been investigated. Powder particles larger than approximately 53 μm are composed of dendritic fcc γ-Fe as the principal phase with smaller quantities of: α-Fe, an interdendritic silicide phase isostructural to Fe5Ni3Si2, and Nb(C,N). Particles 10 μm) sized Nb(C,N) particles, that are seen in all powder size fractions, pre-existed in the melt prior to Atomisation, whereas micron-sized Nb(C,N) particles that are found within α-Fe, γ-Fe or silicide are the primary solidification phase. Nanoscale Nb(C,N) also formed interdendritically in the last stages of solidification. Compared with a mould cast sample, a significant difference is the suppression of M7C3 formation in all powder size ranges. The increasing quantities of α-Fe and silicide in smaller sized powder particles is consistent with increased undercooling prior to nucleation permitting metastable phase formation.
-
microstructural characterisation of tristelle 5183 fe 21 cr 10 ni 7 5 nb 5 si 2 c in wt alloy powder produced by Gas Atomisation
Materials & Design, 2019Co-Authors: M.j. Carrington, J.l. Daure, Vilma Ratia, P.h. Shipway, D.g. Mccartney, D.a. StewartAbstract:Abstract Nitrogen Gas atomised powders of the hardfacing alloy Tristelle 5183 (Fe-21%Cr-10%Ni-7%Nb-5%Si-2%C in wt%) were sieved into different particle size ranges and their microstructures have been investigated. Powder particles larger than approximately 53 μm are composed of dendritic fcc γ-Fe as the principal phase with smaller quantities of: α-Fe, an interdendritic silicide phase isostructural to Fe5Ni3Si2, and Nb(C,N). Particles 10 μm) sized Nb(C,N) particles, that are seen in all powder size fractions, pre-existed in the melt prior to Atomisation, whereas micron-sized Nb(C,N) particles that are found within α-Fe, γ-Fe or silicide are the primary solidification phase. Nanoscale Nb(C,N) also formed interdendritically in the last stages of solidification. Compared with a mould cast sample, a significant difference is the suppression of M7C3 formation in all powder size ranges. The increasing quantities of α-Fe and silicide in smaller sized powder particles is consistent with increased undercooling prior to nucleation permitting metastable phase formation.
David J. Jarvis - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Life cycle assessment of Gas atomised sponge nickel for use in alkaline hydrogen fuel cell applications
Journal of Power Sources, 2013Co-Authors: Benjamin P. Wilson, David J. Jarvis, Stephen G.r. Brown, Jyri Rantanen, Tomi Anttila, Nicholas P. Lavery, Nicholas J.e. AdkinsAbstract:Abstract This paper presents a cradle-to-grave comparative Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of new Gas atomised (GA) sponge nickel catalysts and evaluates their performance against the both cast and crush (CC) sponge nickel and platinum standards currently used in commercial alkaline fuel cells (AFC). The LCA takes into account the energy used and emissions throughout the entire life cycle of sponge nickel catalysts – ranging from the upstream production of materials (mainly aluminium and nickel), to the manufacturing, to the operation and finally to the recycling and disposal. Through this assessment it was found that the energy and emissions during the operational phase associated with a given catalyst considerably outweigh the primary production, manufacturing and recycling. Primary production of the nickel (and to a lesser extent dopant materials) also has a significant environmental impact but this is offset by operational energy savings over the electrode's estimated lifetime and end of life recyclability. From the results it can be concluded that higher activity spongy nickel catalysts produced by Gas Atomisation could have a significantly lower environmental impact than either CC nickel or platinum. Doped GA sponge nickel in particular showed comparable performance to that of the standard platinum electrode used in AFCs.
-
Life cycle assessment of sponge nickel produced by Gas Atomisation for use in industrial hydrogenation catalysis applications
The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 2013Co-Authors: Nicholas P. Lavery, David J. Jarvis, Stephen G.r. Brown, Nicholas J.e. Adkins, Benjamin P. WilsonAbstract:Purpose This paper presents a cradle-to-grave comparative life cycle assessment (LCA) of new Gas atomised (GA) sponge nickel catalysts and evaluates their performance against the current cast and crush standard currently used in the industrial hydrogenation of butyraldehyde to butanol. Methods A comparative LCA has been made, accounting for the energy used and emissions throughout the entire life cycle of sponge nickel catalysts—ranging from the upstream production of materials (mainly aluminium and nickel), to the manufacturing, to the operation and finally to the recycling and disposal. The LCA was performed following ISO14040 principles where possible, and subsequently implemented in the software package GaBi 4.3. The CML2001 impact assessment methodology was used, with primary focus on comparing catalysts for equivalent greenhouse Gasses generated over their lifetime and their relative global warming potential and secondary focus on acidification potential. This is justified as the lifetime is dominated by energy use in the operational phase, and acidification is dominated by the production of nickel for which existing ISO14040 collected data has been used. A sensitivity analysis was used to provide a number of scenarios and overall environmental performances of the various sponge nickels considered when compared to the existing industrial standard. Results and discussion It was found that the energy and emissions during the operation phase associated with a given catalyst significantly outweigh the primary production, manufacturing and recycling. Primary production of the nickel (and to a lesser extent molybdenum when used as a dopant) also has a significant environmental impact in terms of acidification potential, but this is offset by operational energy savings over the catalysts’ estimated lifetime and end of life recyclability. Finally, the impact of activity improvement and lifetime duration of sponge nickel catalysts was determined as both total life cycle energy for operational use and as a total life cycle global warming potential. Conclusions From this assessment, the newly developed, higher activity spongy nickel catalysts produced by Gas Atomisation could have a significantly lower environmental impact than the current industry standard cast and crush method. Given the potential environmental benefits of such catalysts, applications in other processes that require a catalyst should also be investigated.
-
Life cycle assessment of Gas atomised sponge nickel for use in alkaline hydrogen fuel cell applications
Journal of Power Sources, 2013Co-Authors: Benjamin P. Wilson, David J. Jarvis, Stephen G.r. Brown, Jyri Rantanen, Tomi Anttila, Nicholas P. Lavery, Nicholas J.e. AdkinsAbstract:This paper presents a cradle-to-grave comparative Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of new Gas atomised (GA) sponge nickel catalysts and evaluates their performance against the both cast and crush (CC) sponge nickel and platinum standards currently used in commercial alkaline fuel cells (AFC). The LCA takes into account the energy used and emissions throughout the entire life cycle of sponge nickel catalysts - ranging from the upstream production of materials (mainly aluminium and nickel), to the manufacturing, to the operation and finally to the recycling and disposal. Through this assessment it was found that the energy and emissions during the operational phase associated with a given catalyst considerably outweigh the primary production, manufacturing and recycling. Primary production of the nickel (and to a lesser extent dopant materials) also has a significant environmental impact but this is offset by operational energy savings over the electrode's estimated lifetime and end of life recyclability. From the results it can be concluded that higher activity spongy nickel catalysts produced by Gas Atomisation could have a significantly lower environmental impact than either CC nickel or platinum. Doped GA sponge nickel in particular showed comparable performance to that of the standard platinum electrode used in AFCs. © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
-
life cycle assessment of sponge nickel produced by Gas Atomisation for use in industrial hydrogenation catalysis applications
International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 2013Co-Authors: David J. Jarvis, Stephen G.r. Brown, Nicholas J.e. Adkins, Nicholas P. Lavery, Benjamin P. WilsonAbstract:Purpose This paper presents a cradle-to-grave comparative life cycle assessment (LCA) of new Gas atomised (GA) sponge nickel catalysts and evaluates their performance against the current cast and crush standard currently used in the industrial hydrogenation of butyraldehyde to butanol.
