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Axel H. E. Müller - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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viktor moritz goldschmidt 1888 1947 and vladimir ivanovich vernadsky 1863 1945 the father and grandfather of Geochemistry
Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 2014Co-Authors: Axel H. E. MüllerAbstract:Abstract Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky (1863–1945) and Viktor Moritz Goldschmidt (1888–1947) are indisputably the two most important founders of and theoreticians within Geochemistry. In 1910 Vernadsky provided the first definition of Geochemistry, and therewith the basis of the scientific discipline concerned with the processes governing the distribution of the elements in the Earth System. In 1911, Goldschmidt, then 25 years younger, and commonly considered as the ‘Father of modern Geochemistry’ in the western world, defended his Ph.D. thesis ‘Die Kontaktmetamorphose im Kristianiagebiet’ (The contact metamorphism in the Kristiania area). His thesis and his ‘Geologisch–petrographische Studien im Hochgebirge des sudlichen Norwegen’ (Geological and petrographic studies in the mountains of southern Norway) published in the following years were primarily dedicated to answering questions about the mineralogy and petrology of the area. With the foundation of the Raw Material Laboratory of Norway in 1917, of which he was the first director, Goldschmidt carried out a systematic program of chemical analysis of rocks, soils and minerals and, therewith, began to address fundamental questions about geochemical processes. Goldschmidt's lecture ‘Der Stoffwechsel der Erde’ (The metabolism of the Earth) published in 1922 subsequently opened the era of investigation of the distribution of the elements in the Earth's crust, meteorites and solar system and of the laws controlling this distribution. With this new approach, Goldschmidt followed the definition of process-controlled Geochemistry which had been formulated by Vernadsky 12 years earlier. In this study the influence of Vernadsky on Goldschmidt's oeuvre has been analyzed by referring to private correspondence, biographical publications and other documents. The exchange of letters, hitherto largely unknown, proves that exchange of scientific ideas between the two men took place over a long period. Goldschmidt invited Vernadsky for several visits to Oslo in 1927 and to Gottingen in 1932. The exchange is documented in 38 surviving letters written between 1913 and 1939, justifying the conclusion that Goldschmidt's work was substantially inspired and influenced by Vernadsky, at least after 1922. However, Vernadsky's influence on Goldschmidt was mostly restricted to the theoretical background of Geochemistry and the processes responsible for distribution of elements in the Earth's crust rather than analytical developments and documentation of element distributions.
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Viktor Moritz Goldschmidt (1888–1947) and Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky (1863–1945): The father and grandfather of Geochemistry?
Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 2014Co-Authors: Axel H. E. MüllerAbstract:Abstract Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky (1863–1945) and Viktor Moritz Goldschmidt (1888–1947) are indisputably the two most important founders of and theoreticians within Geochemistry. In 1910 Vernadsky provided the first definition of Geochemistry, and therewith the basis of the scientific discipline concerned with the processes governing the distribution of the elements in the Earth System. In 1911, Goldschmidt, then 25 years younger, and commonly considered as the ‘Father of modern Geochemistry’ in the western world, defended his Ph.D. thesis ‘Die Kontaktmetamorphose im Kristianiagebiet’ (The contact metamorphism in the Kristiania area). His thesis and his ‘Geologisch–petrographische Studien im Hochgebirge des sudlichen Norwegen’ (Geological and petrographic studies in the mountains of southern Norway) published in the following years were primarily dedicated to answering questions about the mineralogy and petrology of the area. With the foundation of the Raw Material Laboratory of Norway in 1917, of which he was the first director, Goldschmidt carried out a systematic program of chemical analysis of rocks, soils and minerals and, therewith, began to address fundamental questions about geochemical processes. Goldschmidt's lecture ‘Der Stoffwechsel der Erde’ (The metabolism of the Earth) published in 1922 subsequently opened the era of investigation of the distribution of the elements in the Earth's crust, meteorites and solar system and of the laws controlling this distribution. With this new approach, Goldschmidt followed the definition of process-controlled Geochemistry which had been formulated by Vernadsky 12 years earlier. In this study the influence of Vernadsky on Goldschmidt's oeuvre has been analyzed by referring to private correspondence, biographical publications and other documents. The exchange of letters, hitherto largely unknown, proves that exchange of scientific ideas between the two men took place over a long period. Goldschmidt invited Vernadsky for several visits to Oslo in 1927 and to Gottingen in 1932. The exchange is documented in 38 surviving letters written between 1913 and 1939, justifying the conclusion that Goldschmidt's work was substantially inspired and influenced by Vernadsky, at least after 1922. However, Vernadsky's influence on Goldschmidt was mostly restricted to the theoretical background of Geochemistry and the processes responsible for distribution of elements in the Earth's crust rather than analytical developments and documentation of element distributions.
Ekkehard Scheuber - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Repeated crustal thickening and recycling during the Andean orogeny in north Chile (21°–26°S)
Journal of Geophysical Research, 2002Co-Authors: Manuel Haschke, Wolfgang Siebel, A Gunther, Ekkehard ScheuberAbstract:posttectonic granitoids, (2) lower crustal P wave velocities of 7.3–7.7 km s � 1 compatible with underplated mafic crust, and (3) results from recent experimental petrologic work showing garnet stability in mafic mineralogies � 12 kbar (� 40 km crustal thickness). Analogous to older Andean magmatic episodes in north Chile, newly underplated basaltic crust may account for the remaining deficit in Neogene crustal thickening. Similar evolutionary patterns in Geochemistry and initial Sr and Nd isotopic characteristics of Andean (200 Ma to present) magmatic rocks suggest that the Andean orogeny in this region evolved by a combination of processes of repeated arc migration, tectonic and magmatic crustal thickening, and igneous recycling which was controlled by periodically changing plate convergence rates and obliquity and corresponding changes in the rheologic behavior of the continental crust. INDEX TERMS: 1020 Geochemistry: Composition of the Crust, 1030 Geochemistry: Geochemical cycles (0330), 8159 Evolution of the Earth: Rheology– crust and lithosphere, 9360 Information Related to Geographic Region: South America; KEYWORDS: Andean Orogeny, Continental Crust, Recycling, Adakite, TTG, Crustal Thickening
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repeated crustal thickening and recycling during the andean orogeny in north chile 21 26 s
Journal of Geophysical Research, 2002Co-Authors: Manuel Haschke, Wolfgang Siebel, A Gunther, Ekkehard ScheuberAbstract:posttectonic granitoids, (2) lower crustal P wave velocities of 7.3–7.7 km s � 1 compatible with underplated mafic crust, and (3) results from recent experimental petrologic work showing garnet stability in mafic mineralogies � 12 kbar (� 40 km crustal thickness). Analogous to older Andean magmatic episodes in north Chile, newly underplated basaltic crust may account for the remaining deficit in Neogene crustal thickening. Similar evolutionary patterns in Geochemistry and initial Sr and Nd isotopic characteristics of Andean (200 Ma to present) magmatic rocks suggest that the Andean orogeny in this region evolved by a combination of processes of repeated arc migration, tectonic and magmatic crustal thickening, and igneous recycling which was controlled by periodically changing plate convergence rates and obliquity and corresponding changes in the rheologic behavior of the continental crust. INDEX TERMS: 1020 Geochemistry: Composition of the Crust, 1030 Geochemistry: Geochemical cycles (0330), 8159 Evolution of the Earth: Rheology– crust and lithosphere, 9360 Information Related to Geographic Region: South America; KEYWORDS: Andean Orogeny, Continental Crust, Recycling, Adakite, TTG, Crustal Thickening
Manuel Haschke - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Repeated crustal thickening and recycling during the Andean orogeny in north Chile (21°–26°S)
Journal of Geophysical Research, 2002Co-Authors: Manuel Haschke, Wolfgang Siebel, A Gunther, Ekkehard ScheuberAbstract:posttectonic granitoids, (2) lower crustal P wave velocities of 7.3–7.7 km s � 1 compatible with underplated mafic crust, and (3) results from recent experimental petrologic work showing garnet stability in mafic mineralogies � 12 kbar (� 40 km crustal thickness). Analogous to older Andean magmatic episodes in north Chile, newly underplated basaltic crust may account for the remaining deficit in Neogene crustal thickening. Similar evolutionary patterns in Geochemistry and initial Sr and Nd isotopic characteristics of Andean (200 Ma to present) magmatic rocks suggest that the Andean orogeny in this region evolved by a combination of processes of repeated arc migration, tectonic and magmatic crustal thickening, and igneous recycling which was controlled by periodically changing plate convergence rates and obliquity and corresponding changes in the rheologic behavior of the continental crust. INDEX TERMS: 1020 Geochemistry: Composition of the Crust, 1030 Geochemistry: Geochemical cycles (0330), 8159 Evolution of the Earth: Rheology– crust and lithosphere, 9360 Information Related to Geographic Region: South America; KEYWORDS: Andean Orogeny, Continental Crust, Recycling, Adakite, TTG, Crustal Thickening
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repeated crustal thickening and recycling during the andean orogeny in north chile 21 26 s
Journal of Geophysical Research, 2002Co-Authors: Manuel Haschke, Wolfgang Siebel, A Gunther, Ekkehard ScheuberAbstract:posttectonic granitoids, (2) lower crustal P wave velocities of 7.3–7.7 km s � 1 compatible with underplated mafic crust, and (3) results from recent experimental petrologic work showing garnet stability in mafic mineralogies � 12 kbar (� 40 km crustal thickness). Analogous to older Andean magmatic episodes in north Chile, newly underplated basaltic crust may account for the remaining deficit in Neogene crustal thickening. Similar evolutionary patterns in Geochemistry and initial Sr and Nd isotopic characteristics of Andean (200 Ma to present) magmatic rocks suggest that the Andean orogeny in this region evolved by a combination of processes of repeated arc migration, tectonic and magmatic crustal thickening, and igneous recycling which was controlled by periodically changing plate convergence rates and obliquity and corresponding changes in the rheologic behavior of the continental crust. INDEX TERMS: 1020 Geochemistry: Composition of the Crust, 1030 Geochemistry: Geochemical cycles (0330), 8159 Evolution of the Earth: Rheology– crust and lithosphere, 9360 Information Related to Geographic Region: South America; KEYWORDS: Andean Orogeny, Continental Crust, Recycling, Adakite, TTG, Crustal Thickening
Keith A. Kvenvolden - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Organic Geochemistry - A retrospective of its first 70 years
Organic Geochemistry, 2006Co-Authors: Keith A. KvenvoldenAbstract:Organic Geochemistry had its origin in the early part of the 20th century when organic chemists and geologists realized that detailed information on the organic materials in sediments and rocks was scientifically interesting and of practical importance. The generally acknowledged "father" of organic Geochemistry is Alfred E. Treibs (1899–1983), who discovered and described, in 1936, porphyrin pigments in shale, coal, and crude oil, and traced the source of these molecules to their biological precursors. Thus, the year 1936 marks the beginning of organic Geochemistry. However, formal organization of organic Geochemistry dates from 1959 when the Organic Geochemistry Division (OGD) of The Geochemical Society was founded in the United States, followed 22 years later (1981) by the establishment of the European Association of Organic Geochemists (EAOG). Organic Geochemistry (1) has its own journal, Organic Geochemistry (beginning in 1979) which, since 1988, is the official journal of the EAOG, (2) convenes two major conferences [International Meeting on Organic Geochemistry (IMOG), since 1962, and Gordon Research Conferences on Organic Geochemistry (GRC), since 1968] in alternate years, and (3) is the subject matter of several textbooks. Organic Geochemistry is now a widely recognized geoscience in which organic chemistry has contributed significantly not only to geology (i.e., petroleum Geochemistry, molecular stratigraphy) and biology (i.e., bioGeochemistry), but also to other disciplines, such as chemical oceanography, environmental science, hydrology, biochemical ecology, archaeology, and cosmochemistry
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Early developments in petroleum Geochemistry
Organic Geochemistry, 2002Co-Authors: John M. Hunt, R. Paul Philp, Keith A. KvenvoldenAbstract:Petroleum Geochemistry is the outgrowth of the application of the principles and methods of organic chemistry to petroleum refining and petroleum geology. This paper reviews 120 years of petroleum Geochemistry, from about 1860 to 1980, and includes a discussion of the formal recognition of petroleum Geochemistry as an earth-science discipline starting in 1959 when a general petroleum Geochemistry symposium was first organized at Fordham University, New York. A chronology of significant events, including concepts, techniques, and textbook publications, is presented. Because petroleum Geochemistry has been a tool for petroleum exploration from the beginning, the early developments of surface prospecting, source-rock identification, and oil/oil and oil/source correlation are discussed, along with the application of Geochemistry to petroleum migration, accumulation, and alteration. In addition the paper deals with the biomarker revolution, which began in earnest about 1964, and with early models of geothermal history. Concepts in petroleum Geochemistry have continually evolved, enhanced by the development of new analytical techniques, leading to new discoveries concerning the origin and occurrence of petroleum.
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History of the recognition of organic Geochemistry in geoscience
Organic Geochemistry, 2002Co-Authors: Keith A. KvenvoldenAbstract:The discipline of organic Geochemistry is an outgrowth of the application of the principles and methods of organic chemistry to sedimentary geology. Its origin goes back to the last part of the nineteenth century and the first part of the twentieth century concurrent with the evolution of the applied discipline of petroleum Geochemistry. In fact, organic Geochemistry was strongly influenced by developments in petroleum Geochemistry. Now, however, organic Geochemistry is considered an umbrella geoscience discipline of which petroleum Geochemistry is an important component.
A Gunther - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Repeated crustal thickening and recycling during the Andean orogeny in north Chile (21°–26°S)
Journal of Geophysical Research, 2002Co-Authors: Manuel Haschke, Wolfgang Siebel, A Gunther, Ekkehard ScheuberAbstract:posttectonic granitoids, (2) lower crustal P wave velocities of 7.3–7.7 km s � 1 compatible with underplated mafic crust, and (3) results from recent experimental petrologic work showing garnet stability in mafic mineralogies � 12 kbar (� 40 km crustal thickness). Analogous to older Andean magmatic episodes in north Chile, newly underplated basaltic crust may account for the remaining deficit in Neogene crustal thickening. Similar evolutionary patterns in Geochemistry and initial Sr and Nd isotopic characteristics of Andean (200 Ma to present) magmatic rocks suggest that the Andean orogeny in this region evolved by a combination of processes of repeated arc migration, tectonic and magmatic crustal thickening, and igneous recycling which was controlled by periodically changing plate convergence rates and obliquity and corresponding changes in the rheologic behavior of the continental crust. INDEX TERMS: 1020 Geochemistry: Composition of the Crust, 1030 Geochemistry: Geochemical cycles (0330), 8159 Evolution of the Earth: Rheology– crust and lithosphere, 9360 Information Related to Geographic Region: South America; KEYWORDS: Andean Orogeny, Continental Crust, Recycling, Adakite, TTG, Crustal Thickening
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repeated crustal thickening and recycling during the andean orogeny in north chile 21 26 s
Journal of Geophysical Research, 2002Co-Authors: Manuel Haschke, Wolfgang Siebel, A Gunther, Ekkehard ScheuberAbstract:posttectonic granitoids, (2) lower crustal P wave velocities of 7.3–7.7 km s � 1 compatible with underplated mafic crust, and (3) results from recent experimental petrologic work showing garnet stability in mafic mineralogies � 12 kbar (� 40 km crustal thickness). Analogous to older Andean magmatic episodes in north Chile, newly underplated basaltic crust may account for the remaining deficit in Neogene crustal thickening. Similar evolutionary patterns in Geochemistry and initial Sr and Nd isotopic characteristics of Andean (200 Ma to present) magmatic rocks suggest that the Andean orogeny in this region evolved by a combination of processes of repeated arc migration, tectonic and magmatic crustal thickening, and igneous recycling which was controlled by periodically changing plate convergence rates and obliquity and corresponding changes in the rheologic behavior of the continental crust. INDEX TERMS: 1020 Geochemistry: Composition of the Crust, 1030 Geochemistry: Geochemical cycles (0330), 8159 Evolution of the Earth: Rheology– crust and lithosphere, 9360 Information Related to Geographic Region: South America; KEYWORDS: Andean Orogeny, Continental Crust, Recycling, Adakite, TTG, Crustal Thickening
