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Ruggero Bertani - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Geothermal power Generation in the world 2010 2014 update report
    Geothermics, 2016
    Co-Authors: Ruggero Bertani
    Abstract:

    We have analyzed the major activities carried out for Geothermal Electricity Generation since WGC2010. New data has been taken from WGC2015 Country Update reports, private communications from IGA members and Affiliated Organizations, and we would like to acknowledge all IGA friends for their valuable help. Other updates have been collected from websites of private and public organizations involved in Geothermal development. Plants under construction, which are expected to be commissioned in 2015, are included in the installed capacity. An increase of about 1,7 GW in the five year term 2010-2015 has been achieved (about 16%), following the rough standard linear trend of approximately 350 MW/year, with an evident increment of the average value of about 200 MW/year in the precedent 2000-2005 period (Bertani, 2005a, 2005b, 2006, 2007, 2010, 2012 and 2013). 1. INTRODUCTION The total installed capacity from worldwide Geothermal power plant is given in tables I and II and in figures 1 and 2. For reaching the forecasting of 2020, based on an accurate accounting of all the existing projects at an executive stage, a clear change in the present linear growing trend should be necessary. In table III data from all the countries currently generating Geothermal Electricity are presented, with the 2010 and the updated at 2015 values of installed capacity and the produced energy per year, the increment since 2010 both in absolute terms and in percentage, and the aforesaid mentioned short term forecasting to year 2020 for the installed capacity. In figure 3 a world map of the year 2015 installed capacity is presented.

  • Geothermal power Generation in the world 2010–2014 update report
    Geothermics, 2016
    Co-Authors: Ruggero Bertani
    Abstract:

    We have analyzed the major activities carried out for Geothermal Electricity Generation since WGC2010. New data has been taken from WGC2015 Country Update reports, private communications from IGA members and Affiliated Organizations, and we would like to acknowledge all IGA friends for their valuable help. Other updates have been collected from websites of private and public organizations involved in Geothermal development. Plants under construction, which are expected to be commissioned in 2015, are included in the installed capacity. An increase of about 1,7 GW in the five year term 2010-2015 has been achieved (about 16%), following the rough standard linear trend of approximately 350 MW/year, with an evident increment of the average value of about 200 MW/year in the precedent 2000-2005 period (Bertani, 2005a, 2005b, 2006, 2007, 2010, 2012 and 2013). 1. INTRODUCTION The total installed capacity from worldwide Geothermal power plant is given in tables I and II and in figures 1 and 2. For reaching the forecasting of 2020, based on an accurate accounting of all the existing projects at an executive stage, a clear change in the present linear growing trend should be necessary. In table III data from all the countries currently generating Geothermal Electricity are presented, with the 2010 and the updated at 2015 values of installed capacity and the produced energy per year, the increment since 2010 both in absolute terms and in percentage, and the aforesaid mentioned short term forecasting to year 2020 for the installed capacity. In figure 3 a world map of the year 2015 installed capacity is presented.

  • Geothermal power Generation in the world 2005 2010 update report
    Geothermics, 2012
    Co-Authors: Ruggero Bertani
    Abstract:

    We have analyzed the major activities carried out for Geothermal Electricity Generation since WGC2005. New data have been taken from WGC2010 country update reports, private communications from IGA members and affiliated organizations. Other updates have been collected from websites of private and public organizations involved in Geothermal development. Plants commissioned in 2010 (after WGC2010) have been included in the installed capacity, even though their produced energy has not been accounted for. An increase of about 2 GW (herein we use MW and GW for the electrical capacity and MWth and GWth for thermal capacity) in the five year term 2005–2010 has been achieved (about 22%), following the rough linear trend of approximately 400 MW/year, with an evident increase of the average value of about 200 MW/year in the 2000–2005 period (Bertani, 2005a; Bertani, 2005b; Bertani, 2006 ;  Bertani, 2007). The most significant data to be highlighted from this paper are: • a total of 24 countries now generate Electricity from Geothermal resources; • the total installed capacity worldwide is 10,898 MW, corresponding to about 67,246 GWh of Electricity (early 2010 data); • Germany, Papua – New Guinea, Australia, Turkey, Iceland, Portugal, New Zealand, Guatemala, Kenya, and Indonesia have increased the capacity of their power plant installations by more than 50% with respect to the year 2005; • the top five countries for their Electricity production are USA, Philippines, Indonesia, Mexico and Italy; • five countries realized an increase above 100 MW with respect to 2005: USA, Indonesia, Iceland, New Zealand and Kenya. The prospective for growth during 2010–2015 are good, with a strong possibility of realizing a big increase in the installed capacity up to 19 GW, if all the currently identified projects would be realized all around the world.

  • Geothermal power Generation in the world 2005–2010 update report
    Geothermics, 2012
    Co-Authors: Ruggero Bertani
    Abstract:

    We have analyzed the major activities carried out for Geothermal Electricity Generation since WGC2005. New data have been taken from WGC2010 country update reports, private communications from IGA members and affiliated organizations. Other updates have been collected from websites of private and public organizations involved in Geothermal development. Plants commissioned in 2010 (after WGC2010) have been included in the installed capacity, even though their produced energy has not been accounted for. An increase of about 2 GW (herein we use MW and GW for the electrical capacity and MWth and GWth for thermal capacity) in the five year term 2005–2010 has been achieved (about 22%), following the rough linear trend of approximately 400 MW/year, with an evident increase of the average value of about 200 MW/year in the 2000–2005 period (Bertani, 2005a; Bertani, 2005b; Bertani, 2006 ;  Bertani, 2007). The most significant data to be highlighted from this paper are: • a total of 24 countries now generate Electricity from Geothermal resources; • the total installed capacity worldwide is 10,898 MW, corresponding to about 67,246 GWh of Electricity (early 2010 data); • Germany, Papua – New Guinea, Australia, Turkey, Iceland, Portugal, New Zealand, Guatemala, Kenya, and Indonesia have increased the capacity of their power plant installations by more than 50% with respect to the year 2005; • the top five countries for their Electricity production are USA, Philippines, Indonesia, Mexico and Italy; • five countries realized an increase above 100 MW with respect to 2005: USA, Indonesia, Iceland, New Zealand and Kenya. The prospective for growth during 2010–2015 are good, with a strong possibility of realizing a big increase in the installed capacity up to 19 GW, if all the currently identified projects would be realized all around the world.

Ingo Sass - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • outcrop analogue study of permocarboniferous Geothermal sandstone reservoir formations northern upper rhine graben germany impact of mineral content depositional environment and diagenesis on petrophysical properties
    International Journal of Earth Sciences, 2016
    Co-Authors: Anke Aretz, Annette E. Götz, Ingo Sass
    Abstract:

    The Permocarboniferous siliciclastic formations represent the largest hydrothermal reservoir in the northern Upper Rhine Graben in SW Germany and have so far been investigated in large-scale studies only. The Cenozoic Upper Rhine Graben crosses the Permocarboniferous Saar–Nahe Basin, a Variscan intramontane molasse basin. Due to the subsidence in this graben structure, the top of the up to 2-km-thick Permocarboniferous is located at a depth of 600–2900 m and is overlain by Tertiary and Quaternary sediments. At this depth, the reservoir temperatures exceed 150 °C, which are sufficient for Geothermal Electricity Generation with binary power plants. To further assess the potential of this Geothermal reservoir, detailed information on thermophysical and hydraulic properties of the different lithostratigraphical units and their depositional environment is essential. Here, we present an integrated study of outcrop analogues and drill core material. In total, 850 outcrop samples were analyzed, measuring porosity, permeability, thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity. Furthermore, 62 plugs were taken from drillings that encountered or intersected the Permocarboniferous at depths between 1800 and 2900 m. Petrographic analysis of 155 thin sections of outcrop samples and samples taken from reservoir depth was conducted to quantify the mineral composition, sorting and rounding of grains and the kind of cementation. Its influence on porosity, permeability, the degree of compaction and illitization was quantified. Three parameters influencing the reservoir properties of the Permocarboniferous were detected. The strongest and most destructive influence on reservoir quality is related to late diagenetic processes. An illitic and kaolinitic cementation and impregnation of bitumina document CO2- and CH4-rich acidic pore water conditions, which are interpreted as fluids that migrated along a hydraulic contact from an underlying Carboniferous hydrocarbon source rock. Migrating oil and acidic waters led to the dissolution of haematite cements in the lower Permocarboniferous formations. During the Eocene, subsidence of the Upper Rhine Graben porosities and permeabilities of the sandstones of these formations were strongly reduced to 2.5 % and 3.2 × 10−18 m2. The second important influence on reservoir quality is the distinct depositional environment and its influence on early diagenetic processes. In early stage diagenesis, the best influence on reservoir properties exhibits a haematite cementation. It typically occurs in eolian sandstones of the Kreuznach Formation (Upper Permocarboniferous) and is characterized by grain covering haematite coatings, which are interpreted to inhibit cementation, compaction and illitization of pore space during burial. Eolian sandstones taken from outcrops and reservoir depths exhibit the highest porosities (16.4; 12.3 %) and permeabilities (2.0 × 10−15; 8.4 × 10−16 m2). A third important influence on reservoir quality is the general mineral composition and the quartz content which is the highest in the Kreuznach Formation with 73.8 %. Based on the integrated study of depositional environments and diagenetic processes, reservoir properties of the different Permocarboniferous formations within the northern Upper Rhine Graben and their changes with burial depth can be predicted with satisfactory accuracy. This leads to a better understanding of the reservoir quality and enables an appropriate well design for exploration and exploitation of these Geothermal resources.

  • Facies and Diagenesis of Permocarboniferous Geothermal Reservoir Formations (Upper Rhine Graben, SW Germany): Impact on Thermophysical and Hydraulic Properties
    2015
    Co-Authors: Anke Aretz, Annette E. Götz, Kristian Bär, Ingo Sass
    Abstract:

    The Permocarboniferous is the largest hydrothermal reservoir in the northern Upper Rhine Graben in SW Germany and has so far been investigated in large scale studies only. The eastern part of the Permocarboniferous Saar Nahe Basin, a variscan intramontane molasse basin, is crossed by the northern end of the Cenozoic Upper Rhine Graben. Due to the subsidence in this graben structure the top of the up to 2 km thick Permocarboniferous is located at a depth of 1 to 3 km and is overlain by Tertiary and Quaternary sediments. At this depth the reservoir temperatures exceed 150 °C, which are sufficient for Geothermal Electricity Generation with binary power plants. To further assess the potential of this Geothermal reservoir knowledge of thermophysical and hydraulic properties of the different lithostratigraphical units and facies types is essential. In the present study a combination of outcrop analogue studies and drill core investigations was conducted. In total 850 outcrop samples were analyzed, measuring porosity, permeability, thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity. Furthermore 60 plugs were taken from drillings that encountered or intersected the Permocarboniferous in the northern Upper Rhine Graben at depths between 1,800 to 2,900 m. Petrographic analysis of 90 thin sections of outcrop and reservoir samples were conducted to quantify the mineral composition, sorting and rounding of grains and the kind of cementation. This enables the determination of the diagenesis type and its influence on porosity, permeability and the degree of compaction. In early stage diagenesis the strongest influence on reservoir properties exhibits the Hematite-type. It is characterized by grain covering hematite coatings that inhibit cementation of pore space and compaction during diagenesis. In late stage diagenesis the Illit Meshwork-type and Bitumina-type illustrate CO2 rich acidic pore water conditions which are interpreted as the result of a hydraulic contact to an underlying Carboniferous oil source rock. Under these conditions the hematite coatings are dissolved and the protection of these sandstones against cementation and compaction is eliminated. During the formation of the Upper Rhine Graben this reaction caused a strong reduction of porosity and permeability. Of the encountered facies types the eolian sandstones of the Kreuznach Formation (Upper Nahe Subgroup) exhibits the best reservoir properties. Based on the combined investigation of facies and diagenetic processes, reservoir properties of the different Permocarboniferous formations within the northern Upper Rhine Graben and their changes with burial depth and temperature can be predicted with satisfactory accuracy. This leads to a better understanding of the reservoir and enables an adapted approach for exploration and exploitation of these Geothermal resources.

Annette E. Götz - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • outcrop analogue study of permocarboniferous Geothermal sandstone reservoir formations northern upper rhine graben germany impact of mineral content depositional environment and diagenesis on petrophysical properties
    International Journal of Earth Sciences, 2016
    Co-Authors: Anke Aretz, Annette E. Götz, Ingo Sass
    Abstract:

    The Permocarboniferous siliciclastic formations represent the largest hydrothermal reservoir in the northern Upper Rhine Graben in SW Germany and have so far been investigated in large-scale studies only. The Cenozoic Upper Rhine Graben crosses the Permocarboniferous Saar–Nahe Basin, a Variscan intramontane molasse basin. Due to the subsidence in this graben structure, the top of the up to 2-km-thick Permocarboniferous is located at a depth of 600–2900 m and is overlain by Tertiary and Quaternary sediments. At this depth, the reservoir temperatures exceed 150 °C, which are sufficient for Geothermal Electricity Generation with binary power plants. To further assess the potential of this Geothermal reservoir, detailed information on thermophysical and hydraulic properties of the different lithostratigraphical units and their depositional environment is essential. Here, we present an integrated study of outcrop analogues and drill core material. In total, 850 outcrop samples were analyzed, measuring porosity, permeability, thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity. Furthermore, 62 plugs were taken from drillings that encountered or intersected the Permocarboniferous at depths between 1800 and 2900 m. Petrographic analysis of 155 thin sections of outcrop samples and samples taken from reservoir depth was conducted to quantify the mineral composition, sorting and rounding of grains and the kind of cementation. Its influence on porosity, permeability, the degree of compaction and illitization was quantified. Three parameters influencing the reservoir properties of the Permocarboniferous were detected. The strongest and most destructive influence on reservoir quality is related to late diagenetic processes. An illitic and kaolinitic cementation and impregnation of bitumina document CO2- and CH4-rich acidic pore water conditions, which are interpreted as fluids that migrated along a hydraulic contact from an underlying Carboniferous hydrocarbon source rock. Migrating oil and acidic waters led to the dissolution of haematite cements in the lower Permocarboniferous formations. During the Eocene, subsidence of the Upper Rhine Graben porosities and permeabilities of the sandstones of these formations were strongly reduced to 2.5 % and 3.2 × 10−18 m2. The second important influence on reservoir quality is the distinct depositional environment and its influence on early diagenetic processes. In early stage diagenesis, the best influence on reservoir properties exhibits a haematite cementation. It typically occurs in eolian sandstones of the Kreuznach Formation (Upper Permocarboniferous) and is characterized by grain covering haematite coatings, which are interpreted to inhibit cementation, compaction and illitization of pore space during burial. Eolian sandstones taken from outcrops and reservoir depths exhibit the highest porosities (16.4; 12.3 %) and permeabilities (2.0 × 10−15; 8.4 × 10−16 m2). A third important influence on reservoir quality is the general mineral composition and the quartz content which is the highest in the Kreuznach Formation with 73.8 %. Based on the integrated study of depositional environments and diagenetic processes, reservoir properties of the different Permocarboniferous formations within the northern Upper Rhine Graben and their changes with burial depth can be predicted with satisfactory accuracy. This leads to a better understanding of the reservoir quality and enables an appropriate well design for exploration and exploitation of these Geothermal resources.

  • Facies and Diagenesis of Permocarboniferous Geothermal Reservoir Formations (Upper Rhine Graben, SW Germany): Impact on Thermophysical and Hydraulic Properties
    2015
    Co-Authors: Anke Aretz, Annette E. Götz, Kristian Bär, Ingo Sass
    Abstract:

    The Permocarboniferous is the largest hydrothermal reservoir in the northern Upper Rhine Graben in SW Germany and has so far been investigated in large scale studies only. The eastern part of the Permocarboniferous Saar Nahe Basin, a variscan intramontane molasse basin, is crossed by the northern end of the Cenozoic Upper Rhine Graben. Due to the subsidence in this graben structure the top of the up to 2 km thick Permocarboniferous is located at a depth of 1 to 3 km and is overlain by Tertiary and Quaternary sediments. At this depth the reservoir temperatures exceed 150 °C, which are sufficient for Geothermal Electricity Generation with binary power plants. To further assess the potential of this Geothermal reservoir knowledge of thermophysical and hydraulic properties of the different lithostratigraphical units and facies types is essential. In the present study a combination of outcrop analogue studies and drill core investigations was conducted. In total 850 outcrop samples were analyzed, measuring porosity, permeability, thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity. Furthermore 60 plugs were taken from drillings that encountered or intersected the Permocarboniferous in the northern Upper Rhine Graben at depths between 1,800 to 2,900 m. Petrographic analysis of 90 thin sections of outcrop and reservoir samples were conducted to quantify the mineral composition, sorting and rounding of grains and the kind of cementation. This enables the determination of the diagenesis type and its influence on porosity, permeability and the degree of compaction. In early stage diagenesis the strongest influence on reservoir properties exhibits the Hematite-type. It is characterized by grain covering hematite coatings that inhibit cementation of pore space and compaction during diagenesis. In late stage diagenesis the Illit Meshwork-type and Bitumina-type illustrate CO2 rich acidic pore water conditions which are interpreted as the result of a hydraulic contact to an underlying Carboniferous oil source rock. Under these conditions the hematite coatings are dissolved and the protection of these sandstones against cementation and compaction is eliminated. During the formation of the Upper Rhine Graben this reaction caused a strong reduction of porosity and permeability. Of the encountered facies types the eolian sandstones of the Kreuznach Formation (Upper Nahe Subgroup) exhibits the best reservoir properties. Based on the combined investigation of facies and diagenetic processes, reservoir properties of the different Permocarboniferous formations within the northern Upper Rhine Graben and their changes with burial depth and temperature can be predicted with satisfactory accuracy. This leads to a better understanding of the reservoir and enables an adapted approach for exploration and exploitation of these Geothermal resources.

Anke Aretz - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • outcrop analogue study of permocarboniferous Geothermal sandstone reservoir formations northern upper rhine graben germany impact of mineral content depositional environment and diagenesis on petrophysical properties
    International Journal of Earth Sciences, 2016
    Co-Authors: Anke Aretz, Annette E. Götz, Ingo Sass
    Abstract:

    The Permocarboniferous siliciclastic formations represent the largest hydrothermal reservoir in the northern Upper Rhine Graben in SW Germany and have so far been investigated in large-scale studies only. The Cenozoic Upper Rhine Graben crosses the Permocarboniferous Saar–Nahe Basin, a Variscan intramontane molasse basin. Due to the subsidence in this graben structure, the top of the up to 2-km-thick Permocarboniferous is located at a depth of 600–2900 m and is overlain by Tertiary and Quaternary sediments. At this depth, the reservoir temperatures exceed 150 °C, which are sufficient for Geothermal Electricity Generation with binary power plants. To further assess the potential of this Geothermal reservoir, detailed information on thermophysical and hydraulic properties of the different lithostratigraphical units and their depositional environment is essential. Here, we present an integrated study of outcrop analogues and drill core material. In total, 850 outcrop samples were analyzed, measuring porosity, permeability, thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity. Furthermore, 62 plugs were taken from drillings that encountered or intersected the Permocarboniferous at depths between 1800 and 2900 m. Petrographic analysis of 155 thin sections of outcrop samples and samples taken from reservoir depth was conducted to quantify the mineral composition, sorting and rounding of grains and the kind of cementation. Its influence on porosity, permeability, the degree of compaction and illitization was quantified. Three parameters influencing the reservoir properties of the Permocarboniferous were detected. The strongest and most destructive influence on reservoir quality is related to late diagenetic processes. An illitic and kaolinitic cementation and impregnation of bitumina document CO2- and CH4-rich acidic pore water conditions, which are interpreted as fluids that migrated along a hydraulic contact from an underlying Carboniferous hydrocarbon source rock. Migrating oil and acidic waters led to the dissolution of haematite cements in the lower Permocarboniferous formations. During the Eocene, subsidence of the Upper Rhine Graben porosities and permeabilities of the sandstones of these formations were strongly reduced to 2.5 % and 3.2 × 10−18 m2. The second important influence on reservoir quality is the distinct depositional environment and its influence on early diagenetic processes. In early stage diagenesis, the best influence on reservoir properties exhibits a haematite cementation. It typically occurs in eolian sandstones of the Kreuznach Formation (Upper Permocarboniferous) and is characterized by grain covering haematite coatings, which are interpreted to inhibit cementation, compaction and illitization of pore space during burial. Eolian sandstones taken from outcrops and reservoir depths exhibit the highest porosities (16.4; 12.3 %) and permeabilities (2.0 × 10−15; 8.4 × 10−16 m2). A third important influence on reservoir quality is the general mineral composition and the quartz content which is the highest in the Kreuznach Formation with 73.8 %. Based on the integrated study of depositional environments and diagenetic processes, reservoir properties of the different Permocarboniferous formations within the northern Upper Rhine Graben and their changes with burial depth can be predicted with satisfactory accuracy. This leads to a better understanding of the reservoir quality and enables an appropriate well design for exploration and exploitation of these Geothermal resources.

  • Facies and Diagenesis of Permocarboniferous Geothermal Reservoir Formations (Upper Rhine Graben, SW Germany): Impact on Thermophysical and Hydraulic Properties
    2015
    Co-Authors: Anke Aretz, Annette E. Götz, Kristian Bär, Ingo Sass
    Abstract:

    The Permocarboniferous is the largest hydrothermal reservoir in the northern Upper Rhine Graben in SW Germany and has so far been investigated in large scale studies only. The eastern part of the Permocarboniferous Saar Nahe Basin, a variscan intramontane molasse basin, is crossed by the northern end of the Cenozoic Upper Rhine Graben. Due to the subsidence in this graben structure the top of the up to 2 km thick Permocarboniferous is located at a depth of 1 to 3 km and is overlain by Tertiary and Quaternary sediments. At this depth the reservoir temperatures exceed 150 °C, which are sufficient for Geothermal Electricity Generation with binary power plants. To further assess the potential of this Geothermal reservoir knowledge of thermophysical and hydraulic properties of the different lithostratigraphical units and facies types is essential. In the present study a combination of outcrop analogue studies and drill core investigations was conducted. In total 850 outcrop samples were analyzed, measuring porosity, permeability, thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity. Furthermore 60 plugs were taken from drillings that encountered or intersected the Permocarboniferous in the northern Upper Rhine Graben at depths between 1,800 to 2,900 m. Petrographic analysis of 90 thin sections of outcrop and reservoir samples were conducted to quantify the mineral composition, sorting and rounding of grains and the kind of cementation. This enables the determination of the diagenesis type and its influence on porosity, permeability and the degree of compaction. In early stage diagenesis the strongest influence on reservoir properties exhibits the Hematite-type. It is characterized by grain covering hematite coatings that inhibit cementation of pore space and compaction during diagenesis. In late stage diagenesis the Illit Meshwork-type and Bitumina-type illustrate CO2 rich acidic pore water conditions which are interpreted as the result of a hydraulic contact to an underlying Carboniferous oil source rock. Under these conditions the hematite coatings are dissolved and the protection of these sandstones against cementation and compaction is eliminated. During the formation of the Upper Rhine Graben this reaction caused a strong reduction of porosity and permeability. Of the encountered facies types the eolian sandstones of the Kreuznach Formation (Upper Nahe Subgroup) exhibits the best reservoir properties. Based on the combined investigation of facies and diagenetic processes, reservoir properties of the different Permocarboniferous formations within the northern Upper Rhine Graben and their changes with burial depth and temperature can be predicted with satisfactory accuracy. This leads to a better understanding of the reservoir and enables an adapted approach for exploration and exploitation of these Geothermal resources.

Ladislaus Rybach - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Geothermal Power Growth 1995-2013: A Comparison with Other Renewables
    Energies, 2014
    Co-Authors: Ladislaus Rybach
    Abstract:

    Based on global statistical data the current status of deep Geothermal resource utilization for Electricity Generation is presented. Particular attention is paid to growth rates. The rates are compared with those of other renewable energies (biomass, hydro, solar photovoltaic (PV), wind). Whereas wind and solar PV exhibit annual growth rates of 25%–30% since 2004, Geothermal growth is only about 5% per year. Geothermal Electricity production (in TW∙h/yr) was higher until 2011 than from solar PV, but is now clearly falling behind. So far the global Geothermal Electricity Generation is provided nearly entirely by hydrothermal resources, which exist only under specific geologic conditions. Further development (=increasing production capacity) based on this resource type alone will therefore hardly accelerate to two-digit (>10% per year) growth rates. Faster growth can only be achieved by using the ubiquitous petrothermal resources, provided that the key problem will be solved: establishing a universally applicable technology. This would enable to create, at any requested site, feasible and efficient deep heat exchangers for enhanced Geothermal systems (EGS) power plants—irrespective of the local subsurface conditions. Goals and challenges of this technology are addressed.