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Robert A. Huggins - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Electrode Reactions That Deviate from Complete Equilibrium
    Energy Storage, 2010
    Co-Authors: Robert A. Huggins
    Abstract:

    The example that was discussed earlier, the reaction of lithium with iodine to form LiI, dealt with elements and thermodynamically stable Phases. By knowing a simple parameter, the Gibbs free energy of formation of the reaction product, the cell voltage under equilibrium and near-equilibrium conditions can be calculated for this reaction. If the cell operates under a fixed pressure of iodine at the positive electrode and at a stable temperature, the Gibbs Phase Rule indicates that the number of the residual degrees of freedom F in both the negative and positive electrodes is zero. Thus the voltage is independent of the extent of the cell reaction in both cases.

  • Reference electrodes and the Gibbs Phase Rule
    Solid State Ionics, 2000
    Co-Authors: Robert A. Huggins
    Abstract:

    Abstract Experimental work reported in the electrochemical literature often involves the use of different reference systems, and it is often difficult to translate between them. Reference electrodes used in solid state electrochemical systems are generally based upon the potentials of electrically neutral chemical species, and cell voltages can be calculated by the use of normal chemical thermodynamics. The identity and properties of the electrolyte play no role. In aqueous electrochemistry it is common to use reference electrodes that involve neutral species/ion equilibria at the electrochemical interface. The pH of the electrolyte is an important consideration in some cases, but not in others. These differences can be understood in terms of the Gibbs Phase Rule and the difference between zero-degree-of-freedom (ZDF) electrodes and those in which an additional intensive parameter, such as the electrolyte pH, must also be specified. The interrelationship between these two fundamentally different types can be readily seen using potential–pH plots, or Pourbaix diagrams.

  • The relation between the Gibbs Phase Rule and reference electrodes
    Ionics, 1998
    Co-Authors: Robert A. Huggins
    Abstract:

    Reference electrodes play an important role in the study of many aspects of electrochemical systems. Experimental work in the literature often involves the use of different reference systems, and it is sometimes difficult to translate between measurements made with one from those made using another.

R. Best - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

Wilfrido Rivera - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

Håkan Wennerström - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Microemulsions of Record Low Amphiphile Concentrations Are Affected by the Ambient Gravitational Field
    The journal of physical chemistry. B, 2016
    Co-Authors: Kazuhiro Ishikawa, Manja A. Behrens, Stefanie Eriksson, Daniel Topgaard, Ulf Olsson, Håkan Wennerström
    Abstract:

    It is shown that the ternary system heavy water–heptane–hexadecyl hexaethylene oxide (C16E6) has a stable bicontinuous microemulsion Phase down to an exceptionally low concentration at the balanced temperature of 26.8 °C. It is further demonstrated that the ambient gravitational field has an influence on the observed Phase equilibria for typical sample sizes (∼1 cm). Direct measurements using a nuclear magnetic resonance imaging technique demonstrate that sample compositions vary with the height in the vials. It is furthermore found that some samples show four Phases at equilibrium in apparent violation of Gibbs’ Phase Rule. It is pointed out that Gibbs’ Phase Rule strictly applies only when effects of gravity are negligible. A further consequence of the ambient gravitational field is that, for the system studied, the microemulsion one-Phase samples are not observed, when using standard size vials, that is, sample heights on the order of a centimeter. Quantitative determinations of concentration profiles ...

F.a. Holland - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.