The Experts below are selected from a list of 222 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Martin K. Patel - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Reducing Industrial Energy Use and CO_2 Emissions: The Role of Materials Science
MRS Bulletin, 2008Co-Authors: Dolf Gielen, John Newman, Martin K. PatelAbstract:Nearly one-third of the world’s energy consumption and 36% of its carbon dioxide (CO_2) emissions are attributable to manufacturing industries. However, the adoption of advanced technologies already in commercial use could provide technical energy savings in industry of 27–41 exajoules (EJ), along with a reduction in CO_2 emissions of 2.2–3.2 Gigatonnes (Gt) per year, about 7–12% of today’s global CO_2 emissions. Even more significant savings can be attained on the supply side if fuel switching and CO_2 capture and storage are considered. However, such changes must start in the coming decade to have a substantial impact by 2050.
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Reducing Industrial Energy Use and CO 2 Emissions: The Role of
2008Co-Authors: Dolf Gielen, Martin K. PatelAbstract:Nearly one-third of the world's energy consumption and 36% of its carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions are attributable to manufacturing industries. However, the adoption of advanced technologies already in commercial use could provide technical energy savings in industry of 27-41 exajoules (EJ), along with a reduction in CO2 emissions of 2.2-3.2 Gigatonnes (Gt) per year, about 7-12% of today's global CO2 emissions. Even more significant savings can be attained on the supply side if fuel switching and CO2 capture and storage are considered. However, such changes must start in the coming decade to have a substantial impact by 2050. Introduction Rising population and increasing wealth are fueling grow- ing global demand for products, services, buildings, and public infrastructure. The industrial sector, which manufactures these products and structures, has many opportunities to make them using less energy and emitting less carbon dioxide (CO2). This article discusses these opportunities, highlighting those in the materials industries and those depending on advances in mate- rials science, engineering, and management. Industry also has a role in developing, producing, using, and recycling improved materials (e.g., stronger, lighter weight, and better insulating) to manufacture products that consume less energy when used, but with some exceptions, these issues and the full lifecycle energy and emissions consequences thereof are beyond the scope of this article and are addressed elsewhere in this issue. In 2004, the total global primary energy supply was 469 exajoules (EJ). Industry, when apportioned the energy losses from the electricity and heat it uses, accounted for more than 147 EJ, or nearly one-third of this supply. Total final energy use (excluding electricity and heat losses) by industry amounted to 113 EJ (Table I). These totals exclude energy used for the trans- portation of raw materials and finished industrial products, which is not negligible. The mentioned quantities include oil feedstocks for the production of synthetic organic products. Most industrial energy consumption occurs in industries that produce raw materials: chemicals and petrochemicals, iron and steel, nonmetallic minerals, and nonferrous metals. Together, these four materials groups consumed 69.9 EJ of final
Cara Wilson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Phytoplankton productivity in the North Pacific ocean since 1900 and implications for absorption of anthropogenic CO_2
Nature, 1992Co-Authors: Paul G. Falkowski, Cara WilsonAbstract:THE world's carbon budget has not been in steady state since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution^1. At present, carbon dioxide released by anthropogenic activities adds about 7±1.2 Gigatonnes (Gt)Cyr^−1 to the atmosphere, of which about 2Gt Cyr^−1 is thought to be sequestered in the oceans^2. In the steady state, phytoplankton fix about 35–50 Gt C yr^−1, representing a significant component of the natural carbon cycle^1. If ocean productivity were changing, these biological processes could have a significant influence on anthropogenic CO_2 levels by drawing down the CO_2 concentration in surface waters and increasing the concentration gradient across the air–sea interface^1,3,4. The question of productivity changes is unresolved, however^2,5,6. Venrick et al .^7 reported that phytoplankton chlorophyll concentrations had roughly doubled in the central North Pacific gyre between 1965 and 1985. Here we use historical records of Secchi depth data to investigate whether such dramatic changes in phytoplankton biomass have occurred throughout the North Pacific ocean during this century. We find that, although very minor changes may have occurred in this basin over the past 70 years, they are too small to have a significant effect on the rise in atmospheric CO_2 concentrations.
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Phytoplankton productivity in the North Pacific ocean since 1900 and implications for absorption of anthropogenic CO2
Nature, 1992Co-Authors: Paul G. Falkowski, Cara WilsonAbstract:THE world's carbon budget has not been in steady state since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution1. At present, carbon dioxide released by anthropogenic activities adds about 7±1.2 Gigatonnes (Gt)Cyr−1 to the atmosphere, of which about 2Gt Cyr−1 is thought to be sequestered in the oceans2. In the steady state, phytoplankton fix about 35–50 Gt C yr−1, representing a significant component of the natural carbon cycle1. If ocean productivity were changing, these biological processes could have a significant influence on anthropogenic CO2 levels by drawing down the CO2 concentration in surface waters and increasing the concentration gradient across the air–sea interface1,3,4. The question of productivity changes is unresolved, however2,5,6. Venrick et al.7 reported that phytoplankton chlorophyll concentrations had roughly doubled in the central North Pacific gyre between 1965 and 1985. Here we use historical records of Secchi depth data to investigate whether such dramatic changes in phytoplankton biomass have occurred throughout the North Pacific ocean during this century. We find that, although very minor changes may have occurred in this basin over the past 70 years, they are too small to have a significant effect on the rise in atmospheric CO2 concentrations.
Dolf Gielen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Reducing Industrial Energy Use and CO_2 Emissions: The Role of Materials Science
MRS Bulletin, 2008Co-Authors: Dolf Gielen, John Newman, Martin K. PatelAbstract:Nearly one-third of the world’s energy consumption and 36% of its carbon dioxide (CO_2) emissions are attributable to manufacturing industries. However, the adoption of advanced technologies already in commercial use could provide technical energy savings in industry of 27–41 exajoules (EJ), along with a reduction in CO_2 emissions of 2.2–3.2 Gigatonnes (Gt) per year, about 7–12% of today’s global CO_2 emissions. Even more significant savings can be attained on the supply side if fuel switching and CO_2 capture and storage are considered. However, such changes must start in the coming decade to have a substantial impact by 2050.
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Reducing Industrial Energy Use and CO 2 Emissions: The Role of
2008Co-Authors: Dolf Gielen, Martin K. PatelAbstract:Nearly one-third of the world's energy consumption and 36% of its carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions are attributable to manufacturing industries. However, the adoption of advanced technologies already in commercial use could provide technical energy savings in industry of 27-41 exajoules (EJ), along with a reduction in CO2 emissions of 2.2-3.2 Gigatonnes (Gt) per year, about 7-12% of today's global CO2 emissions. Even more significant savings can be attained on the supply side if fuel switching and CO2 capture and storage are considered. However, such changes must start in the coming decade to have a substantial impact by 2050. Introduction Rising population and increasing wealth are fueling grow- ing global demand for products, services, buildings, and public infrastructure. The industrial sector, which manufactures these products and structures, has many opportunities to make them using less energy and emitting less carbon dioxide (CO2). This article discusses these opportunities, highlighting those in the materials industries and those depending on advances in mate- rials science, engineering, and management. Industry also has a role in developing, producing, using, and recycling improved materials (e.g., stronger, lighter weight, and better insulating) to manufacture products that consume less energy when used, but with some exceptions, these issues and the full lifecycle energy and emissions consequences thereof are beyond the scope of this article and are addressed elsewhere in this issue. In 2004, the total global primary energy supply was 469 exajoules (EJ). Industry, when apportioned the energy losses from the electricity and heat it uses, accounted for more than 147 EJ, or nearly one-third of this supply. Total final energy use (excluding electricity and heat losses) by industry amounted to 113 EJ (Table I). These totals exclude energy used for the trans- portation of raw materials and finished industrial products, which is not negligible. The mentioned quantities include oil feedstocks for the production of synthetic organic products. Most industrial energy consumption occurs in industries that produce raw materials: chemicals and petrochemicals, iron and steel, nonmetallic minerals, and nonferrous metals. Together, these four materials groups consumed 69.9 EJ of final
Paul G. Falkowski - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Phytoplankton productivity in the North Pacific ocean since 1900 and implications for absorption of anthropogenic CO_2
Nature, 1992Co-Authors: Paul G. Falkowski, Cara WilsonAbstract:THE world's carbon budget has not been in steady state since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution^1. At present, carbon dioxide released by anthropogenic activities adds about 7±1.2 Gigatonnes (Gt)Cyr^−1 to the atmosphere, of which about 2Gt Cyr^−1 is thought to be sequestered in the oceans^2. In the steady state, phytoplankton fix about 35–50 Gt C yr^−1, representing a significant component of the natural carbon cycle^1. If ocean productivity were changing, these biological processes could have a significant influence on anthropogenic CO_2 levels by drawing down the CO_2 concentration in surface waters and increasing the concentration gradient across the air–sea interface^1,3,4. The question of productivity changes is unresolved, however^2,5,6. Venrick et al .^7 reported that phytoplankton chlorophyll concentrations had roughly doubled in the central North Pacific gyre between 1965 and 1985. Here we use historical records of Secchi depth data to investigate whether such dramatic changes in phytoplankton biomass have occurred throughout the North Pacific ocean during this century. We find that, although very minor changes may have occurred in this basin over the past 70 years, they are too small to have a significant effect on the rise in atmospheric CO_2 concentrations.
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Phytoplankton productivity in the North Pacific ocean since 1900 and implications for absorption of anthropogenic CO2
Nature, 1992Co-Authors: Paul G. Falkowski, Cara WilsonAbstract:THE world's carbon budget has not been in steady state since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution1. At present, carbon dioxide released by anthropogenic activities adds about 7±1.2 Gigatonnes (Gt)Cyr−1 to the atmosphere, of which about 2Gt Cyr−1 is thought to be sequestered in the oceans2. In the steady state, phytoplankton fix about 35–50 Gt C yr−1, representing a significant component of the natural carbon cycle1. If ocean productivity were changing, these biological processes could have a significant influence on anthropogenic CO2 levels by drawing down the CO2 concentration in surface waters and increasing the concentration gradient across the air–sea interface1,3,4. The question of productivity changes is unresolved, however2,5,6. Venrick et al.7 reported that phytoplankton chlorophyll concentrations had roughly doubled in the central North Pacific gyre between 1965 and 1985. Here we use historical records of Secchi depth data to investigate whether such dramatic changes in phytoplankton biomass have occurred throughout the North Pacific ocean during this century. We find that, although very minor changes may have occurred in this basin over the past 70 years, they are too small to have a significant effect on the rise in atmospheric CO2 concentrations.
Mikhail Kanevskiy - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Ice-Rich Yedoma Permafrost: A Synthesis of Northern Hemisphere Distribution and Thickness (IPA Action Group)
2016Co-Authors: Jens Strauss, Alexander N. Fedorov, Daniel Fortier, Duane G. Froese, Matthias Fuchs, Guido Grosse, Frank Günther, Jennifer W. Harden, Gustaf Hugelius, Mikhail KanevskiyAbstract:Vast portions of Arctic and sub-Arctic Siberia, Alaska and the Yukon Territory are covered by ice-rich silty to sandy deposits that are containing large ice wedges, resulting from syngenetic sedimentation and freezing. Accompanied by wedge-ice growth in polygonal landscapes, the sedimentation process was driven by cold continental climatic and environmental conditions in unglaciated regions during the late Pleistocene, inducing the accumulation of the unique Yedoma deposits up to >50 meters thick. Because of fast incorporation of organic material into syngenetic permafrost during its formation, Yedoma deposits include well-preserved organic matter. Ice-rich deposits like Yedoma are especially prone to degradation triggered by climate changes or human activity. When Yedoma deposits degrade, large amounts of sequestered organic carbon as well as other nutrients are released and become part of active biogeochemical cycling. This could be of global significance for future climate warming as increased permafrost thaw is likely to lead to a positive feedback through enhanced greenhouse gas fluxes. Therefore, a detailed assessment of the current Yedoma deposit coverage and its volume is of importance to estimate its potential response to future climate changes. We synthesized the map of the coverage (see figure) and thickness estimation, which will provide critical data needed for further research. In particular, this preliminary Yedoma map is a great step forward to understand the spatial heterogeneity of Yedoma deposits and its regional coverage. There will be further applications in the context of reconstructing paleo-environmental dynamics and past ecosystems like the mammoth-steppe-tundra, or ground ice distribution including future thermokarst vulnerability. Moreover, the map will be a crucial improvement of the data basis needed to refine the present-day Yedoma permafrost organic carbon inventory, which is assumed to be between 83±12 (Strauss et al., 2013) and 129±30 (Walter Anthony et al., 2014) Gigatonnes (Gt) of organic carbon in perennially-frozen archives. Hence, here we synthesize data on the circum-Arctic and sub-Arctic distribution and thickness of Yedoma for compiling a preliminary circum-polar Yedoma map (see figure). For compiling this map, we used (1) maps of the previous Yedoma coverage estimates, (2) included the digitized areas from Grosse et al. (2013) as well as extracted areas of potential Yedoma distribution from additional surface geological and Quaternary geological maps (1.: 1:500,000: Q-51-V,G; P-51-A,B; P-52-A,B; Q-52-V,G; P-52-V,G; Q-51-A,B; R-51-V,G; R-52-V,G; R-52-A,B; 2.: 1:1,000,000: P-50-51; P-52-53; P-58-59; Q-42-43; Q-44-45; Q-50-51; Q-52-53; Q-54-55; Q-56-57; Q-58-59; Q-60; R-(40)-42; R-43-(45); R-(45)-47; R-48-(50); R-51; R-53-(55); R-(55)-57; R-58-(60); S-44-46; S-47-49; S-50-52; S-53-55; 3.: 1:2,500,000: Quaternary map of the territory of Russian Federation, 4.: Alaska Permafrost Map). The digitalization was done using GIS techniques (ArcGIS) and vectorization of raster Images (Adobe Photoshop and Illustrator). Data on Yedoma thickness are obtained from boreholes and exposures reported in the scientific literature. The map and database are still preliminary and will have to undergo a technical and scientific vetting and review process. In their current form, we included a range of attributes for Yedoma area polygons based on lithological and stratigraphical information from the original source maps as well as a confidence level for our classification of an area as Yedoma (3 stages: confirmed, likely, or uncertain). In its current version, our database includes more than 365 boreholes and exposures and more than 2000 digitized Yedoma areas. We expect that the database will continue to grow. In this preliminary stage, we estimate the Northern Hemisphere Yedoma deposit area to cover approximately 625,000 km². We estimate that 53% of the total Yedoma area today is located in the tundra zone, 47% in the taiga zone. Separated from west to east, 29% of the Yedoma area is found in North America and 71 % in North Asia. The latter include 9% in West Siberia, 11% in Central Siberia, 44% in East Siberia and 7% in Far East Russia. Adding the recent maximum Yedoma region (including all Yedoma uplands, thermokarst lakes and basins, and river valleys) of 1.4 million km² (see figure and Strauss et al. (2013)) and postulating that Yedoma occupied up to 80% of the adjacent formerly exposed and now flooded Beringia shelves (1.9 million km², down to 125 m below modern sea level, between 105°E – 128°W and >68°N), we assume that the Last Glacial Maximum Yedoma region likely covered more than 3 million km² of Beringia. Acknowledgements: This project is part of the Action Group “The Yedoma Region: A Synthesis of Circum-Arctic Distribution and Thickness” (funded by the International Permafrost Association (IPA) to J. Strauss) and is embedded into the Permafrost Carbon Network (working group Yedoma Carbon Stocks). We acknowledge the support by the European Research Council (Starting Grant #338335), the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Grant 01DM12011 and “CarboPerm” (03G0836A)), the Initiative and Networking Fund of the Helmholtz Association (#ERC-0013) and the German Federal Environment Agency (UBA, project UFOPLAN FKZ 3712 41 106). References Grosse, G., Robinson, J.E., Bryant, R., Taylor, M.D., Harper, W., DeMasi, A., Kyker-Snowman, E., Veremeeva, A., Schirrmeister, L. and Harden, J., 2013. Distribution of late Pleistocene ice-rich syngenetic permafrost of the Yedoma Suite in east and central Siberia, Russia. US Geological Survey Open File Report, 1078. U.S. Geological Survey Reston, Virginia, 37 pp. Strauss, J., Schirrmeister, L., Grosse, G., Wetterich, S., Ulrich, M., Herzschuh, U. and Hubberten, H.-W., 2013. The Deep Permafrost Carbon Pool of the Yedoma Region in Siberia and Alaska. Geophysical Research Letters, 40: 6165–6170, doi:10.1002/2013GL058088. Walter Anthony, K.M., Zimov, S.A., Grosse, G., Jones, M.C., Anthony, P.M., Chapin III, F.S., Finlay, J.C., Mack, M.C., Davydov, S., Frenzel, P. and Frolking, S., 2014. A shift of thermokarst lakes from carbon sources to sinks during the Holocene epoch. Nature, 511: 452–456, doi:10.1038/nature13560.
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Ice-Rich Yedoma Permafrost: A Synthesis of Circum-Arctic Distribution and Thickness
2015Co-Authors: Jens Strauss, Alexander N. Fedorov, Daniel Fortier, Duane G. Froese, Matthias Fuchs, Guido Grosse, Frank Günther, Jennifer W. Harden, Gustaf Hugelius, Mikhail KanevskiyAbstract:Vast portions of Arctic and sub-Arctic Siberia, Alaska and the Yukon Territory are covered by ice-rich silts that are penetrated by large ice wedges, resulting from syngenetic sedimentation and freezing. Accompanied by wedge-ice growth, the sedimentation process was driven by cold continental climatic and environmental conditions in unglaciated regions during the late Pleistocene, inducing the accumulation of the unique Yedoma permafrost deposits up to 50 meter thick. Because of fast incorporation of organic material into permafrost during formation, Yedoma deposits include low-decomposed organic matter. Moreover, ice-rich permafrost deposits like Yedoma are especially prone to degradation triggered by climate changes or human activity. When Yedoma deposits degrade, large amounts of sequestered organic carbon as well as other nutrients are released and become part of active biogeochemical cycling. This could be of global significance for the climate warming, as increased permafrost thaw is likely to cause a positive feedback loop. Therefore, a detailed assessment of the Yedoma deposit volume is of importance to estimate its potential future climate response. Moreover, as a step beyond the objectives of this synthesis study, our coverage (see figure for the Yedoma domain) and thickness estimation will provide critical data to refine the Yedoma permafrost organic carbon inventory, which is assumed to have freeze-locked between 83±12 and 129±30 Gigatonnes (Gt) of organic carbon. Hence, we here synthesize data on the circum-Arctic and sub-Arctic distribution and thickness of Yedoma permafrost (see figure for the Yedoma domain) in the framework of an Action Group funded by the International Permafrost Association (IPA). The quantification of the Yedoma coverage is conducted by the digitization of geomorphological and Quaternary geological maps. Further data on Yedoma thickness is contributed from boreholes and exposures reported in the scientific literature.