The Experts below are selected from a list of 68328 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
James E. Bowe - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Kisspeptin and Glucose Homeostasis.
Seminars in reproductive medicine, 2019Co-Authors: Chioma Izzi-engbeaya, Thomas G Hill, James E. BoweAbstract:Kisspeptin has well-established critical roles in the control of reproduction and fertility. Recently, evidence has emerged that suggests kisspeptin may have additional roles in the regulation of Glucose Homeostasis. Conflicting reports on the effects of kisspeptin on insulin secretion in animal models have been published, which cannot be fully accounted for by the different kisspeptin isoforms and range of kisspeptin doses used in these studies. Human studies have demonstrated associations between circulating kisspeptin levels and measures of insulin secretion and insulin resistance; and the only published interventional study has confirmed kisspeptin enhances Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in humans. Further studies are required to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the effects of kisspeptin on the pancreatic β-cell and to determine the therapeutic potential of kisspeptin receptor agonist in the treatment of disorders of Glucose Homeostasis.
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Kisspeptin and Glucose Homeostasis.
Seminars in Reproductive Medicine, 2019Co-Authors: Chioma Izzi-engbeaya, Thomas G Hill, James E. BoweAbstract:Kisspeptin has well-established critical roles in the control of reproduction and fertility. Recently, evidence has emerged that suggests kisspeptin may have additional roles in the regulation of Glucose Homeostasis. Conflicting reports on the effects of kisspeptin on insulin secretion in animal models have been published, which cannot be fully accounted for by the different kisspeptin isoforms and range of kisspeptin doses used in these studies. Human studies have demonstrated associations between circulating kisspeptin levels and measures of insulin secretion and insulin resistance; and the only published interventional study has confirmed kisspeptin enhances Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in humans. Further studies are required to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the effects of kisspeptin on the pancreatic beta-cell and to determine the therapeutic potential of kisspeptin receptor agonist in the treatment of disorders of Glucose Homeostasis.
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Metabolic phenotyping guidelines: assessing Glucose Homeostasis in rodent models.
The Journal of endocrinology, 2014Co-Authors: James E. Bowe, Zara J. Franklin, Astrid C Hauge-evans, Aileen King, Shanta J. Persaud, Peter M. JonesAbstract:The pathophysiology of diabetes as a disease is characterised by an inability to maintain normal Glucose Homeostasis. In type 1 diabetes, this is due to autoimmune destruction of the pancreatic β-cells and subsequent lack of insulin production, and in type 2 diabetes it is due to a combination of both insulin resistance and an inability of the β-cells to compensate adequately with increased insulin release. Animal models, in particular genetically modified mice, are increasingly being used to elucidate the mechanisms underlying both type 1 and type 2 diabetes, and as such the ability to study Glucose Homeostasis in vivo has become an essential tool. Several techniques exist for measuring different aspects of Glucose tolerance and each of these methods has distinct advantages and disadvantages. Thus the appropriate methodology may vary from study to study depending on the desired end-points, the animal model, and other practical considerations. This review outlines the most commonly used techniques for assessing Glucose tolerance in rodents and details the factors that should be taken into account in their use. Representative scenarios illustrating some of the practical considerations of designing in vivo experiments for the measurement of Glucose Homeostasis are also discussed.
Roberto Bizzotto - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Mathematical Modeling for the Physiological and Clinical Investigation of Glucose Homeostasis and Diabetes.
Frontiers in physiology, 2020Co-Authors: Andrea Mari, Andrea Tura, Eleonora Grespan, Roberto BizzottoAbstract:Mathematical modeling in the field of Glucose metabolism has a longstanding tradition. The use of models is motivated by several reasons. Models have been used for calculating parameters of physiological interest from experimental data indirectly, to provide an unambiguous quantitative representation of pathophysiological mechanisms, to determine indices of clinical usefulness from simple experimental tests. With the growing societal impact of type 2 diabetes, which involves the disturbance of the Glucose Homeostasis system, development and use of models in this area have increased. Following the approaches of physiological and clinical investigation, the focus of the models has spanned from representations of whole body processes to those of cells, i.e., from in vivo to in vitro research. Model-based approaches for linking in vivo to in vitro research have been proposed, as well as multiscale models merging the two areas. The success and impact of models has been variable. Two kinds of models have received remarkable interest: those widely used in clinical applications, e.g., for the assessment of insulin sensitivity and β-cell function and some models representing specific aspects of the Glucose Homeostasis system, which have become iconic for their efficacy in describing clearly and compactly key physiological processes, such as insulin secretion from the pancreatic β cells. Models are inevitably simplified and approximate representations of a physiological system. Key to their success is an appropriate balance between adherence to reality, comprehensibility, interpretative value and practical usefulness. This has been achieved with a variety of approaches. Although many models concerning the Glucose Homeostasis system have been proposed, research in this area still needs to address numerous issues and tackle new opportunities. The mathematical representation of the Glucose Homeostasis processes is only partial, also because some mechanisms are still only partially understood. For in vitro research, mathematical models still need to develop their potential. This review illustrates the problems, approaches and contribution of mathematical modeling to the physiological and clinical investigation of Glucose Homeostasis and diabetes, focusing on the most relevant and stimulating models.
Chioma Izzi-engbeaya - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Kisspeptin and Glucose Homeostasis.
Seminars in reproductive medicine, 2019Co-Authors: Chioma Izzi-engbeaya, Thomas G Hill, James E. BoweAbstract:Kisspeptin has well-established critical roles in the control of reproduction and fertility. Recently, evidence has emerged that suggests kisspeptin may have additional roles in the regulation of Glucose Homeostasis. Conflicting reports on the effects of kisspeptin on insulin secretion in animal models have been published, which cannot be fully accounted for by the different kisspeptin isoforms and range of kisspeptin doses used in these studies. Human studies have demonstrated associations between circulating kisspeptin levels and measures of insulin secretion and insulin resistance; and the only published interventional study has confirmed kisspeptin enhances Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in humans. Further studies are required to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the effects of kisspeptin on the pancreatic β-cell and to determine the therapeutic potential of kisspeptin receptor agonist in the treatment of disorders of Glucose Homeostasis.
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Kisspeptin and Glucose Homeostasis.
Seminars in Reproductive Medicine, 2019Co-Authors: Chioma Izzi-engbeaya, Thomas G Hill, James E. BoweAbstract:Kisspeptin has well-established critical roles in the control of reproduction and fertility. Recently, evidence has emerged that suggests kisspeptin may have additional roles in the regulation of Glucose Homeostasis. Conflicting reports on the effects of kisspeptin on insulin secretion in animal models have been published, which cannot be fully accounted for by the different kisspeptin isoforms and range of kisspeptin doses used in these studies. Human studies have demonstrated associations between circulating kisspeptin levels and measures of insulin secretion and insulin resistance; and the only published interventional study has confirmed kisspeptin enhances Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in humans. Further studies are required to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the effects of kisspeptin on the pancreatic beta-cell and to determine the therapeutic potential of kisspeptin receptor agonist in the treatment of disorders of Glucose Homeostasis.
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Hypothalamic arcuate nucleus glucokinase regulates insulin secretion and Glucose Homeostasis.
Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism, 2018Co-Authors: Yue Ma, Risheka Ratnasabapathy, Chioma Izzi-engbeaya, Marie-sophie Nguyen-tu, Errol Richardson, Sufyan Hussain, Ivan De Backer, Christopher Holton, Mariana Norton, Gaelle CarratAbstract:AIMS: To investigate the role of arcuate glucokinase (GK) in the regulation of Glucose Homeostasis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A recombinant adeno-associated virus expressing either GK or an antisense GK construct was used to alter GK activity specifically in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (arc). GK activity in this nucleus was also increased by stereotactic injection of the GK activator, compound A. The effect of altered arc GK activity on Glucose Homeostasis was subsequently investigated using Glucose and insulin tolerance tests. RESULTS: Increased GK activity specifically within the arc increased insulin secretion and improved Glucose tolerance in rats during oral Glucose tolerance tests. Decreased GK activity in this nucleus reduced insulin secretion and increased Glucose levels during the same tests. Insulin sensitivity was not affected in either case. The effect of arc GK was maintained in a model of type 2 diabetes. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate a role for arc GK in systemic Glucose Homeostasis.
Stefan Weger - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Liver-secreted RBP4 does not impair Glucose Homeostasis in mice.
The Journal of biological chemistry, 2018Co-Authors: Ronja Fedders, Matthias Muenzner, Pamela Weber, Manuela Sommerfeld, Miriam Knauer, Sarah M. Kedziora, Naomi Kast, Steffi Heidenreich, Jens Raila, Stefan WegerAbstract:Retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4) is the major transport protein for retinol in blood. Recent evidence from genetic mouse models shows that circulating RBP4 derives exclusively from hepatocytes. Because RBP4 is elevated in obesity and associates with the development of Glucose intolerance and insulin resistance, we tested whether a liver-specific overexpression of RBP4 in mice impairs Glucose Homeostasis. We used adeno-associated viruses (AAV) that contain a highly liver-specific promoter to drive expression of murine RBP4 in livers of adult mice. The resulting increase in serum RBP4 levels in these mice was comparable with elevated levels that were reported in obesity. Surprisingly, we found that increasing circulating RBP4 had no effect on Glucose Homeostasis. Also during a high-fat diet challenge, elevated levels of RBP4 in the circulation failed to aggravate the worsening of systemic parameters of Glucose and energy Homeostasis. These findings show that liver-secreted RBP4 does not impair Glucose Homeostasis. We conclude that a modest increase of its circulating levels in mice, as observed in the obese, insulin-resistant state, is unlikely to be a causative factor for impaired Glucose Homeostasis.
Andrea Mari - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Mathematical Modeling for the Physiological and Clinical Investigation of Glucose Homeostasis and Diabetes.
Frontiers in physiology, 2020Co-Authors: Andrea Mari, Andrea Tura, Eleonora Grespan, Roberto BizzottoAbstract:Mathematical modeling in the field of Glucose metabolism has a longstanding tradition. The use of models is motivated by several reasons. Models have been used for calculating parameters of physiological interest from experimental data indirectly, to provide an unambiguous quantitative representation of pathophysiological mechanisms, to determine indices of clinical usefulness from simple experimental tests. With the growing societal impact of type 2 diabetes, which involves the disturbance of the Glucose Homeostasis system, development and use of models in this area have increased. Following the approaches of physiological and clinical investigation, the focus of the models has spanned from representations of whole body processes to those of cells, i.e., from in vivo to in vitro research. Model-based approaches for linking in vivo to in vitro research have been proposed, as well as multiscale models merging the two areas. The success and impact of models has been variable. Two kinds of models have received remarkable interest: those widely used in clinical applications, e.g., for the assessment of insulin sensitivity and β-cell function and some models representing specific aspects of the Glucose Homeostasis system, which have become iconic for their efficacy in describing clearly and compactly key physiological processes, such as insulin secretion from the pancreatic β cells. Models are inevitably simplified and approximate representations of a physiological system. Key to their success is an appropriate balance between adherence to reality, comprehensibility, interpretative value and practical usefulness. This has been achieved with a variety of approaches. Although many models concerning the Glucose Homeostasis system have been proposed, research in this area still needs to address numerous issues and tackle new opportunities. The mathematical representation of the Glucose Homeostasis processes is only partial, also because some mechanisms are still only partially understood. For in vitro research, mathematical models still need to develop their potential. This review illustrates the problems, approaches and contribution of mathematical modeling to the physiological and clinical investigation of Glucose Homeostasis and diabetes, focusing on the most relevant and stimulating models.