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Gillian E. Smith - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Google Search patterns monitoring the daily health impact of heatwaves in england how do the findings compare to established syndromic surveillance systems from 2013 to 2017
    Environmental Research, 2018
    Co-Authors: H. K. Green, Obaghe Edeghere, Alex J. Elliot, Ingemar J. Cox, Rachel A. Mckendry, Roger Morbey, Richard Pebody, Angie Bone, Gillian E. Smith
    Abstract:

    One of the implications of climate change is a predicted increase in frequent and severe heatwaves. The impact of heatwaves on the health of the population is captured through real-time syndromic healthcare surveillance systems monitored daily in England during the summer months. Internet Search data could potentially provide improved timeliness and help to assess the wider population health impact of heat by capturing a population sub-group who are symptomatic but do not seek healthcare. A retrospective observational study was carried out from June 2013 to September 2017 in England to compare daily trends in validated syndromic surveillance heat-related morbidity indicators against symptom-based heatwave related Google Search terms. The degree of correlation was determined with Spearman correlation coefficients and lag assessment was carried out to determine timeliness. Daily increases in frequency in Google Search terms during heatwave events correlated well with validated syndromic indicators. Correlation coefficients between Search term frequency and syndromic indicators from 2013 to 2017 were highest with the telehealth service NHS 111 (range of 0.684-0.900 by Search term). Lag analysis revealed a similar timeliness between the data sources, suggesting Google data did not provide a delayed or earlier signal in the context of England's syndromic surveillance systems. This work highlights the potential benefits for countries which lack established public health surveillance systems to monitor heat-related morbidity and the use of internet Search data to assess the wider population health impact of exposure to heat.

  • What value can Google Search data add to existing syndromic surveillance systems
    Online Journal of Public Health Informatics, 2018
    Co-Authors: H. K. Green, Obaghe Edeghere, Alex J. Elliot, Ingemar J. Cox, Rachel A. Mckendry, Gillian E. Smith
    Abstract:

    Objective To carry out an observational study to explore what added value Google Search data can provide to existing routine syndromic surveillance systems in England for a range of conditions of public health importance and summarise lessons learned for other countries. Introduction Globally, there have been various studies assessing trends in Google Search terms in the context of public health surveillance 1 . However, there has been a predominant focus on individual health outcomes such as influenza, with limited evidence on the added value and practical impact on public health action for a range of diseases and conditions routinely monitored by existing surveillance programmes. A proposed advantage is improved timeliness relative to established surveillance systems. However, these studies did not compare performance against other syndromic data sources, which are often monitored daily and already offer early warning over traditional surveillance methods. Google Search data could also potentially contribute to assessing the wider population health impact of public health events by supporting estimation of the proportion of the population who are symptomatic but may not present to healthcare services. Methods We sought to determine the added public health utility of Google Search data alongside established syndromic surveillance systems in England 2 for a range of conditions of public health importance, including allergic rhinitis, scarlet fever, bronchitis, pertussis, measles, rotavirus and the health impact of heatwaves. Google Search term selection was based on diagnostic and clinical codes underlying the syndromic indicators, with Google Trends 3 used to identify additional related internet Search terms. Daily data was extracted from syndromic surveillance systems 2 and from the Google Health Trends Application Programming Interface (API) from 2012 to 2017 and a retrospective daily analysis undertaken during pre-identified public health events to identify a) whether signals were detected during these events and b) assess the correlation with analogous syndromic surveillance indicators through calculation of Spearman correlation coefficients and lag assessment to determine timeliness. Results We detected increases in Google Search term frequency during public health events of interest. Good correlation was seen with comparable syndromic surveillance indicators on a daily timescale for several health outcomes, including the Search terms hayfever , scarlet fever , bronchiolitis and heatstroke . Weaker correlation was seen for conditions which occur in small numbers and are vaccine preventable such as measles and pertussis . Lag analysis showed similar timeliness between daily syndromic and Google data, suggesting that, overall, Google data did not provide an earlier or delayed signal compared to syndromic surveillance indicators in England. Conclusions To the best of our knowledge this is the first time trends in Google Search data have been compared against syndromic data for a range of public health conditions in England. These findings demonstrate the potential utility of internet Search query data in conjunction with existing systems in England, with syndromic surveillance data found to be as timely as Google data. These findings also have important implications for countries where there are no such healthcare-based syndromic surveillance systems in place. Factors to consider with analyses of Google Search trend data in the context of disease surveillance have been highlighted, including the choice of Search terms and interpretation of the reasons behind Searching the internet. References 1 Nuti SV, Wayda B, Ranasinghe I, Wang S, Dreyer RP, Chen SI, Murugiah K. The use of Google trends in health care reSearch: a systematic review. PLoS One. 2014 Oct 22;9(10):e109583. 2 Public Health England. Syndromic surveillance: systems and analyses. 2017. Available online: https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/syndromic-surveillance-systems-and-analyses 3 Google. 2017. Google Trends. Available online: https://trends.Google.com/trends/

Sankar - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Search Engine Search Engine Search Engine Optimization with Google Search Console
    2018
    Co-Authors: Parthiban Thanigachalam, Sankar
    Abstract:

    This paper is based on how Google Search engine optimization effectively works. And the visibility and quality content of the Search engine index page. The keyword feature targeted in this paper is to follow Google quality guidelines and the crawl stats check the webpage. The aim of web page site maps is to submits check the performance of the Google Search console. Google Search console is a collection of resources and tool to help website owners, webmasters, and SEO (Search engine optimization) professionals monitor the   performance in the website in the Google Search index. Instead of creating a web page using keywords we can also create a web page using Google quality guidelines.

  • Search Engine Search Engine Search Engine Optimization with Google Search Console: Google Quality Guide Line
    2018
    Co-Authors: Parthiban Thanigachalam, Sankar
    Abstract:

    This paper is based on how Google Search engine optimization effectively works. And the visibility and quality content of the Search engine index page. The keyword feature targeted in this paper is to follow Google quality guidelines and the crawl stats check the webpage. The aim of web page site maps is to submits check the performance of the Google Search console. Google Search console is a collection of resources and tool to help website owners, webmasters, and SEO (Search engine optimization) professionals monitor the   performance in the website in the Google Search index. Instead of creating a web page using keywords we can also create a web page using Google quality guidelines.

Jacky Leung - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

H. K. Green - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Google Search patterns monitoring the daily health impact of heatwaves in england how do the findings compare to established syndromic surveillance systems from 2013 to 2017
    Environmental Research, 2018
    Co-Authors: H. K. Green, Obaghe Edeghere, Alex J. Elliot, Ingemar J. Cox, Rachel A. Mckendry, Roger Morbey, Richard Pebody, Angie Bone, Gillian E. Smith
    Abstract:

    One of the implications of climate change is a predicted increase in frequent and severe heatwaves. The impact of heatwaves on the health of the population is captured through real-time syndromic healthcare surveillance systems monitored daily in England during the summer months. Internet Search data could potentially provide improved timeliness and help to assess the wider population health impact of heat by capturing a population sub-group who are symptomatic but do not seek healthcare. A retrospective observational study was carried out from June 2013 to September 2017 in England to compare daily trends in validated syndromic surveillance heat-related morbidity indicators against symptom-based heatwave related Google Search terms. The degree of correlation was determined with Spearman correlation coefficients and lag assessment was carried out to determine timeliness. Daily increases in frequency in Google Search terms during heatwave events correlated well with validated syndromic indicators. Correlation coefficients between Search term frequency and syndromic indicators from 2013 to 2017 were highest with the telehealth service NHS 111 (range of 0.684-0.900 by Search term). Lag analysis revealed a similar timeliness between the data sources, suggesting Google data did not provide a delayed or earlier signal in the context of England's syndromic surveillance systems. This work highlights the potential benefits for countries which lack established public health surveillance systems to monitor heat-related morbidity and the use of internet Search data to assess the wider population health impact of exposure to heat.

  • What value can Google Search data add to existing syndromic surveillance systems
    Online Journal of Public Health Informatics, 2018
    Co-Authors: H. K. Green, Obaghe Edeghere, Alex J. Elliot, Ingemar J. Cox, Rachel A. Mckendry, Gillian E. Smith
    Abstract:

    Objective To carry out an observational study to explore what added value Google Search data can provide to existing routine syndromic surveillance systems in England for a range of conditions of public health importance and summarise lessons learned for other countries. Introduction Globally, there have been various studies assessing trends in Google Search terms in the context of public health surveillance 1 . However, there has been a predominant focus on individual health outcomes such as influenza, with limited evidence on the added value and practical impact on public health action for a range of diseases and conditions routinely monitored by existing surveillance programmes. A proposed advantage is improved timeliness relative to established surveillance systems. However, these studies did not compare performance against other syndromic data sources, which are often monitored daily and already offer early warning over traditional surveillance methods. Google Search data could also potentially contribute to assessing the wider population health impact of public health events by supporting estimation of the proportion of the population who are symptomatic but may not present to healthcare services. Methods We sought to determine the added public health utility of Google Search data alongside established syndromic surveillance systems in England 2 for a range of conditions of public health importance, including allergic rhinitis, scarlet fever, bronchitis, pertussis, measles, rotavirus and the health impact of heatwaves. Google Search term selection was based on diagnostic and clinical codes underlying the syndromic indicators, with Google Trends 3 used to identify additional related internet Search terms. Daily data was extracted from syndromic surveillance systems 2 and from the Google Health Trends Application Programming Interface (API) from 2012 to 2017 and a retrospective daily analysis undertaken during pre-identified public health events to identify a) whether signals were detected during these events and b) assess the correlation with analogous syndromic surveillance indicators through calculation of Spearman correlation coefficients and lag assessment to determine timeliness. Results We detected increases in Google Search term frequency during public health events of interest. Good correlation was seen with comparable syndromic surveillance indicators on a daily timescale for several health outcomes, including the Search terms hayfever , scarlet fever , bronchiolitis and heatstroke . Weaker correlation was seen for conditions which occur in small numbers and are vaccine preventable such as measles and pertussis . Lag analysis showed similar timeliness between daily syndromic and Google data, suggesting that, overall, Google data did not provide an earlier or delayed signal compared to syndromic surveillance indicators in England. Conclusions To the best of our knowledge this is the first time trends in Google Search data have been compared against syndromic data for a range of public health conditions in England. These findings demonstrate the potential utility of internet Search query data in conjunction with existing systems in England, with syndromic surveillance data found to be as timely as Google data. These findings also have important implications for countries where there are no such healthcare-based syndromic surveillance systems in place. Factors to consider with analyses of Google Search trend data in the context of disease surveillance have been highlighted, including the choice of Search terms and interpretation of the reasons behind Searching the internet. References 1 Nuti SV, Wayda B, Ranasinghe I, Wang S, Dreyer RP, Chen SI, Murugiah K. The use of Google trends in health care reSearch: a systematic review. PLoS One. 2014 Oct 22;9(10):e109583. 2 Public Health England. Syndromic surveillance: systems and analyses. 2017. Available online: https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/syndromic-surveillance-systems-and-analyses 3 Google. 2017. Google Trends. Available online: https://trends.Google.com/trends/

Parthiban Thanigachalam - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Search Engine Search Engine Search Engine Optimization with Google Search Console
    2018
    Co-Authors: Parthiban Thanigachalam, Sankar
    Abstract:

    This paper is based on how Google Search engine optimization effectively works. And the visibility and quality content of the Search engine index page. The keyword feature targeted in this paper is to follow Google quality guidelines and the crawl stats check the webpage. The aim of web page site maps is to submits check the performance of the Google Search console. Google Search console is a collection of resources and tool to help website owners, webmasters, and SEO (Search engine optimization) professionals monitor the   performance in the website in the Google Search index. Instead of creating a web page using keywords we can also create a web page using Google quality guidelines.

  • Search Engine Search Engine Search Engine Optimization with Google Search Console: Google Quality Guide Line
    2018
    Co-Authors: Parthiban Thanigachalam, Sankar
    Abstract:

    This paper is based on how Google Search engine optimization effectively works. And the visibility and quality content of the Search engine index page. The keyword feature targeted in this paper is to follow Google quality guidelines and the crawl stats check the webpage. The aim of web page site maps is to submits check the performance of the Google Search console. Google Search console is a collection of resources and tool to help website owners, webmasters, and SEO (Search engine optimization) professionals monitor the   performance in the website in the Google Search index. Instead of creating a web page using keywords we can also create a web page using Google quality guidelines.

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