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Steven J Hoffman - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Government Policy interventions to reduce human antimicrobial use a systematic review and evidence map
    PLOS Medicine, 2019
    Co-Authors: Susan Rogers Van Katwyk, Jeremy M Grimshaw, Miriam Nkangu, Ranjana Nagi, Marc Mendelson, Monica Taljaard, Steven J Hoffman
    Abstract:

    Background Growing political attention to antimicrobial resistance (AMR) offers a rare opportunity for achieving meaningful action. Many Governments have developed national AMR action plans, but most have not yet implemented Policy interventions to reduce antimicrobial overuse. A systematic evidence map can support Governments in making evidence-informed decisions about implementing programs to reduce AMR, by identifying, describing, and assessing the full range of evaluated Government Policy options to reduce antimicrobial use in humans. Methods and findings Seven databases were searched from inception to January 28, 2019, (MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, PAIS Index, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Web of Science, and PubMed). We identified studies that (1) clearly described a Government Policy intervention aimed at reducing human antimicrobial use, and (2) applied a quantitative design to measure the impact. We found 69 unique evaluations of Government Policy interventions carried out across 4 of the 6 WHO regions. These evaluations included randomized controlled trials (n = 4), non-randomized controlled trials (n = 3), controlled before-and-after designs (n = 7), interrupted time series designs (n = 25), uncontrolled before-and-after designs (n = 18), descriptive designs (n = 10), and cohort designs (n = 2). From these we identified 17 unique Policy options for Governments to reduce the human use of antimicrobials. Many studies evaluated public awareness campaigns (n = 17) and antimicrobial guidelines (n = 13); however, others offered different Policy options such as professional regulation, restricted reimbursement, pay for performance, and prescription requirements. Identifying these policies can inform the development of future policies and evaluations in different contexts and health systems. Limitations of our study include the possible omission of unpublished initiatives, and that policies not evaluated with respect to antimicrobial use have not been captured in this review. Conclusions To our knowledge this is the first study to provide Policy makers with synthesized evidence on specific Government Policy interventions addressing AMR. In the future, Governments should ensure that AMR Policy interventions are evaluated using rigorous study designs and that study results are published. Protocol registration PROSPERO CRD42017067514.

  • Government Policy interventions to reduce human antimicrobial use protocol for a systematic review and meta analysis
    Systematic Reviews, 2017
    Co-Authors: Susan Rogers Van Katwyk, Jeremy M Grimshaw, Marc Mendelson, Monica Taljaard, Steven J Hoffman
    Abstract:

    Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a recognized threat to global public health. Increasing AMR and a dry pipeline of novel antimicrobial drugs have put AMR in the international spotlight. One strategy to combat AMR is to reduce antimicrobial drug consumption. Governments around the world have been experimenting with different Policy interventions, such as regulating where antimicrobials can be sold, restricting the use of last-resort antimicrobials, funding AMR stewardship programs, and launching public awareness campaigns. To inform future action, Governments should have access to synthesized data on the effectiveness of large-scale AMR interventions. This planned systematic review will (1) identify and describe previously evaluated Government Policy interventions to reduce human antimicrobial use and (2) estimate the effectiveness of these different strategies. An electronic search strategy has been developed in consultation with two research librarians. Seven databases (MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, CENTRAL, PAIS Index, Web of Science, and PubMed excluding MEDLINE) will be searched, and additional studies will be identified using several gray literature search strategies. To be included, a study must (1) clearly describe the Government Policy and (2) use a rigorous design to quantitatively measure the impact of the Policy on human antibiotic use. The intervention of interest is any Policy intervention enacted by a Government or Government agency in any country to change human antimicrobial use. Two independent reviewers will screen for eligibility using criteria defined a priori. Data will be extracted with Covidence software using a customized extraction form. If sufficient data exists, a meta-analysis by intervention type will be conducted as part of the effectiveness review. However, if there are too few studies or if the interventions are too heterogeneous, data will be tabulated and a narrative synthesis strategy will be used. This evidence synthesis is intended for use by Policymakers, public health practitioners, and researchers to inform future Government policies aiming to address antimicrobial resistance. This review will also identify gaps in the evidence about the effectiveness of different Policy interventions to inform future research priorities. PROSPERO CRD42017067514 .

Susan Rogers Van Katwyk - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Government Policy interventions to reduce human antimicrobial use a systematic review and evidence map
    PLOS Medicine, 2019
    Co-Authors: Susan Rogers Van Katwyk, Jeremy M Grimshaw, Miriam Nkangu, Ranjana Nagi, Marc Mendelson, Monica Taljaard, Steven J Hoffman
    Abstract:

    Background Growing political attention to antimicrobial resistance (AMR) offers a rare opportunity for achieving meaningful action. Many Governments have developed national AMR action plans, but most have not yet implemented Policy interventions to reduce antimicrobial overuse. A systematic evidence map can support Governments in making evidence-informed decisions about implementing programs to reduce AMR, by identifying, describing, and assessing the full range of evaluated Government Policy options to reduce antimicrobial use in humans. Methods and findings Seven databases were searched from inception to January 28, 2019, (MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, PAIS Index, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Web of Science, and PubMed). We identified studies that (1) clearly described a Government Policy intervention aimed at reducing human antimicrobial use, and (2) applied a quantitative design to measure the impact. We found 69 unique evaluations of Government Policy interventions carried out across 4 of the 6 WHO regions. These evaluations included randomized controlled trials (n = 4), non-randomized controlled trials (n = 3), controlled before-and-after designs (n = 7), interrupted time series designs (n = 25), uncontrolled before-and-after designs (n = 18), descriptive designs (n = 10), and cohort designs (n = 2). From these we identified 17 unique Policy options for Governments to reduce the human use of antimicrobials. Many studies evaluated public awareness campaigns (n = 17) and antimicrobial guidelines (n = 13); however, others offered different Policy options such as professional regulation, restricted reimbursement, pay for performance, and prescription requirements. Identifying these policies can inform the development of future policies and evaluations in different contexts and health systems. Limitations of our study include the possible omission of unpublished initiatives, and that policies not evaluated with respect to antimicrobial use have not been captured in this review. Conclusions To our knowledge this is the first study to provide Policy makers with synthesized evidence on specific Government Policy interventions addressing AMR. In the future, Governments should ensure that AMR Policy interventions are evaluated using rigorous study designs and that study results are published. Protocol registration PROSPERO CRD42017067514.

  • Government Policy interventions to reduce human antimicrobial use protocol for a systematic review and meta analysis
    Systematic Reviews, 2017
    Co-Authors: Susan Rogers Van Katwyk, Jeremy M Grimshaw, Marc Mendelson, Monica Taljaard, Steven J Hoffman
    Abstract:

    Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a recognized threat to global public health. Increasing AMR and a dry pipeline of novel antimicrobial drugs have put AMR in the international spotlight. One strategy to combat AMR is to reduce antimicrobial drug consumption. Governments around the world have been experimenting with different Policy interventions, such as regulating where antimicrobials can be sold, restricting the use of last-resort antimicrobials, funding AMR stewardship programs, and launching public awareness campaigns. To inform future action, Governments should have access to synthesized data on the effectiveness of large-scale AMR interventions. This planned systematic review will (1) identify and describe previously evaluated Government Policy interventions to reduce human antimicrobial use and (2) estimate the effectiveness of these different strategies. An electronic search strategy has been developed in consultation with two research librarians. Seven databases (MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, CENTRAL, PAIS Index, Web of Science, and PubMed excluding MEDLINE) will be searched, and additional studies will be identified using several gray literature search strategies. To be included, a study must (1) clearly describe the Government Policy and (2) use a rigorous design to quantitatively measure the impact of the Policy on human antibiotic use. The intervention of interest is any Policy intervention enacted by a Government or Government agency in any country to change human antimicrobial use. Two independent reviewers will screen for eligibility using criteria defined a priori. Data will be extracted with Covidence software using a customized extraction form. If sufficient data exists, a meta-analysis by intervention type will be conducted as part of the effectiveness review. However, if there are too few studies or if the interventions are too heterogeneous, data will be tabulated and a narrative synthesis strategy will be used. This evidence synthesis is intended for use by Policymakers, public health practitioners, and researchers to inform future Government policies aiming to address antimicrobial resistance. This review will also identify gaps in the evidence about the effectiveness of different Policy interventions to inform future research priorities. PROSPERO CRD42017067514 .

Jeremy M Grimshaw - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Government Policy interventions to reduce human antimicrobial use a systematic review and evidence map
    PLOS Medicine, 2019
    Co-Authors: Susan Rogers Van Katwyk, Jeremy M Grimshaw, Miriam Nkangu, Ranjana Nagi, Marc Mendelson, Monica Taljaard, Steven J Hoffman
    Abstract:

    Background Growing political attention to antimicrobial resistance (AMR) offers a rare opportunity for achieving meaningful action. Many Governments have developed national AMR action plans, but most have not yet implemented Policy interventions to reduce antimicrobial overuse. A systematic evidence map can support Governments in making evidence-informed decisions about implementing programs to reduce AMR, by identifying, describing, and assessing the full range of evaluated Government Policy options to reduce antimicrobial use in humans. Methods and findings Seven databases were searched from inception to January 28, 2019, (MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, PAIS Index, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Web of Science, and PubMed). We identified studies that (1) clearly described a Government Policy intervention aimed at reducing human antimicrobial use, and (2) applied a quantitative design to measure the impact. We found 69 unique evaluations of Government Policy interventions carried out across 4 of the 6 WHO regions. These evaluations included randomized controlled trials (n = 4), non-randomized controlled trials (n = 3), controlled before-and-after designs (n = 7), interrupted time series designs (n = 25), uncontrolled before-and-after designs (n = 18), descriptive designs (n = 10), and cohort designs (n = 2). From these we identified 17 unique Policy options for Governments to reduce the human use of antimicrobials. Many studies evaluated public awareness campaigns (n = 17) and antimicrobial guidelines (n = 13); however, others offered different Policy options such as professional regulation, restricted reimbursement, pay for performance, and prescription requirements. Identifying these policies can inform the development of future policies and evaluations in different contexts and health systems. Limitations of our study include the possible omission of unpublished initiatives, and that policies not evaluated with respect to antimicrobial use have not been captured in this review. Conclusions To our knowledge this is the first study to provide Policy makers with synthesized evidence on specific Government Policy interventions addressing AMR. In the future, Governments should ensure that AMR Policy interventions are evaluated using rigorous study designs and that study results are published. Protocol registration PROSPERO CRD42017067514.

  • Government Policy interventions to reduce human antimicrobial use protocol for a systematic review and meta analysis
    Systematic Reviews, 2017
    Co-Authors: Susan Rogers Van Katwyk, Jeremy M Grimshaw, Marc Mendelson, Monica Taljaard, Steven J Hoffman
    Abstract:

    Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a recognized threat to global public health. Increasing AMR and a dry pipeline of novel antimicrobial drugs have put AMR in the international spotlight. One strategy to combat AMR is to reduce antimicrobial drug consumption. Governments around the world have been experimenting with different Policy interventions, such as regulating where antimicrobials can be sold, restricting the use of last-resort antimicrobials, funding AMR stewardship programs, and launching public awareness campaigns. To inform future action, Governments should have access to synthesized data on the effectiveness of large-scale AMR interventions. This planned systematic review will (1) identify and describe previously evaluated Government Policy interventions to reduce human antimicrobial use and (2) estimate the effectiveness of these different strategies. An electronic search strategy has been developed in consultation with two research librarians. Seven databases (MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, CENTRAL, PAIS Index, Web of Science, and PubMed excluding MEDLINE) will be searched, and additional studies will be identified using several gray literature search strategies. To be included, a study must (1) clearly describe the Government Policy and (2) use a rigorous design to quantitatively measure the impact of the Policy on human antibiotic use. The intervention of interest is any Policy intervention enacted by a Government or Government agency in any country to change human antimicrobial use. Two independent reviewers will screen for eligibility using criteria defined a priori. Data will be extracted with Covidence software using a customized extraction form. If sufficient data exists, a meta-analysis by intervention type will be conducted as part of the effectiveness review. However, if there are too few studies or if the interventions are too heterogeneous, data will be tabulated and a narrative synthesis strategy will be used. This evidence synthesis is intended for use by Policymakers, public health practitioners, and researchers to inform future Government policies aiming to address antimicrobial resistance. This review will also identify gaps in the evidence about the effectiveness of different Policy interventions to inform future research priorities. PROSPERO CRD42017067514 .

Monica Taljaard - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Government Policy interventions to reduce human antimicrobial use a systematic review and evidence map
    PLOS Medicine, 2019
    Co-Authors: Susan Rogers Van Katwyk, Jeremy M Grimshaw, Miriam Nkangu, Ranjana Nagi, Marc Mendelson, Monica Taljaard, Steven J Hoffman
    Abstract:

    Background Growing political attention to antimicrobial resistance (AMR) offers a rare opportunity for achieving meaningful action. Many Governments have developed national AMR action plans, but most have not yet implemented Policy interventions to reduce antimicrobial overuse. A systematic evidence map can support Governments in making evidence-informed decisions about implementing programs to reduce AMR, by identifying, describing, and assessing the full range of evaluated Government Policy options to reduce antimicrobial use in humans. Methods and findings Seven databases were searched from inception to January 28, 2019, (MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, PAIS Index, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Web of Science, and PubMed). We identified studies that (1) clearly described a Government Policy intervention aimed at reducing human antimicrobial use, and (2) applied a quantitative design to measure the impact. We found 69 unique evaluations of Government Policy interventions carried out across 4 of the 6 WHO regions. These evaluations included randomized controlled trials (n = 4), non-randomized controlled trials (n = 3), controlled before-and-after designs (n = 7), interrupted time series designs (n = 25), uncontrolled before-and-after designs (n = 18), descriptive designs (n = 10), and cohort designs (n = 2). From these we identified 17 unique Policy options for Governments to reduce the human use of antimicrobials. Many studies evaluated public awareness campaigns (n = 17) and antimicrobial guidelines (n = 13); however, others offered different Policy options such as professional regulation, restricted reimbursement, pay for performance, and prescription requirements. Identifying these policies can inform the development of future policies and evaluations in different contexts and health systems. Limitations of our study include the possible omission of unpublished initiatives, and that policies not evaluated with respect to antimicrobial use have not been captured in this review. Conclusions To our knowledge this is the first study to provide Policy makers with synthesized evidence on specific Government Policy interventions addressing AMR. In the future, Governments should ensure that AMR Policy interventions are evaluated using rigorous study designs and that study results are published. Protocol registration PROSPERO CRD42017067514.

  • Government Policy interventions to reduce human antimicrobial use protocol for a systematic review and meta analysis
    Systematic Reviews, 2017
    Co-Authors: Susan Rogers Van Katwyk, Jeremy M Grimshaw, Marc Mendelson, Monica Taljaard, Steven J Hoffman
    Abstract:

    Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a recognized threat to global public health. Increasing AMR and a dry pipeline of novel antimicrobial drugs have put AMR in the international spotlight. One strategy to combat AMR is to reduce antimicrobial drug consumption. Governments around the world have been experimenting with different Policy interventions, such as regulating where antimicrobials can be sold, restricting the use of last-resort antimicrobials, funding AMR stewardship programs, and launching public awareness campaigns. To inform future action, Governments should have access to synthesized data on the effectiveness of large-scale AMR interventions. This planned systematic review will (1) identify and describe previously evaluated Government Policy interventions to reduce human antimicrobial use and (2) estimate the effectiveness of these different strategies. An electronic search strategy has been developed in consultation with two research librarians. Seven databases (MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, CENTRAL, PAIS Index, Web of Science, and PubMed excluding MEDLINE) will be searched, and additional studies will be identified using several gray literature search strategies. To be included, a study must (1) clearly describe the Government Policy and (2) use a rigorous design to quantitatively measure the impact of the Policy on human antibiotic use. The intervention of interest is any Policy intervention enacted by a Government or Government agency in any country to change human antimicrobial use. Two independent reviewers will screen for eligibility using criteria defined a priori. Data will be extracted with Covidence software using a customized extraction form. If sufficient data exists, a meta-analysis by intervention type will be conducted as part of the effectiveness review. However, if there are too few studies or if the interventions are too heterogeneous, data will be tabulated and a narrative synthesis strategy will be used. This evidence synthesis is intended for use by Policymakers, public health practitioners, and researchers to inform future Government policies aiming to address antimicrobial resistance. This review will also identify gaps in the evidence about the effectiveness of different Policy interventions to inform future research priorities. PROSPERO CRD42017067514 .

Pietro Veronesi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • uncertainty about Government Policy and stock prices
    Journal of Finance, 2012
    Co-Authors: Lubos Pastor, Pietro Veronesi
    Abstract:

    We analyze how changes in Government Policy affect stock prices. Our general equilibrium model features uncertainty about Government Policy and a Government that has both economic and non-economic motives. The Government tends to change its Policy after performance downturns in the private sector. Stock prices fall at the announcements of Policy changes, on average. The price fall is expected to be large if uncertainty about Government Policy is large, as well as if the Policy change is preceded by a short or shallow downturn. Policy changes increase volatility, risk premia, and correlations among stocks. The jump risk premium associated with Policy decisions is positive, on average.

  • uncertainty about Government Policy and stock prices
    Social Science Research Network, 2011
    Co-Authors: Lubos Pastor, Pietro Veronesi
    Abstract:

    We analyze how changes in Government Policy affect stock prices. Our general equilibrium model features uncertainty about Government Policy and a Government whose decisions have both economic and non-economic motives. The model makes numerous empirical predictions. Stock prices should fall at the announcements of Policy changes, on average. The price fall should be large if uncertainty about Government Policy is large, and also if the Policy change is preceded by a short or shallow economic downturn. Policy changes should increase volatilities and correlations among stocks. The jump risk premium associated with Policy decisions should be positive, on average.