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Guy Allard - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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predicting timothy mineral concentrations dietary cation anion difference and Grass Tetany index by near infrared reflectance spectroscopy
Journal of Dairy Science, 2009Co-Authors: G.f. Tremblay, Z. Nie, G. Bélanger, Sophie Pelletier, Guy AllardAbstract:The mineral concentration of forage Grasses plays a significant role in 2 metabolic disorders in dairy cattle production, namely, hypocalcemia (milk fever) and hypomagnesemia (Grass Tetany). Risks of occurrence of these 2 metabolic disorders can be evaluated by determining the dietary cation-anion difference (DCAD) and the Grass Tetany (GT) index of forages and specific rations. The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of predicting timothy (Phleum pratense L.) mineral concentrations of Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cl, S, and P, the DCAD, and the GT index by near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS). Timothy samples (n = 1,108) were scanned using NIRS and analyzed for the concentration of 7 mineral elements. Calculations of the DCAD were made using 3 different formulas, and the GT index was also calculated. Samples were divided into calibration (n = 240) and validation (n = 868) sets. The calibration, cross-validation, and prediction for mineral concentrations, the DCAD, and the GT index were performed using modified partial least squares regression. Concentrations of K, Ca, Mg, Cl, and P were successfully predicted with coefficients of determination of prediction (R(P)2) of 0.69 to 0.92 and coefficients of variation of prediction (CV(P)) ranging from 6.6 to 11.4%. The prediction of Na and S concentrations failed, with respective R(P)2 of 0.58 and 0.53 and CV(P) of 82.2 and 12.9%. The 3 calculated DCAD and the GT index were predicted successfully, with R(P)2 >0.90 and CV(P) <20%. Our results confirm the feasibility of using NIRS to predict K, Ca, Mg, and Cl concentrations, as well as the DCAD and the GT index, in timothy.
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Predicting timothy mineral concentrations, dietary cation-anion difference, and Grass Tetany index by near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy.
Journal of dairy science, 2009Co-Authors: G.f. Tremblay, Z. Nie, G. Bélanger, Sophie Pelletier, Guy AllardAbstract:The mineral concentration of forage Grasses plays a significant role in 2 metabolic disorders in dairy cattle production, namely, hypocalcemia (milk fever) and hypomagnesemia (Grass Tetany). Risks of occurrence of these 2 metabolic disorders can be evaluated by determining the dietary cation-anion difference (DCAD) and the Grass Tetany (GT) index of forages and specific rations. The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of predicting timothy (Phleum pratense L.) mineral concentrations of Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cl, S, and P, the DCAD, and the GT index by near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS). Timothy samples (n = 1,108) were scanned using NIRS and analyzed for the concentration of 7 mineral elements. Calculations of the DCAD were made using 3 different formulas, and the GT index was also calculated. Samples were divided into calibration (n = 240) and validation (n = 868) sets. The calibration, cross-validation, and prediction for mineral concentrations, the DCAD, and the GT index were performed using modified partial least squares regression. Concentrations of K, Ca, Mg, Cl, and P were successfully predicted with coefficients of determination of prediction (R(P)2) of 0.69 to 0.92 and coefficients of variation of prediction (CV(P)) ranging from 6.6 to 11.4%. The prediction of Na and S concentrations failed, with respective R(P)2 of 0.58 and 0.53 and CV(P) of 82.2 and 12.9%. The 3 calculated DCAD and the GT index were predicted successfully, with R(P)2 >0.90 and CV(P)
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Timothy mineral concentration and derived indices related to cattle metabolic disorders: A review
Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 2008Co-Authors: Sophie Pelletier, Gilles Bélanger, Gaëtan F. Tremblay, Perttu Virkajärvi, Guy AllardAbstract:Timothy (Phleum pratense L.) is grown in several countries, mainly for livestock forage. The nutritive value and dry matter (DM) yield of timothy is well established but less information is available on mineral concentration and related indices, like the dietary cation-anion difference (DCAD) and the Grass Tetany (GT) index. These indices predict the risk of a forage diet to cause metabolic disorders, i.e., milk fever for DCAD and Grass Tetany for the GT index. Improving our knowledge of factors affecting timothy mineral concentration is important for livestock production. This review paper compares timothy with other common cool-season Grasses for mineral concentrations, DCAD, and GT index. Also assessed are variations in timothy mineral concentration affected by harvest and fertilization management, soil mineral availability, and environmental conditions. These results demonstrate the high potential for improvement and use of timothy forage to decrease the incidence of metabolic disorders within the dai...
H.f. Mayland - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Grass Tetany - Soil‐Climate‐Plant Relationships in the Etiology of Grass Tetany
Grass Tetany, 2015Co-Authors: H.f. Mayland, D. L. GrunesAbstract:Hypomagnesemia is a metabolic disorder of ruminants not receiving adequate utilizable magnesium, either because of low Mg concentration in the forage or because of complicating factors affecting Mg availability. The disorder is more likely to affect cattle than sheep or goats and generally affects older, lactating animals. Magnesium deficiency may result in decreased milk or beef production (Grunes & Mayland, 1975; Grunes et al., 1970). An intensified hypomagnesemia, known as Grass Tetany, has caused a large number of cattle deaths in the temperate regions of the United States and other countries, resulting in losses of up to 3% in dairy or beef herds in a bad year (Baker & Gould, 1976; Grunes et al., 1970; Mansfield et al., 1975; Molloy, 1971). In some individual herds in some years losses have been even higher. Reid et al. (1978a) estimated annual losses in the United States at 1 to 2% of mature grazing animals. The severity of the problem is quite sporadic. Many factors affect Mg uptake by plants and its subsequent availability to animals. It is our objective to discuss the soil, climate, and plant factors that may ultimately affect Mg intake and availability to ruminants.
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soil climate plant relationships in the etiology of Grass Tetany
Grass Tetany, 2015Co-Authors: H.f. Mayland, D. L. GrunesAbstract:Hypomagnesemia is a metabolic disorder of ruminants not receiving adequate utilizable magnesium, either because of low Mg concentration in the forage or because of complicating factors affecting Mg availability. The disorder is more likely to affect cattle than sheep or goats and generally affects older, lactating animals. Magnesium deficiency may result in decreased milk or beef production (Grunes & Mayland, 1975; Grunes et al., 1970). An intensified hypomagnesemia, known as Grass Tetany, has caused a large number of cattle deaths in the temperate regions of the United States and other countries, resulting in losses of up to 3% in dairy or beef herds in a bad year (Baker & Gould, 1976; Grunes et al., 1970; Mansfield et al., 1975; Molloy, 1971). In some individual herds in some years losses have been even higher. Reid et al. (1978a) estimated annual losses in the United States at 1 to 2% of mature grazing animals. The severity of the problem is quite sporadic. Many factors affect Mg uptake by plants and its subsequent availability to animals. It is our objective to discuss the soil, climate, and plant factors that may ultimately affect Mg intake and availability to ruminants.
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Russian wildrye nutritive quality as affected by accession and environment
Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 2005Co-Authors: J F Karn, Kay H. Asay, H.f. Mayland, J Berdahl, Paul G JeffersonAbstract:High-quality forage for spring and fall grazing is an important need of ranchers in the Northern Great Plains and Intermountain-West regions of the United States of America and in the prairie provinces of Canada. Russian wildrye [Psathyrostachys juncea (Fischer) Nevski] has been used to meet this grazing need, especially in Canada. However, its use has probably been limited by its reputation for seedling establishment difficulties and scattered reports of Grass Tetany. The purpose of this research was to characterize the variation in nutritive quality of Russian wildrye accessions used in a multi-location Grass Tetany project, to access the effect of environment on quality components, and to determine the relationship between forage nutritive quality components and entities associated with Grass Tetany. Sixty-seven Russian wildrye accessions from the US National Plant Germplasm System were established in spaced-plant nurseries at Logan, UT, Mandan, ND, and Swift Current, SK, Canada. Plants were sampled at two stages of development over 2 yr. Location, year, and stage of development effects were significant (P < 0.01) for in vitro true dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), crude protein (CP), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF). At the early stages of development used in this study the range in nutritive quality traits among entries was rather narrow. Relatively high positive correlation coefficients between K and IVDMD, and K and CP suggest that breeding for higher nutritive quality may also produce a more Tetany-prone forage, because high K concentration is usually associated with Grass Tetany. On the other hand, Mg concentrations were also highly correlated with IVDMD and CP, and higher Mg concentrations would be beneficial in preventing Grass Tetany. The K/(Mg + Ca) ratio, which has been suggested as an indicator of Grass Tetany, was only moderately related to IVDMD, CP, and NDF. Key words: Digestibility, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, stage of plant development
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parent progeny relationships and genotype environment effects for factors associated with Grass Tetany and forage quality in russian wildrye
Crop Science, 2001Co-Authors: K. H. Asay, H.f. Mayland, Paul G Jefferson, J Berdahl, J F Karn, Blair L WaldronAbstract:Grass Tetany (hypomagnesemia) has caused severe economic losses in ruminant animals grazing cool-season Grasses, including Russian wildrye [Psathyrostachys juncea (Fisch.) Nevski]. The malady has been associated with deficiencies in Mg, Ca, and carbohydrates, and high levels of K. The K/(Ca + Mg) ratio (KRAT), expressed as moles of charge, is often used to express the Grass Tetany potential of forage. Development and use of new cultivars with an improved balance of the associated minerals would be an economical approach to reduce the incidence of Grass Tetany. Objectives of this study were to characterize the genetic variability, genotype by environment interactions, and intercharacter relationships for P, K, Ca, Mg, KRAT, crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), among 21 clonal lines of Russian wildrye and their polycross progenies. Evaluations were made for 2 yr at three diverse locations in the USA and Canada. The clonal lines were derived from cultivars and plant introductions. Although the clone x location interaction was usually significant, differences among the clonal lines were significant for K, Ca, Mg, and KRAT, and three forage quality estimates of CP, NDF, and true IVDMD. Although the magnitude of the genetic variability among the progenies was substantially less than that found among the clonal lines, we conclude that the Grass Tetany potential, CP, NDF, IVDMD, and P concentration of this breeding population can be altered through breeding. Opportunities for genetic improvement in forage quality were particularly favorable for CP. Genetic correlations among the clonal lines suggested that selection for higher levels of CP would be accompanied by increased K, Ca, Mg, and IVDMD and reduced KR AT and NDF. DUSSIAN WILDRYE is a caespitose, cool-season, perennial Grass that is widely used in range improvement
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variation in mineral concentration and Grass Tetany potential among russian wildrye accessions
Crop Science, 2001Co-Authors: Paul G Jefferson, Kay H. Asay, H.f. Mayland, J BerdahlAbstract:Grass Tetany or hypomagnesemic Tetany in cattle (Bos taurus) is caused by an imbalance of K, Ca, and Mg in the diet. Indications of Grass Tetany range from reduced milk yield or weight gain to severe convulsions and death. The risk of Grass Tetany dramatically increases when the K/(Mg + Ca) ratio of forage exceeds 2.2, especially for dams during early lactation. Russian wildrye [Psathyrostachys juncea (Fisch.) Nevski], a valuable forage species, has ratios well above this level. Our objectives were to determine the mineral concentration and ratio values for 65 accessions of Russian wildrye to select germplasm sources with low Tetany ratio and to determine the effects of year, location, and their interactions with accessions. Seedlings of each accession and two checks, Syn A and Mankota, were established in replicated space-plant nurseries at Logan, UT, Mandan, ND, and Swift Current, Saskatchewan, Canada. Years-within-location effects generally produced the largest variance component, while the accession variance was larger than location x accession and location X accession x year interaction variances for K, Ca, Mg, KJ(Mg + Ca) ratio, and Reduced Tetany Potential (RTP) index. Selection for these traits in Russian wildrye germplasm will require multiple years to characterize adequately accessions, breeding lines, or synthetics. The K/(Ca + Mg) ratio of the accessions tested ranged from 2.2 to 3.0 when averaged across sites and years for V4 growth stage. A similar range of ratio values and ranking of the accessions was observed at the E2 growth stage. The three tetraploid accessions evaluated were among the five accessions with the highest Tetany ratios. Previously reported forage yield and seed yield means were significantly correlated with K, Mg, and N concentrations and K/(Ca + Mg) ratio. The RTP index was not correlated with forage yield, seed yield, or N concentration. Therefore, selection in Russian wildrye should be based on increased RTP index rather than K concentration or K/(Ca + Mg) ratio to avoid concomitant unintentional selection of reduced forage yield and seed yield
G.f. Tremblay - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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predicting timothy mineral concentrations dietary cation anion difference and Grass Tetany index by near infrared reflectance spectroscopy
Journal of Dairy Science, 2009Co-Authors: G.f. Tremblay, Z. Nie, G. Bélanger, Sophie Pelletier, Guy AllardAbstract:The mineral concentration of forage Grasses plays a significant role in 2 metabolic disorders in dairy cattle production, namely, hypocalcemia (milk fever) and hypomagnesemia (Grass Tetany). Risks of occurrence of these 2 metabolic disorders can be evaluated by determining the dietary cation-anion difference (DCAD) and the Grass Tetany (GT) index of forages and specific rations. The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of predicting timothy (Phleum pratense L.) mineral concentrations of Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cl, S, and P, the DCAD, and the GT index by near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS). Timothy samples (n = 1,108) were scanned using NIRS and analyzed for the concentration of 7 mineral elements. Calculations of the DCAD were made using 3 different formulas, and the GT index was also calculated. Samples were divided into calibration (n = 240) and validation (n = 868) sets. The calibration, cross-validation, and prediction for mineral concentrations, the DCAD, and the GT index were performed using modified partial least squares regression. Concentrations of K, Ca, Mg, Cl, and P were successfully predicted with coefficients of determination of prediction (R(P)2) of 0.69 to 0.92 and coefficients of variation of prediction (CV(P)) ranging from 6.6 to 11.4%. The prediction of Na and S concentrations failed, with respective R(P)2 of 0.58 and 0.53 and CV(P) of 82.2 and 12.9%. The 3 calculated DCAD and the GT index were predicted successfully, with R(P)2 >0.90 and CV(P) <20%. Our results confirm the feasibility of using NIRS to predict K, Ca, Mg, and Cl concentrations, as well as the DCAD and the GT index, in timothy.
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Predicting timothy mineral concentrations, dietary cation-anion difference, and Grass Tetany index by near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy.
Journal of dairy science, 2009Co-Authors: G.f. Tremblay, Z. Nie, G. Bélanger, Sophie Pelletier, Guy AllardAbstract:The mineral concentration of forage Grasses plays a significant role in 2 metabolic disorders in dairy cattle production, namely, hypocalcemia (milk fever) and hypomagnesemia (Grass Tetany). Risks of occurrence of these 2 metabolic disorders can be evaluated by determining the dietary cation-anion difference (DCAD) and the Grass Tetany (GT) index of forages and specific rations. The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of predicting timothy (Phleum pratense L.) mineral concentrations of Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cl, S, and P, the DCAD, and the GT index by near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS). Timothy samples (n = 1,108) were scanned using NIRS and analyzed for the concentration of 7 mineral elements. Calculations of the DCAD were made using 3 different formulas, and the GT index was also calculated. Samples were divided into calibration (n = 240) and validation (n = 868) sets. The calibration, cross-validation, and prediction for mineral concentrations, the DCAD, and the GT index were performed using modified partial least squares regression. Concentrations of K, Ca, Mg, Cl, and P were successfully predicted with coefficients of determination of prediction (R(P)2) of 0.69 to 0.92 and coefficients of variation of prediction (CV(P)) ranging from 6.6 to 11.4%. The prediction of Na and S concentrations failed, with respective R(P)2 of 0.58 and 0.53 and CV(P) of 82.2 and 12.9%. The 3 calculated DCAD and the GT index were predicted successfully, with R(P)2 >0.90 and CV(P)
Sophie Pelletier - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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predicting timothy mineral concentrations dietary cation anion difference and Grass Tetany index by near infrared reflectance spectroscopy
Journal of Dairy Science, 2009Co-Authors: G.f. Tremblay, Z. Nie, G. Bélanger, Sophie Pelletier, Guy AllardAbstract:The mineral concentration of forage Grasses plays a significant role in 2 metabolic disorders in dairy cattle production, namely, hypocalcemia (milk fever) and hypomagnesemia (Grass Tetany). Risks of occurrence of these 2 metabolic disorders can be evaluated by determining the dietary cation-anion difference (DCAD) and the Grass Tetany (GT) index of forages and specific rations. The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of predicting timothy (Phleum pratense L.) mineral concentrations of Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cl, S, and P, the DCAD, and the GT index by near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS). Timothy samples (n = 1,108) were scanned using NIRS and analyzed for the concentration of 7 mineral elements. Calculations of the DCAD were made using 3 different formulas, and the GT index was also calculated. Samples were divided into calibration (n = 240) and validation (n = 868) sets. The calibration, cross-validation, and prediction for mineral concentrations, the DCAD, and the GT index were performed using modified partial least squares regression. Concentrations of K, Ca, Mg, Cl, and P were successfully predicted with coefficients of determination of prediction (R(P)2) of 0.69 to 0.92 and coefficients of variation of prediction (CV(P)) ranging from 6.6 to 11.4%. The prediction of Na and S concentrations failed, with respective R(P)2 of 0.58 and 0.53 and CV(P) of 82.2 and 12.9%. The 3 calculated DCAD and the GT index were predicted successfully, with R(P)2 >0.90 and CV(P) <20%. Our results confirm the feasibility of using NIRS to predict K, Ca, Mg, and Cl concentrations, as well as the DCAD and the GT index, in timothy.
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Predicting timothy mineral concentrations, dietary cation-anion difference, and Grass Tetany index by near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy.
Journal of dairy science, 2009Co-Authors: G.f. Tremblay, Z. Nie, G. Bélanger, Sophie Pelletier, Guy AllardAbstract:The mineral concentration of forage Grasses plays a significant role in 2 metabolic disorders in dairy cattle production, namely, hypocalcemia (milk fever) and hypomagnesemia (Grass Tetany). Risks of occurrence of these 2 metabolic disorders can be evaluated by determining the dietary cation-anion difference (DCAD) and the Grass Tetany (GT) index of forages and specific rations. The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of predicting timothy (Phleum pratense L.) mineral concentrations of Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cl, S, and P, the DCAD, and the GT index by near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS). Timothy samples (n = 1,108) were scanned using NIRS and analyzed for the concentration of 7 mineral elements. Calculations of the DCAD were made using 3 different formulas, and the GT index was also calculated. Samples were divided into calibration (n = 240) and validation (n = 868) sets. The calibration, cross-validation, and prediction for mineral concentrations, the DCAD, and the GT index were performed using modified partial least squares regression. Concentrations of K, Ca, Mg, Cl, and P were successfully predicted with coefficients of determination of prediction (R(P)2) of 0.69 to 0.92 and coefficients of variation of prediction (CV(P)) ranging from 6.6 to 11.4%. The prediction of Na and S concentrations failed, with respective R(P)2 of 0.58 and 0.53 and CV(P) of 82.2 and 12.9%. The 3 calculated DCAD and the GT index were predicted successfully, with R(P)2 >0.90 and CV(P)
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Timothy mineral concentration and derived indices related to cattle metabolic disorders: A review
Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 2008Co-Authors: Sophie Pelletier, Gilles Bélanger, Gaëtan F. Tremblay, Perttu Virkajärvi, Guy AllardAbstract:Timothy (Phleum pratense L.) is grown in several countries, mainly for livestock forage. The nutritive value and dry matter (DM) yield of timothy is well established but less information is available on mineral concentration and related indices, like the dietary cation-anion difference (DCAD) and the Grass Tetany (GT) index. These indices predict the risk of a forage diet to cause metabolic disorders, i.e., milk fever for DCAD and Grass Tetany for the GT index. Improving our knowledge of factors affecting timothy mineral concentration is important for livestock production. This review paper compares timothy with other common cool-season Grasses for mineral concentrations, DCAD, and GT index. Also assessed are variations in timothy mineral concentration affected by harvest and fertilization management, soil mineral availability, and environmental conditions. These results demonstrate the high potential for improvement and use of timothy forage to decrease the incidence of metabolic disorders within the dai...
Z. Nie - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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predicting timothy mineral concentrations dietary cation anion difference and Grass Tetany index by near infrared reflectance spectroscopy
Journal of Dairy Science, 2009Co-Authors: G.f. Tremblay, Z. Nie, G. Bélanger, Sophie Pelletier, Guy AllardAbstract:The mineral concentration of forage Grasses plays a significant role in 2 metabolic disorders in dairy cattle production, namely, hypocalcemia (milk fever) and hypomagnesemia (Grass Tetany). Risks of occurrence of these 2 metabolic disorders can be evaluated by determining the dietary cation-anion difference (DCAD) and the Grass Tetany (GT) index of forages and specific rations. The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of predicting timothy (Phleum pratense L.) mineral concentrations of Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cl, S, and P, the DCAD, and the GT index by near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS). Timothy samples (n = 1,108) were scanned using NIRS and analyzed for the concentration of 7 mineral elements. Calculations of the DCAD were made using 3 different formulas, and the GT index was also calculated. Samples were divided into calibration (n = 240) and validation (n = 868) sets. The calibration, cross-validation, and prediction for mineral concentrations, the DCAD, and the GT index were performed using modified partial least squares regression. Concentrations of K, Ca, Mg, Cl, and P were successfully predicted with coefficients of determination of prediction (R(P)2) of 0.69 to 0.92 and coefficients of variation of prediction (CV(P)) ranging from 6.6 to 11.4%. The prediction of Na and S concentrations failed, with respective R(P)2 of 0.58 and 0.53 and CV(P) of 82.2 and 12.9%. The 3 calculated DCAD and the GT index were predicted successfully, with R(P)2 >0.90 and CV(P) <20%. Our results confirm the feasibility of using NIRS to predict K, Ca, Mg, and Cl concentrations, as well as the DCAD and the GT index, in timothy.
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Predicting timothy mineral concentrations, dietary cation-anion difference, and Grass Tetany index by near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy.
Journal of dairy science, 2009Co-Authors: G.f. Tremblay, Z. Nie, G. Bélanger, Sophie Pelletier, Guy AllardAbstract:The mineral concentration of forage Grasses plays a significant role in 2 metabolic disorders in dairy cattle production, namely, hypocalcemia (milk fever) and hypomagnesemia (Grass Tetany). Risks of occurrence of these 2 metabolic disorders can be evaluated by determining the dietary cation-anion difference (DCAD) and the Grass Tetany (GT) index of forages and specific rations. The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of predicting timothy (Phleum pratense L.) mineral concentrations of Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cl, S, and P, the DCAD, and the GT index by near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS). Timothy samples (n = 1,108) were scanned using NIRS and analyzed for the concentration of 7 mineral elements. Calculations of the DCAD were made using 3 different formulas, and the GT index was also calculated. Samples were divided into calibration (n = 240) and validation (n = 868) sets. The calibration, cross-validation, and prediction for mineral concentrations, the DCAD, and the GT index were performed using modified partial least squares regression. Concentrations of K, Ca, Mg, Cl, and P were successfully predicted with coefficients of determination of prediction (R(P)2) of 0.69 to 0.92 and coefficients of variation of prediction (CV(P)) ranging from 6.6 to 11.4%. The prediction of Na and S concentrations failed, with respective R(P)2 of 0.58 and 0.53 and CV(P) of 82.2 and 12.9%. The 3 calculated DCAD and the GT index were predicted successfully, with R(P)2 >0.90 and CV(P)
