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Bruno Martin - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The effects of low-input Grazing Systems and milk pasteurisation on the chemical composition, microbial communities, and sensory properties of uncooked pressed cheeses
International Dairy Journal, 2017Co-Authors: Marie Fretin, Anne Farruggia, Anne Ferlay, Isabelle Verdier-metz, Florence Fournier, Marie-christine Montel, Céline Delbes, Bruno MartinAbstract:The objective of this work was to determine whether the effects of farming Systems on the cheese sensory properties are reduced when the milk used to make cheese is pasteurised. The milk of cows reared under two Grazing Systems (extensive and semi-extensive) was processed into raw and pasteurised milk cheeses. These Grazing Systems were mainly differentiable by the milk fatty acid (FA) composition and, to a lesser extent, by their levels of lactic acid bacteria, which were higher in milk from the extensive Grazing System. In cheese, the different FA composition persisted and affected the texture of the cheese regardless of the milk treatment. The effects of each Grazing System were indistinguishable in several cheese characteristics (proteolysis, texture, and aroma) after pasteurisation. In contrast, among pasteurised milk cheeses, those resulting from an extensive System had greyer rinds, while no difference in rind colour was observed among raw milk cheeses.
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animal performances pasture biodiversity and dairy product quality how it works in contrasted mountain Grazing Systems
Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment, 2014Co-Authors: Anne Farruggia, Dominique Pomies, Mauro Coppa, A Ferlay, Isabelle Verdiermetz, Aline Le Morvan, Arnaud Bethier, Francois Pompanon, Olivier Troquier, Bruno MartinAbstract:Abstract The interactions between botanical composition of pasture, quality of herbage grazed, performances of dairy cows and sensory and nutritional properties of dairy products were investigated using an integrated System approach. Two contrasting Grazing Systems were evaluated from May to September in two years. The treatments included a continuous Grazing System (DIV) managed at a lenient stocking rate (1.0 LU ha−1) on a botanically-rich permanent pasture, and a rotational Grazing System (PROD) set up at a higher stocking rate (1.7 LU ha−1) on a former temporary grassland presenting moderate biodiversity. DIV aimed to maximize biodiversity and obtain high sensory and nutritional quality cheese, whereas PROD was oriented towards milk production and herbage quality. In each System, 12 non-feed-supplemented Montbeliarde cows were used. The DIV System led to higher milk production per cow in the early Grazing season than the PROD System (22.2 vs. 19.9 kg d−1). At the beginning of summer, this milk production pattern was inverted following a decrease in grass nutritive value in the DIV System. In parallel, DIV cows showed a more marked loss of body condition than PROD cows over the season. In terms of milk fatty acid profile, the DIV System proved very interesting early in the Grazing season but lost its value over time as the herbage matured. Cheese sensory properties differed between Systems only after a long ripening period (6 months). Regarding the ecological performances, the DIV plot showed greater botanical and entomological biodiversity than the PROD plot. This study provides evidence that the balance between animal performances, dairy product quality and biodiversity in dairy Systems is more complex than previously thought, since the expected benefits of each System vary markedly over periods. The evolution of herbage vegetation stage during the Grazing season combined with the botanical composition of the pasture is a key component for understanding these variations.
Anne Farruggia - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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A biodiversity-friendly rotational Grazing System enhancing flower-visiting insect assemblages while maintaining animal and grassland productivity
Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment, 2017Co-Authors: Simone Ravetto Enri, Massimiliano Probo, Anne Farruggia, Laurent Lanore, Andre Blanchetete, Bertrand DumontAbstract:Grazing management is an important tool to preserve insect biodiversity. Although literature has discussed the importance of Grazing pressure adjustment to support grassland insect communities for the ecoSystem services they provide, little has been published on the economic sustainability of such management adjustments to date. This study compared continuous Grazing (CG) to an innovative rotational Grazing System (the biodiversity-friendly rotation – BR), where a subplot was excluded from Grazing for two months during the main flowering period. The effects of Grazing two different species (cattle and sheep) within both Systems were also evaluated. The aims were to assess the effects on butterfly, bumblebee, and ground beetle assemblages, along with the impact on herbage mass and animal performance. The BR enhanced both the abundance and species richness of flower-visiting insect assemblages and it was observed that cattle provided better results than sheep Grazing. A multivariate redundancy analysis highlighted that most of the flower-visiting species (including almost all the endangered and locally rare species) were favoured by BR-cattle treatment, mainly due to the high percentage of flower cover and sward heterogeneity involved in this treatment. However, Grazing System and grazer species did not affect ground beetle species richness or abundance. Moreover, herbage mass and animal performance (live weight and body condition score) were comparable between CG and BR throughout the Grazing season. The BR could be a useful management System to enhance grassland flower-visiting insect assemblages whilst meeting farm production objectives, especially in protected environments where insect conservation is a major target.
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The effects of low-input Grazing Systems and milk pasteurisation on the chemical composition, microbial communities, and sensory properties of uncooked pressed cheeses
International Dairy Journal, 2017Co-Authors: Marie Fretin, Anne Farruggia, Anne Ferlay, Isabelle Verdier-metz, Florence Fournier, Marie-christine Montel, Céline Delbes, Bruno MartinAbstract:The objective of this work was to determine whether the effects of farming Systems on the cheese sensory properties are reduced when the milk used to make cheese is pasteurised. The milk of cows reared under two Grazing Systems (extensive and semi-extensive) was processed into raw and pasteurised milk cheeses. These Grazing Systems were mainly differentiable by the milk fatty acid (FA) composition and, to a lesser extent, by their levels of lactic acid bacteria, which were higher in milk from the extensive Grazing System. In cheese, the different FA composition persisted and affected the texture of the cheese regardless of the milk treatment. The effects of each Grazing System were indistinguishable in several cheese characteristics (proteolysis, texture, and aroma) after pasteurisation. In contrast, among pasteurised milk cheeses, those resulting from an extensive System had greyer rinds, while no difference in rind colour was observed among raw milk cheeses.
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animal performances pasture biodiversity and dairy product quality how it works in contrasted mountain Grazing Systems
Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment, 2014Co-Authors: Anne Farruggia, Dominique Pomies, Mauro Coppa, A Ferlay, Isabelle Verdiermetz, Aline Le Morvan, Arnaud Bethier, Francois Pompanon, Olivier Troquier, Bruno MartinAbstract:Abstract The interactions between botanical composition of pasture, quality of herbage grazed, performances of dairy cows and sensory and nutritional properties of dairy products were investigated using an integrated System approach. Two contrasting Grazing Systems were evaluated from May to September in two years. The treatments included a continuous Grazing System (DIV) managed at a lenient stocking rate (1.0 LU ha−1) on a botanically-rich permanent pasture, and a rotational Grazing System (PROD) set up at a higher stocking rate (1.7 LU ha−1) on a former temporary grassland presenting moderate biodiversity. DIV aimed to maximize biodiversity and obtain high sensory and nutritional quality cheese, whereas PROD was oriented towards milk production and herbage quality. In each System, 12 non-feed-supplemented Montbeliarde cows were used. The DIV System led to higher milk production per cow in the early Grazing season than the PROD System (22.2 vs. 19.9 kg d−1). At the beginning of summer, this milk production pattern was inverted following a decrease in grass nutritive value in the DIV System. In parallel, DIV cows showed a more marked loss of body condition than PROD cows over the season. In terms of milk fatty acid profile, the DIV System proved very interesting early in the Grazing season but lost its value over time as the herbage matured. Cheese sensory properties differed between Systems only after a long ripening period (6 months). Regarding the ecological performances, the DIV plot showed greater botanical and entomological biodiversity than the PROD plot. This study provides evidence that the balance between animal performances, dairy product quality and biodiversity in dairy Systems is more complex than previously thought, since the expected benefits of each System vary markedly over periods. The evolution of herbage vegetation stage during the Grazing season combined with the botanical composition of the pasture is a key component for understanding these variations.
D J Kilpatrick - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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food intake milk production and tissue changes of holstein friesian and jersey holstein friesian dairy cows within a medium input Grazing System and a high input total confinement System
Journal of Dairy Science, 2012Co-Authors: E R Vance, C P Ferris, Christopher T Elliott, S A Mcgettrick, D J KilpatrickAbstract:Although interest in crossbreeding within dairy Systems has increased, the role of Jersey crossbred cows within high concentrate input Systems has received little attention. This experiment was designed to examine the performance of Holstein-Friesian (HF) and Jersey × Holstein-Friesian (J × HF) cows within a high concentrate input total confinement System (CON) and a medium concentrate input Grazing System (GRZ). Eighty spring-calving dairy cows were used in a 2 (cow genotype) × 2 (milk production System) factorial design experiment. The experiment commenced when cows calved and encompassed a full lactation. With GRZ, cows were offered diets containing grass silage and concentrates [70:30 dry matter (DM) ratio] until turnout, grazed grass plus 1.0 kg of concentrate/day during a 199-d Grazing period, and grass silage and concentrates (75:25 DM ratio) following rehousing and until drying-off. With CON, cows were confined throughout the lactation and offered diets containing grass silage and concentrates (DM ratio; 40:60, 50:50, 40:40, and 75:25 during d 1 to 100, 101 to 200, 201 to 250, and 251 until drying-off, respectively). Full-lactation concentrate DM intakes were 791 and 2,905 kg/cow for Systems GRZ and CON, respectively. Although HF cows had a higher lactation milk yield than J × HF cows, the latter produced milk with a higher fat and protein content, so that solids-corrected milk yield (SCM) was unaffected by genotype. Somatic cell score was higher with the J × HF cows. Throughout lactation, HF cows were on average 37 kg heavier than J × HF cows, whereas the J × HF cows had a higher body condition score. Within each System, food intake did not differ between genotypes, whereas full-lactation yields of milk, fat plus protein, and SCM were higher with CON than with GRZ. A significant genotype × environment interaction was observed for milk yield, and a trend was found for an interaction with SCM. Crossbred cows on CON gained more body condition than HF cows, and overall pregnancy rate was unaffected by either genotype or management System. In summary, milk and SCM yields were higher with CON than with GRZ, whereas genotype had no effect on SCM. However, HF cows exhibited a greater milk yield response and a trend toward a greater SCM yield response with increasing concentrate levels compared with the crossbred cows.
J D Leaver - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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continuous and rotational Grazing of dairy cows the interactions of Grazing System with level of milk yield sward height and concentrate level
Grass and Forage Science, 2003Co-Authors: R G Pulido, J D LeaverAbstract:An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that for cows with high levels of milk yield, rotational Grazing produces higher milk yields than continuous Grazing. The comparison of Grazing Systems was made at two levels of milk yield (initially 20·3 and 32·5 kg d-1), and interactions with sward height and concentrate level were also examined. The study used 48 multiparous Holstein Friesian cows over a period of 62 d. Mean milk yield, its persistency and composition, live weight, body condition score and liveweight gain were not significantly affected by Grazing System at either level of milk yield. There were no significant interactions between Grazing System and sward height or concentrate level for any milk production measurement. Mean estimated herbage and total dry matter (DM) intake (P < 0·01), Grazing time (P < 0·05) and ruminating time (P < 0·01) were significantly greater on the continuous Grazing System. The cows in the higher milk yield group and those grazed at the higher sward height had a significantly (P < 0·05) higher estimated daily herbage DM intake and rate of herbage intake on the continuous Grazing System than those on the rotational Grazing System. There was no evidence to support the hypothesis that rotational Grazing Systems support higher levels of milk production than continuous Grazing for cows of high milk yield. The shorter Grazing time on the rotational Grazing System indicated that cows may anticipate the timing of the daily movement of the electric fence, and this reduces their time spent Grazing residual herbage.
M Blockey - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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holstein friesian dairy cows under a predominantly Grazing System interaction between genotype and environment
Journal of Dairy Science, 2008Co-Authors: W J Fulkerson, M E Goddard, R Dobos, G M Hough, T M Davison, S C Garcia, M BlockeyAbstract:A 5 yr whole-System study, beginning in June 1994, compared the productivity of high [HGM; Australian Breeding Value (ABV) of 49.1 kg of fat plus protein] and low [LGM; ABV of 2.3 kg of fat plus protein] genetic merit cows. Cows from both groups were fed at 3 levels of concentrate (C): 0.34 (low C), 0.84 (medium C), and 1.71 (high C) t of DM/cow per lactation. Thus, there were 6 treatments (farmlets) composed of 18 cows each. The 30 blocks of pasture on each farmlet were matched between farmlets for pasture growth before the study (and soil characteristics and aspect). Cows were culled, and pasture and feed use were managed so as not to bias any one treatment. Genetic merit, level of feeding, and their interaction were significant effects for protein content, protein/cow, and milk and protein/ha. For fat and milk yield/cow, genetic merit and level of feeding were significant, whereas there was no significant effect of genetic merit on fat content. The difference of 46.8 kg of fat plus protein yield between the ABV of HGM and LGM cows and the actual difference in production between the 2 groups was not significantly different except for low C (27 kg) cows. This was due to a 3-fold lower protein yield difference (6 kg/cow) compared with an ABV difference for protein yield of 17.9 kg/cow. The dramatic effect of treatment on protein is in line with differences in the mean protein content (2.89% for the HGM - low C cows compared with a mean of 3.02% for the remaining groups) and mean body condition score [4.3 for HGM - low C cows compared with 4.8 for the mean of the remaining groups (scale 1 to 8)], both indicators reflecting a higher negative energy balance in the HGM - low C cows. When individual cow production was plotted against ABV for production of milk or protein yield all relationships were quadratic, but the slope was relatively flat (low response to ABV) for the low C cows, steeper for the medium C cows and steepest (but not linear) for the high C cows. The relationship between ABV for fat yield and actual fat yield was linear for all levels of concentrate. The mean milk yield/ha from pasture for the 6 farmlets over the 5 yr was 11,868 L, 11,417 L, or 7,761 L for the HGM cows fed at low C, medium C, or high C, respectively, and 10,579 L, 9,800 L, or 5,812 L for LGM cows, fed at low C, medium C, or high C, respectively. The response to concentrates fed was very high for the HGM - medium C cows at 0.115 kg fat plus protein or 1.75 L milk/kg of concentrate fed, with comparable figures of 0.083 kg and 1.0 L, 0.86 kg and 1.47 L and 0.066 and 0.92 L/kg of concentrate fed for the HGM - high C, LGM - medium C, and LGM - high C, respectively. The results show a significant genetic merit by environment (level of feeding) interaction for reproduction and most production parameters when considered in terms of the individual cow and the whole farm System.
