The Experts below are selected from a list of 102 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform

F. Ugboaja Ohaegbulam - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Western Sahara: Anatomy of a Stalemate/Endgame in the Western Sahara: What Future for Africa's Last Colony?
    African Studies Review, 2006
    Co-Authors: F. Ugboaja Ohaegbulam
    Abstract:

    WESTERN SAHARA: LINES IN THE SAND Erik Jensen. Western Sahara: Anatomy of a Stalemate. Boulder, CoIo.: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2005. 179 pp. Maps. Appendixes. Bibliography. Index. $15.95. Paper. Toby Shelley. Endgame in the Western Sahara: What Future for Africa's Last Colony? London: Zed Books Ltd., 2004. Distributed by Palgrave Macmillan. xii + 215 pp. Chronology. Photographs. Index. $69.95. Cloth. $22.50. Paper. THE CONCEPT OF NATIONAL self-determination is a legal phenomenon that postulates the right of every nationality group, large or small, to form and govern its own nation-state, or to form a nation-state with another nationality group and decide its form of government. Historically, the concept is closely linked with that of liberal nationalism and is implicit in both the American Declaration of Independence and the French Declaration of the Rights of Man. Reaffirmed by Woodrow Wilson and later by the Atlantic Charter and the United Nations, the principle of self-determination has been seized upon by the people of Western Sahara to assert their own claims to independence. Commendably, these two books, which complement and reinforce each other, seek to answer the question of why these claims have gone unrealized. In doing so, they illustrate the tragic consequences of the inability of African states to solve the problems of the continent. But first and foremost, they offer an insightful case study of the tortuous operations of the United Nations and of how geopolitics and the interests of the great powers impinge on those operations. The U.N. quest for national self-determination in Western Sahara began formally in the 1960s after the adoption of Resolution 1514 (XV), when the organization pressured Spain to decolonize Western Sahara by means of a referendum enabling the inhabitants to exercise freely their right to national self-determination. In 1967 Spanish authorities in the territory set up a Yemaa, a colonial legislative assembly, which they hoped to control indefinitely. In 1973 a group of Western Sahara nationalists organized Polisario, a national liberation movement, which initiated Guerrilla Activities against the Spanish administration. In 1974 Spain agreed in principle to a 1973 request by the Yemaa to allow the expression of self-determination, and the Spanish authorities proceeded to conduct a census of the territory in anticipation of a 1975 referendum. The census counted only Sahrawis within the territory. Those who had fled after a 1957 armed uprising to Tarfaya strip (which Spain had turned over to Morocco in 1958) and to other areas were excluded. This flaw became crucial in later arguments about voter eligibility in the self-determination referendum. In the meantime, two African neighbors, Morocco and Mauritania, rejected the idea of self-determination in the Spanish colony, asserting instead "historical" claims to sovereignty over the territory. Note that Morocco had made similar claims on Mauritania. In response, the U.N. sent a fact-finding mission to Western Sahara in May 1975 that found an overwhelming consensus in favor of independence and against integration with any neighboring country. Also, at the instance of the two African claimants of sovereignty over the territory, the U.N., by Resolution 3292 (XXIX), December 13, 1974, sought and obtained an advisory opinion from the International Court of Justice at the Hague. In October 1975 the Court rendered the opinion that while there had been certain legal ties between some groups in the disputed territory and Morocco and between others and Mauritania, those ties did not constitute legal sovereignty and that there had been no international recognition of such ties. The verdict proved moot. Morocco ignored it. On November 6, 1975, when the leader of Spain, Francisco Franco, lay seriously ill, King Hassan II organized the so-called Green March and invaded Western Sahara with three hundred and fifty thousand unarmed Moroccan volunteers waving copies of the Koran. …

Theodore Modis - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Urban Guerrilla Activities in Greece
    Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 2005
    Co-Authors: Athanasios G. Konstandopoulos, Theodore Modis
    Abstract:

    Abstract Logistic fits are made to the populations of attacks by urban Guerrilla groups in Greece under the assumption that these organizations grow like species. The analysis is mainly based on data that cover the attacks of the two major urban Guerrilla groups, Revolutionary Organization November 17 (17N) and Revolutionary Popular Struggle (ELA). We conclude that urban Guerrilla Activities in Greece may have been triggered into existence by the military junta but probably had their roots deeper into the earlier political system in Greece that repressed leftist movements. Our analysis shows that the life cycle of political violence in Greece had already been completed when the police finally began cracking down on the 17N, which takes away same of the shine from the police's achievement.

Athanasios G. Konstandopoulos - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Urban Guerrilla Activities in Greece
    Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 2005
    Co-Authors: Athanasios G. Konstandopoulos, Theodore Modis
    Abstract:

    Abstract Logistic fits are made to the populations of attacks by urban Guerrilla groups in Greece under the assumption that these organizations grow like species. The analysis is mainly based on data that cover the attacks of the two major urban Guerrilla groups, Revolutionary Organization November 17 (17N) and Revolutionary Popular Struggle (ELA). We conclude that urban Guerrilla Activities in Greece may have been triggered into existence by the military junta but probably had their roots deeper into the earlier political system in Greece that repressed leftist movements. Our analysis shows that the life cycle of political violence in Greece had already been completed when the police finally began cracking down on the 17N, which takes away same of the shine from the police's achievement.

I. G. Stimpson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Scallywag bunkers: geophysical investigations of WW2 Auxiliary Unit Operational Bases (OBs) in the UK
    Journal of Conflict Archaeology, 2020
    Co-Authors: S. Carr, Jamie K. Pringle, Peter Doyle, Kristopher D. Wisniewski, I. G. Stimpson
    Abstract:

    In 1940, with the fall of France imminent, Britain prepared secret ‘Auxiliary Units’ tasked with Guerrilla Activities [Scallywagging] in the invading army’s rear. Patrols of four to eight highly sk...

  • ‘Scallywag Bunkers’: Geophysical Investigations of WW2 Auxiliary Unit Operational Bases (OBs) in the UK
    'Informa UK Limited', 2020
    Co-Authors: Carr S., Doyle P., Pringle J, Wisniewski K, I. G. Stimpson
    Abstract:

    In 1940, with the fall of France imminent, Britain prepared for invasion. After Dunkirk, with most armour and transport lost, a defence ‘stop line’ (GHQ Line) was prepared. Local Defence Volunteers (later Home Guard) were raised to buy time for the Home Army to deploy. Secret ‘Auxiliary Units’ were also formed, tasked with ‘Scallywagging’ – Guerrilla Activities ––in the invading army’s rear. 4-8 patrol men were highly skilled, often gamekeepers and poachers, with expert local area knowledge, with below-ground Operational Bases (OBs) in remote locations to avoid detection. No official records are released; but OBs were ‘Mark I’, enlarged deer setts, smuggler caves, etc., and Mark II, prefabricated designs by the Royal Engineers. This paper details three sites in Suffolk. One unknown Mark I was destroyed, a Mark II was partially-intact and a Mark II was fully intact, all in secluded woods. Geophysical surveys found metal detectors optimal for location, with mid-frequency GPR/ERT optimal for characterisation. Archaeological finds included home-made braziers, 1940 kerosene heater stove, metal pans, ventilation systems and escape tunnels. This study shows OBs varied in construction and condition, with surveys detecting and characterising them, bringing WWII British ‘invasion’ history into the wider scientific community and public domain

Stimpson I.g. - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Scallywag bunkers: geophysical investigations of WW2 Auxiliary Unit Operational Bases (OBs) in the UK
    'Informa UK Limited', 2020
    Co-Authors: Carr S., Pringle J.k., Doyle P., Wisniewski K.d., Stimpson I.g.
    Abstract:

    © 2020 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. In 1940, with the fall of France imminent, Britain prepared secret ‘Auxiliary Units’ tasked with Guerrilla Activities [Scallywagging] in the invading army’s rear. Patrols of four to eight highly skilled men used below-ground Operational Bases (OBs) in remote locations to avoid detection. No official records are released, but OBs were ‘Mark I’, enlarged deer setts, smuggler caves, etc., and Mark II, prefabricated designs by the Royal Engineers. This paper details three sites in Suffolk: one unknown Mark I was destroyed, a Mark II was partially intact and a Mark II was fully intact, all in secluded woods. Geophysical surveys found metal detectors optimal for location, with mid-frequency GPR/ERT optimal for characterisation. Archaeological finds included home-made braziers, 1940 kerosene heater stove, metal pans, ventilation systems and escape tunnels. This study shows OBs varied in construction and condition, with surveys detecting and characterising them, bringing WWII British ‘invasion’ history into the wider scientific community and public domain