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John F Cryan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: From Motility to Mood.
    Gastroenterology, 2021
    Co-Authors: Kara Gross Margolis, John F Cryan, Emeran A. Mayer
    Abstract:

    The Gut-Brain Axis plays an important role in maintaining homeostasis. Many intrinsic and extrinsic factors influence signaling along this Axis, modulating the function of both the enteric and central nervous systems. More recently the role of the microbiome as an important factor in modulating Gut-Brain signaling has emerged and the concept of a microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis has been established. In this review, we highlight the role of this Axis in modulating enteric and central nervous system function and how this may impact disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome and disorders of mood and affect. We examine the overlapping biological constructs that underpin these disorders with a special emphasis on the neurotransmitter serotonin, which plays a key role in both the gastrointestinal tract and in the brain. Overall, it is clear that although animal studies have shown much promise, more progress is necessary before these findings can be translated for diagnostic and therapeutic benefit in patient populations.

  • Probiotics and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Focus on Psychiatry.
    Current nutrition reports, 2020
    Co-Authors: Sabrina Mörkl, John F Cryan, Mary I Butler, Anna Holl, Timothy G. Dinan
    Abstract:

    Probiotics are living bacteria, which when ingested in adequate amounts, confer health benefits. Gut microbes are suggested to play a role in many psychiatric disorders and could be a potential therapeutic target. Between the gut and the brain, there is a bi-directional communication pathway called the microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis. The purpose of this review is to examine data from recent interventional studies focusing on probiotics and the Gut-Brain Axis for the treatment of depression, anxiety and schizophrenia. Probiotics are likely to improve depression but not schizophrenia. Regarding anxiety, there is only one trial which showed an effect of a multispecies probiotic. However, determinants like the duration of treatment, dosage and interactions have not been thoroughly investigated and deserve more scientific attention. Microbiome-based therapies such as probiotics could be cautiously recommended for depression to enhance beneficial bacteria in the gut and to improve mood through the Gut-Brain Axis.

  • The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis
    Physiological reviews, 2019
    Co-Authors: John F Cryan, Kenneth J. O'riordan, Caitlin S. M. Cowan, Kiran V. Sandhu, Thomaz F.s. Bastiaanssen, Marcus Boehme, Martín Gabriel Codagnone, Sofia Cussotto, Christine Fülling, Anna V. Golubeva
    Abstract:

    The importance of the Gut-Brain Axis in maintaining homeostasis has long been appreciated. However, the past 15 yr have seen the emergence of the microbiota (the trillions of microorganisms within ...

  • Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: New Therapeutic Opportunities
    Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology, 2019
    Co-Authors: Caitriona M. Long-smith, Timothy G. Dinan, Gerard Clarke, Kenneth J. O'riordan, Catherine Stanton, John F Cryan
    Abstract:

    The traditional fields of pharmacology and toxicology are beginning to consider the substantial impact our gut microbiota has on host physiology. The microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis is emerging as a particular area of interest and a potential new therapeutic target for effective treatment of central nervous system disorders, in addition to being a potential cause of drug side effects. Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis signaling can occur via several pathways, including via the immune system, recruitment of host neurochemical signaling, direct enteric nervous system routes and the vagus nerve, and the production of bacterial metabolites. Altered gut microbial profiles have been described in several psychiatric and neurological disorders. Psychobiotics, live biotherapeutics or substances whose beneficial effects on the brain are bacterially mediated, are currently being investigated as direct and/or adjunctive therapies for psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders and possibly for neurodegenerative disease, and they may emerge as new therapeutic options in the clinical management of brain disorders.

  • The Microbiome-Gut-Brain Axis in Health and Disease.
    Gastroenterology clinics of North America, 2017
    Co-Authors: Timothy G. Dinan, John F Cryan
    Abstract:

    Gut microbes are capable of producing most neurotransmitters found in the human brain. Evidence is accumulating to support the view that gut microbes influence central neurochemistry and behavior. Irritable bowel syndrome is regarded as the prototypic disorder of the brain-gut-microbiota Axis that can be responsive to probiotic therapy. Translational studies indicate that certain bacteria may have an impact on stress responses and cognitive functioning. Manipulating the gut microbiota with psychobiotics, prebiotics, or even antibiotics offers a novel approach to altering brain function and treating Gut-Brain Axis disorders, such as depression and autism.

Yong-ku Kim - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Understanding the Connection Between the Gut–Brain Axis and Stress/Anxiety Disorders
    Current Psychiatry Reports, 2021
    Co-Authors: Younjung Lee, Yong-ku Kim
    Abstract:

    Purpose of Review We review the association of the microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis and anxiety disorder or stress. Recent Finding The microbiota–gut–brain Axis mechanism encompasses a bidirectional relationship between the brain and gastrointestinal organs. Dysregulation of the microbiota–gut–brain Axis has been actively revealed in the context of various psychiatric diseases such as neurodevelopmental disorders, schizophrenia, anxiety disorders, and depression. Summary We suggest that onset of anxiety disorders may be correlated with activation of a microbiota–gut–brain mechanism involving the immune system, neurotransmitters, and the hormonal system. By applying a microbiota–gut–brain Axis mechanism, the possibility of using gastrointestinal system drugs such as probiotics and antibiotics as treatments for anxiety disorders is a possibility. Although modification of the microbiota–gut–brain Axis mechanism has yet to be adopted clinically, it is expected that novel strategies employing this mechanism will be developed and deployed as new treatments not only for anxiety disorders, but also other psychiatric diseases.

  • Understanding the Connection Between the Gut-Brain Axis and Stress/Anxiety Disorders.
    Current psychiatry reports, 2021
    Co-Authors: Younjung Lee, Yong-ku Kim
    Abstract:

    PURPOSE OF REVIEW We review the association of the microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis and anxiety disorder or stress. RECENT FINDING The microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis mechanism encompasses a bidirectional relationship between the brain and gastrointestinal organs. Dysregulation of the microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis has been actively revealed in the context of various psychiatric diseases such as neurodevelopmental disorders, schizophrenia, anxiety disorders, and depression. We suggest that onset of anxiety disorders may be correlated with activation of a microbiota-Gut-Brain mechanism involving the immune system, neurotransmitters, and the hormonal system. By applying a microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis mechanism, the possibility of using gastrointestinal system drugs such as probiotics and antibiotics as treatments for anxiety disorders is a possibility. Although modification of the microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis mechanism has yet to be adopted clinically, it is expected that novel strategies employing this mechanism will be developed and deployed as new treatments not only for anxiety disorders, but also other psychiatric diseases.

Timothy G. Dinan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Probiotics and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Focus on Psychiatry
    Current Nutrition Reports, 2020
    Co-Authors: Sabrina Mörkl, Mary I Butler, Anna Holl, John F Cyran, Timothy G. Dinan
    Abstract:

    Purpose of Review Probiotics are living bacteria, which when ingested in adequate amounts, confer health benefits. Gut microbes are suggested to play a role in many psychiatric disorders and could be a potential therapeutic target. Between the gut and the brain, there is a bi-directional communication pathway called the microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis. The purpose of this review is to examine data from recent interventional studies focusing on probiotics and the Gut-Brain Axis for the treatment of depression, anxiety and schizophrenia. Recent Findings Probiotics are likely to improve depression but not schizophrenia. Regarding anxiety, there is only one trial which showed an effect of a multispecies probiotic. However, determinants like the duration of treatment, dosage and interactions have not been thoroughly investigated and deserve more scientific attention. Summary Microbiome-based therapies such as probiotics could be cautiously recommended for depression to enhance beneficial bacteria in the gut and to improve mood through the Gut-Brain Axis.

  • Probiotics and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Focus on Psychiatry.
    Current nutrition reports, 2020
    Co-Authors: Sabrina Mörkl, John F Cryan, Mary I Butler, Anna Holl, Timothy G. Dinan
    Abstract:

    Probiotics are living bacteria, which when ingested in adequate amounts, confer health benefits. Gut microbes are suggested to play a role in many psychiatric disorders and could be a potential therapeutic target. Between the gut and the brain, there is a bi-directional communication pathway called the microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis. The purpose of this review is to examine data from recent interventional studies focusing on probiotics and the Gut-Brain Axis for the treatment of depression, anxiety and schizophrenia. Probiotics are likely to improve depression but not schizophrenia. Regarding anxiety, there is only one trial which showed an effect of a multispecies probiotic. However, determinants like the duration of treatment, dosage and interactions have not been thoroughly investigated and deserve more scientific attention. Microbiome-based therapies such as probiotics could be cautiously recommended for depression to enhance beneficial bacteria in the gut and to improve mood through the Gut-Brain Axis.

  • Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: New Therapeutic Opportunities
    Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology, 2019
    Co-Authors: Caitriona M. Long-smith, Timothy G. Dinan, Gerard Clarke, Kenneth J. O'riordan, Catherine Stanton, John F Cryan
    Abstract:

    The traditional fields of pharmacology and toxicology are beginning to consider the substantial impact our gut microbiota has on host physiology. The microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis is emerging as a particular area of interest and a potential new therapeutic target for effective treatment of central nervous system disorders, in addition to being a potential cause of drug side effects. Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis signaling can occur via several pathways, including via the immune system, recruitment of host neurochemical signaling, direct enteric nervous system routes and the vagus nerve, and the production of bacterial metabolites. Altered gut microbial profiles have been described in several psychiatric and neurological disorders. Psychobiotics, live biotherapeutics or substances whose beneficial effects on the brain are bacterially mediated, are currently being investigated as direct and/or adjunctive therapies for psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders and possibly for neurodegenerative disease, and they may emerge as new therapeutic options in the clinical management of brain disorders.

  • The Microbiome-Gut-Brain Axis in Health and Disease.
    Gastroenterology clinics of North America, 2017
    Co-Authors: Timothy G. Dinan, John F Cryan
    Abstract:

    Gut microbes are capable of producing most neurotransmitters found in the human brain. Evidence is accumulating to support the view that gut microbes influence central neurochemistry and behavior. Irritable bowel syndrome is regarded as the prototypic disorder of the brain-gut-microbiota Axis that can be responsive to probiotic therapy. Translational studies indicate that certain bacteria may have an impact on stress responses and cognitive functioning. Manipulating the gut microbiota with psychobiotics, prebiotics, or even antibiotics offers a novel approach to altering brain function and treating Gut-Brain Axis disorders, such as depression and autism.

  • Kynurenine pathway metabolism and the microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis.
    Neuropharmacology, 2017
    Co-Authors: Paul J. Kennedy, John F Cryan, Timothy G. Dinan, Gerard Clarke
    Abstract:

    Abstract It has become increasingly clear that the gut microbiota influences not only gastrointestinal physiology but also central nervous system (CNS) function by modulating signalling pathways of the microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis. Understanding the neurobiological mechanisms underpinning the influence exerted by the gut microbiota on brain function and behaviour has become a key research priority. Microbial regulation of tryptophan metabolism has become a focal point in this regard, with dual emphasis on the regulation of serotonin synthesis and the control of kynurenine pathway metabolism. Here, we focus in detail on the latter pathway and begin by outlining the structural and functional dynamics of the gut microbiota and the signalling pathways of the brain-gut Axis. We summarise preclinical and clinical investigations demonstrating that the gut microbiota influences CNS physiology, anxiety, depression, social behaviour, cognition and visceral pain. Pertinent studies are drawn from neurogastroenterology demonstrating the importance of tryptophan and its metabolites in CNS and gastrointestinal function. We outline how kynurenine pathway metabolism may be regulated by microbial control of neuroendocrine function and components of the immune system. Finally, preclinical evidence demonstrating direct and indirect mechanisms by which the gut microbiota can regulate tryptophan availability for kynurenine pathway metabolism, with downstream effects on CNS function, is reviewed. Targeting the gut microbiota represents a tractable target to modulate kynurenine pathway metabolism. Efforts to develop this approach will markedly increase our understanding of how the gut microbiota shapes brain and behaviour and provide new insights towards successful translation of microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis research from bench to bedside. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled ‘The Kynurenine Pathway in Health and Disease’.

Younjung Lee - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Understanding the Connection Between the Gut–Brain Axis and Stress/Anxiety Disorders
    Current Psychiatry Reports, 2021
    Co-Authors: Younjung Lee, Yong-ku Kim
    Abstract:

    Purpose of Review We review the association of the microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis and anxiety disorder or stress. Recent Finding The microbiota–gut–brain Axis mechanism encompasses a bidirectional relationship between the brain and gastrointestinal organs. Dysregulation of the microbiota–gut–brain Axis has been actively revealed in the context of various psychiatric diseases such as neurodevelopmental disorders, schizophrenia, anxiety disorders, and depression. Summary We suggest that onset of anxiety disorders may be correlated with activation of a microbiota–gut–brain mechanism involving the immune system, neurotransmitters, and the hormonal system. By applying a microbiota–gut–brain Axis mechanism, the possibility of using gastrointestinal system drugs such as probiotics and antibiotics as treatments for anxiety disorders is a possibility. Although modification of the microbiota–gut–brain Axis mechanism has yet to be adopted clinically, it is expected that novel strategies employing this mechanism will be developed and deployed as new treatments not only for anxiety disorders, but also other psychiatric diseases.

  • Understanding the Connection Between the Gut-Brain Axis and Stress/Anxiety Disorders.
    Current psychiatry reports, 2021
    Co-Authors: Younjung Lee, Yong-ku Kim
    Abstract:

    PURPOSE OF REVIEW We review the association of the microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis and anxiety disorder or stress. RECENT FINDING The microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis mechanism encompasses a bidirectional relationship between the brain and gastrointestinal organs. Dysregulation of the microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis has been actively revealed in the context of various psychiatric diseases such as neurodevelopmental disorders, schizophrenia, anxiety disorders, and depression. We suggest that onset of anxiety disorders may be correlated with activation of a microbiota-Gut-Brain mechanism involving the immune system, neurotransmitters, and the hormonal system. By applying a microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis mechanism, the possibility of using gastrointestinal system drugs such as probiotics and antibiotics as treatments for anxiety disorders is a possibility. Although modification of the microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis mechanism has yet to be adopted clinically, it is expected that novel strategies employing this mechanism will be developed and deployed as new treatments not only for anxiety disorders, but also other psychiatric diseases.

Charles S Zuker - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • The gut–brain Axis mediates sugar preference
    Nature, 2020
    Co-Authors: Hwei-ee Tan, Alexander C Sisti, Martin Vignovich, Miguel Villavicencio, Yossef Goffer, Hao Jin, Katherine S. Tsang, Charles S Zuker
    Abstract:

    The taste of sugar is one of the most basic sensory percepts for humans and other animals. Animals can develop a strong preference for sugar even if they lack sweet taste receptors, indicating a mechanism independent of taste^ 1 – 3 . Here we examined the neural basis for sugar preference and demonstrate that a population of neurons in the vagal ganglia and brainstem are activated via the gut–brain Axis to create preference for sugar. These neurons are stimulated in response to sugar but not artificial sweeteners, and are activated by direct delivery of sugar to the gut. Using functional imaging we monitored activity of the gut–brain Axis, and identified the vagal neurons activated by intestinal delivery of glucose. Next, we engineered mice in which synaptic activity in this gut-to-brain circuit was genetically silenced, and prevented the development of behavioural preference for sugar. Moreover, we show that co-opting this circuit by chemogenetic activation can create preferences to otherwise less-preferred stimuli. Together, these findings reveal a gut-to-brain post-ingestive sugar-sensing pathway critical for the development of sugar preference. In addition, they explain the neural basis for differences in the behavioural effects of sweeteners versus sugar, and uncover an essential circuit underlying the highly appetitive effects of sugar. Experiments in mice show that a population of neurons in the vagal ganglia respond to the presence of glucose in the gut and connect to neurons in the brainstem, revealing the circuit that underlies the neural basis for the behavioural preference for sugar.

  • the gut brain Axis mediates sugar preference
    Nature, 2020
    Co-Authors: Alexander C Sisti, Martin Vignovich, Miguel Villavicencio, Katherine Tsang, Yossef Goffer, Charles S Zuker
    Abstract:

    The taste of sugar is one of the most basic sensory percepts for humans and other animals. Animals can develop a strong preference for sugar even if they lack sweet taste receptors, indicating a mechanism independent of taste1–3. Here we examined the neural basis for sugar preference and demonstrate that a population of neurons in the vagal ganglia and brainstem are activated via the gut–brain Axis to create preference for sugar. These neurons are stimulated in response to sugar but not artificial sweeteners, and are activated by direct delivery of sugar to the gut. Using functional imaging we monitored activity of the gut–brain Axis, and identified the vagal neurons activated by intestinal delivery of glucose. Next, we engineered mice in which synaptic activity in this gut-to-brain circuit was genetically silenced, and prevented the development of behavioural preference for sugar. Moreover, we show that co-opting this circuit by chemogenetic activation can create preferences to otherwise less-preferred stimuli. Together, these findings reveal a gut-to-brain post-ingestive sugar-sensing pathway critical for the development of sugar preference. In addition, they explain the neural basis for differences in the behavioural effects of sweeteners versus sugar, and uncover an essential circuit underlying the highly appetitive effects of sugar. Experiments in mice show that a population of neurons in the vagal ganglia respond to the presence of glucose in the gut and connect to neurons in the brainstem, revealing the circuit that underlies the neural basis for the behavioural preference for sugar.