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Gerald Goldstein - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Halstead Reitan Battery
The Oxford Handbook of History of Clinical Neuropsychology, 2017Co-Authors: Gerald GoldsteinAbstract:This chapter reviews the history of the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery from the factor analytic study of its component tests published in 1947 by Ward Halstead to the present time. It discusses the initial work of Halstead and the contributions of Ralph Reitan, Reitan’s collaborators, and independent researchers. It describes various versions of the Battery and discusses issues regarding so-called “fixed batteries,” use of quantitative versus qualitative procedures in Neuropsychological assessment, interpretation with or without knowledge of the case history, and the status of the Battery with regard to forming brain-behavior relationships. The HRNB remains in common use and has been the major force in forming clinical neuropsychology by providing a comprehensive, valid, and sensitive way of assessing brain-damaged patients based upon research supporting Neuropsychological inferences made by clinicians. Specific contributions include the impairment index, comparison between right and left hemispheres, type-locus interaction, and multiple methods of inference.
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Factor Structure of the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery: A Review and Integration
Applied neuropsychology. Adult, 2012Co-Authors: Sylvia A. Ross, Daniel N. Allen, Gerald GoldsteinAbstract:The Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery (HRNB) was the first factor-analyzed Neuropsychological Battery. It was based on a series of tests studied in Ward Halstead's laboratory at the University of Chicago, was accomplished in collaboration with a group of eminent statisticians, and was published in 1947 . Four factors were extracted based on Halstead's tests called central integrative field, abstraction, power, and directional and constituted what was described as biological intelligence. Since this original analysis, Reitan's additions to the Battery, and the proposal of Reitan and Wolfson's model of Neuropsychological functioning, this factor-analytic research continued. This article reviews factor-analytic research concluding that Halstead's analysis has held up reasonably well and there is support for the Reitan and Wolfson model. However, Reitan's revisions of the Battery added tests that form a distinct language factor and the sensory-perceptual tests that generally form a separate factor. Other tests and scoring methods used in individual studies modified the core Battery and produced somewhat differing solutions. The complexity of the tests prevents the HRNB from being a factorially pure Battery, and simple structure is rarely, if ever, reached. Current versions of the HRNB appear to evaluate both "biological" and "psychometric" intelligence, which appear to load on separate factors.
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Factor Structure of the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery for Children: A Brief Report Supplement
Applied neuropsychology. Child, 2012Co-Authors: Sylvia A. Ross, Daniel N. Allen, Gerald GoldsteinAbstract:The Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery (HRNB) is the first factor-analyzed Neuropsychological Battery and consists of three batteries for young children, older children, and adults. Halstead's original factor analysis extracted four factors from the adult version of the Battery, which were the basis for his theory of biological intelligence. These factors were called Central Integrative Field, Abstraction, Power, and Directional. Since this original analysis, Reitan's additions to the Battery, and the development of the child versions of the test, this factor-analytic research continued. An introduction and the adult literature are reviewed in Ross, Allen, and Goldstein ( in press ). In this supplemental article, factor-analytic studies of the HRNB with children are reviewed. It is concluded that factor analysis of the HRNB or Reitan-Indiana Neuropsychological Battery with children does not replicate the extensiveness of the adult literature, although there is some evidence that when the traditional Battery for older children is used, the factor structure is similar to what is found in adult studies. Reitan's changes to the Battery appear to have added factors including language and sensory-perceptual factors. When other tests and scoring methods are used in addition to the core Battery, differing solutions are produced.
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Sensory-perceptual dysfunction in patients with schizophrenia and comorbid alcoholism.
Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology, 2002Co-Authors: Gerald Goldstein, Daniel N. Allen, Richard D SandersAbstract:We studied the effects of aging and comorbid alcoholism on sensory-perceptual dysfunction in patients with schizophrenia. Using sensory-perceptual tests from the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery included in the Russell, Neuringer, and Goldstein (1970) Perceptual Disorders Index, samples were compared of 54 patients with comorbid schizophrenia and alcoholism, 234 patients with schizophrenia but no history of alcoholism, 132 patients with chronic alcoholism and 171 patient controls. Data were analyzed by one-way analyses of variance followed by Scheffe multiple comparison tests. Numerous significant differences were found among groups, with the comorbid schizophrenia group doing more poorly than the other groups on measures of touch perception and suppression, finger agnosia, and fingertip number writing. Multiple regression analyses using the sensory-perceptual tests as predictor variables and age as the dependent variable indicated that the strength of association between age and the multivariate set of sensory-perceptual test scores was greater in the comorbid schizophrenia group than the noncomorbid schizophrenia, alcoholism and patient control groups. The preponderance of age-related deficits was left-sided, suggesting accelerated decline in right hemispheric function. A comparison of groups across ages on a single Perceptual Disorders Index score showed a substantially larger age effect in the comorbid schizophrenia group relative to the other groups.
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Lateralized brain dysfunction in schizophrenia: a comparison with patients with lateralized structural lesions
Schizophrenia research, 1999Co-Authors: Gerald Goldstein, Daniel N. Allen, Cindy L. WeinerAbstract:Abstract A comparison was made among participants with schizophrenia and those with structural lateralized or diffuse brain damage in order to determine the extent to which the cognitive profile of the schizophrenia sample resembled the profiles obtained from patients with left-hemisphere, right-hemisphere, and diffuse brain damage. The Halstead–Reitan Neuropsychological Battery was used as the testing procedure. The data were subjected to discriminant analysis in order to obtain frequencies of predicted classification of the participants with schizophrenia into schizophrenia, left-hemisphere, right-hemisphere, and diffuse groups. Half of the participants with schizophrenia were classified into the schizophrenia group. The other half was evenly distributed across the left-hemisphere, right-hemisphere, and diffuse brain damage groups. There was not a disproportionately large number of participants classified into the left-hemisphere group. Comparisons among these four predicted groups were accomplished for each of the Halstead–Reitan Battery measures using one-way analysis of variance. The comparison of the subtest scores among the predicted groups indicated that the patients classified into the left-hemisphere group were characterized by a pattern of language dysfunction thought to be developmental in nature, and an abnormal lack of asymmetry in tapping speed favoring the right hand.
Daniel N. Allen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Factor Structure of the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery: A Review and Integration
Applied neuropsychology. Adult, 2012Co-Authors: Sylvia A. Ross, Daniel N. Allen, Gerald GoldsteinAbstract:The Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery (HRNB) was the first factor-analyzed Neuropsychological Battery. It was based on a series of tests studied in Ward Halstead's laboratory at the University of Chicago, was accomplished in collaboration with a group of eminent statisticians, and was published in 1947 . Four factors were extracted based on Halstead's tests called central integrative field, abstraction, power, and directional and constituted what was described as biological intelligence. Since this original analysis, Reitan's additions to the Battery, and the proposal of Reitan and Wolfson's model of Neuropsychological functioning, this factor-analytic research continued. This article reviews factor-analytic research concluding that Halstead's analysis has held up reasonably well and there is support for the Reitan and Wolfson model. However, Reitan's revisions of the Battery added tests that form a distinct language factor and the sensory-perceptual tests that generally form a separate factor. Other tests and scoring methods used in individual studies modified the core Battery and produced somewhat differing solutions. The complexity of the tests prevents the HRNB from being a factorially pure Battery, and simple structure is rarely, if ever, reached. Current versions of the HRNB appear to evaluate both "biological" and "psychometric" intelligence, which appear to load on separate factors.
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Factor Structure of the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery for Children: A Brief Report Supplement
Applied neuropsychology. Child, 2012Co-Authors: Sylvia A. Ross, Daniel N. Allen, Gerald GoldsteinAbstract:The Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery (HRNB) is the first factor-analyzed Neuropsychological Battery and consists of three batteries for young children, older children, and adults. Halstead's original factor analysis extracted four factors from the adult version of the Battery, which were the basis for his theory of biological intelligence. These factors were called Central Integrative Field, Abstraction, Power, and Directional. Since this original analysis, Reitan's additions to the Battery, and the development of the child versions of the test, this factor-analytic research continued. An introduction and the adult literature are reviewed in Ross, Allen, and Goldstein ( in press ). In this supplemental article, factor-analytic studies of the HRNB with children are reviewed. It is concluded that factor analysis of the HRNB or Reitan-Indiana Neuropsychological Battery with children does not replicate the extensiveness of the adult literature, although there is some evidence that when the traditional Battery for older children is used, the factor structure is similar to what is found in adult studies. Reitan's changes to the Battery appear to have added factors including language and sensory-perceptual factors. When other tests and scoring methods are used in addition to the core Battery, differing solutions are produced.
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Sensory-perceptual dysfunction in patients with schizophrenia and comorbid alcoholism.
Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology, 2002Co-Authors: Gerald Goldstein, Daniel N. Allen, Richard D SandersAbstract:We studied the effects of aging and comorbid alcoholism on sensory-perceptual dysfunction in patients with schizophrenia. Using sensory-perceptual tests from the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery included in the Russell, Neuringer, and Goldstein (1970) Perceptual Disorders Index, samples were compared of 54 patients with comorbid schizophrenia and alcoholism, 234 patients with schizophrenia but no history of alcoholism, 132 patients with chronic alcoholism and 171 patient controls. Data were analyzed by one-way analyses of variance followed by Scheffe multiple comparison tests. Numerous significant differences were found among groups, with the comorbid schizophrenia group doing more poorly than the other groups on measures of touch perception and suppression, finger agnosia, and fingertip number writing. Multiple regression analyses using the sensory-perceptual tests as predictor variables and age as the dependent variable indicated that the strength of association between age and the multivariate set of sensory-perceptual test scores was greater in the comorbid schizophrenia group than the noncomorbid schizophrenia, alcoholism and patient control groups. The preponderance of age-related deficits was left-sided, suggesting accelerated decline in right hemispheric function. A comparison of groups across ages on a single Perceptual Disorders Index score showed a substantially larger age effect in the comorbid schizophrenia group relative to the other groups.
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Lateralized brain dysfunction in schizophrenia: a comparison with patients with lateralized structural lesions
Schizophrenia research, 1999Co-Authors: Gerald Goldstein, Daniel N. Allen, Cindy L. WeinerAbstract:Abstract A comparison was made among participants with schizophrenia and those with structural lateralized or diffuse brain damage in order to determine the extent to which the cognitive profile of the schizophrenia sample resembled the profiles obtained from patients with left-hemisphere, right-hemisphere, and diffuse brain damage. The Halstead–Reitan Neuropsychological Battery was used as the testing procedure. The data were subjected to discriminant analysis in order to obtain frequencies of predicted classification of the participants with schizophrenia into schizophrenia, left-hemisphere, right-hemisphere, and diffuse groups. Half of the participants with schizophrenia were classified into the schizophrenia group. The other half was evenly distributed across the left-hemisphere, right-hemisphere, and diffuse brain damage groups. There was not a disproportionately large number of participants classified into the left-hemisphere group. Comparisons among these four predicted groups were accomplished for each of the Halstead–Reitan Battery measures using one-way analysis of variance. The comparison of the subtest scores among the predicted groups indicated that the patients classified into the left-hemisphere group were characterized by a pattern of language dysfunction thought to be developmental in nature, and an abnormal lack of asymmetry in tapping speed favoring the right hand.
Raymond S. Dean - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The Neuropsychological significance of a verbal-performance discrepancy with the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised.
International Journal of Neuroscience, 2009Co-Authors: Ervin S. Batchelor, Raymond S. DeanAbstract:This study examined the Neuropsychological significance of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (Wechsler, 1974) Verbal-Performance discrepancy using a large learning-disabled sample taken from a school population. A simple index was formed to allow the Verbal-Performance discrepancy to be considered as a continuous variable. In an attempt to consider the Neuropsychological significance of the Verbal-Performance discrepancy, measures of the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery for older children (HRNB) (Reitan, 1969) were regressed against the index. Some 9% of the variance in Verbal-Performance differences was explained by five Neuropsychological measures of the HRNB. The practical significance of this relationship was questioned. It was concluded that the Verbal-Performance discrepancy is a poor general indicator of Neuropsychological functioning in learning-disabled students in the school setting.
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Neuropsychological clusters within intelligence levels for learning disabled children.
The International journal of neuroscience, 2001Co-Authors: Brandon Davis, Damon Krug, Raymond S. DeanAbstract:The present study assessed 1142 learning disabled children with the Halstead Reitan Neuropsychological Battery and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised. Subjects were divided into four groups based upon Full Scale IQ (i.e., 70-79; 80-89; 90-99 and 100-110). Subsequent clustering of the test data within each group suggested that while the students in the 70-79 IQ range were represented by a single Impaired Cluster, each of the other IQ groups had both an Impaired Cluster and a Non-Impaired Cluster.
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The Neuropsychological Significance of Lateral Preference for Complex Visual Activities in Children with Learning Disabilities
The International journal of neuroscience, 1997Co-Authors: Ervin S. Batchelor, Ronald N. Williams, S. Kristian Hill, Raymond S. DeanAbstract:In the present study the relationship between Neuropsychological functioning and lateral preference for visual activities was examined with learning disordered children. Specifically, the relationship between measures of the Lateral Dominance Exam (LDE), scores on the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery (HRNB), and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R) were explored. A canonical analysis suggested that composites of Neuropsychological functioning and lateral preference shared 22% of variance. Learning disabled children with strong right or left preference for visually guided motor activities showed lower performance in spatial tasks on the ipsilateral side and in simple motor skills on the contralateral side. Children in the present study with strong right preference patterns for visually assisted motor activities also showed low performance on visual tracking tasks. These data offer some support for assessing lateral preference in learning disabled children.
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Empirical derivation and classification of subgroups of children with learning disorders at separate age levels
Archives of clinical neuropsychology : the official journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists, 1993Co-Authors: Ervin S. Batchelor, Raymond S. DeanAbstract:Abstract This study classified subgroups of learning disabled (LD) children while considering the effects of age. Specifically, scores on the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery (HRNB) for older children, the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R), and Wide Range Achievement Test (WRAT) were clustered for a large sample of public school LD children at the age levels 9–10, 11–12, and 13–14 years old. Like clusters were then identified and collapsed across age groups. Discriminant analyses were performed at each age level, and for like clusters across ages as a measure of predictive validity. Results of this study suggested two distinct clusters at each age level; one showing diffuse deficits which varied little with age, and the other evidencing specific Neuropsychological problems which may vary with age.
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Factor analysis and matrix invariance of the HRNB-C category test
Archives of clinical neuropsychology : the official journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists, 1992Co-Authors: Mark D. Kelly, Deborah K. Kundert, Raymond S. DeanAbstract:This study examined the factorial invariance of the six individual Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery for Older Children (HRNB-C) Category subtests. The test scores for two large samples of learning disabled children were factor analyzed. A three-factor solution emerged for each group with a clear pattern of variable loadings. Category subtests IV and V load on Factor 1, subtests III and VI on Factor 2, and subtests I and II on Factor 3. Variable loadings were not only of similar pattern, but also magnitude and sign for both samples. Moreover, comparison statistics indicate an excellent fit between the two factor matrices. Results support the conclusion that the HRNB-C Category Test measures more than a single underlying construct.
Richard D Sanders - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Sensory-perceptual dysfunction in patients with schizophrenia and comorbid alcoholism.
Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology, 2002Co-Authors: Gerald Goldstein, Daniel N. Allen, Richard D SandersAbstract:We studied the effects of aging and comorbid alcoholism on sensory-perceptual dysfunction in patients with schizophrenia. Using sensory-perceptual tests from the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery included in the Russell, Neuringer, and Goldstein (1970) Perceptual Disorders Index, samples were compared of 54 patients with comorbid schizophrenia and alcoholism, 234 patients with schizophrenia but no history of alcoholism, 132 patients with chronic alcoholism and 171 patient controls. Data were analyzed by one-way analyses of variance followed by Scheffe multiple comparison tests. Numerous significant differences were found among groups, with the comorbid schizophrenia group doing more poorly than the other groups on measures of touch perception and suppression, finger agnosia, and fingertip number writing. Multiple regression analyses using the sensory-perceptual tests as predictor variables and age as the dependent variable indicated that the strength of association between age and the multivariate set of sensory-perceptual test scores was greater in the comorbid schizophrenia group than the noncomorbid schizophrenia, alcoholism and patient control groups. The preponderance of age-related deficits was left-sided, suggesting accelerated decline in right hemispheric function. A comparison of groups across ages on a single Perceptual Disorders Index score showed a substantially larger age effect in the comorbid schizophrenia group relative to the other groups.
Penelope K. Elias - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Relation Between Central Adiposity and Cognitive Function in the Maine–Syracuse Study: Attenuation by Physical Activity
Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 2008Co-Authors: Gregory A. Dore, Merrill F. Elias, Michael A. Robbins, Marc M. Budge, Penelope K. EliasAbstract:Background Previous studies have demonstrated a relationship between central adiposity and cognitive function. However, only some of these studies have adjusted for cardiovascular risk factors and cardiovascular disease, and none have also adjusted for physical activity level. Purpose The purpose of the study was to examine the association between anthropometric measures of central adiposity (waist circumference and waist/hip ratio) and cognitive functioning with adjustment for cardiovascular disease risk factors and physical activity. Methods Participants were 917 stroke- and dementia-free community-dwelling adults (59% women) in the Maine–Syracuse Study. The design was cross-sectional. Outcome measures included tests from the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery, the Wechsler Memory Scale Revised, and the Mini-Mental State Examination. Results Waist circumference and waist/hip ratio were inversely related to multiple cognitive domains with adjustment for age, education, gender, and number of prior exams. For example, a 20-cm increment in waist circumference was associated with a 0.14 SD decrement in the Global Composite score. These relations were attenuated with adjustment for cardiovascular disease risk factors. However, with further adjustment for physical activity level, only waist circumference remained significantly associated with performance on the Similarities test. Conclusions Waist circumference and waist/hip ratio are inversely related to cognitive function. Measures of central adiposity predict cognitive function independently of associated cardiovascular risk factors and events; however, the association between central adiposity and cognitive function is attenuated, to a large extent, by adjustment for physical activity level. Physical activity is an important covariate in studies relating measures of central adiposity to cognition.
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Relation Between Central Adiposity and Cognitive Function in the Maine-Syracuse Study: Attenuation by Physical Activity
Annals of behavioral medicine : a publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine, 2008Co-Authors: Gregory A. Dore, Merrill F. Elias, Michael A. Robbins, Marc M. Budge, Penelope K. EliasAbstract:Previous studies have demonstrated a relationship between central adiposity and cognitive function. However, only some of these studies have adjusted for cardiovascular risk factors and cardiovascular disease, and none have also adjusted for physical activity level. The purpose of the study was to examine the association between anthropometric measures of central adiposity (waist circumference and waist/hip ratio) and cognitive functioning with adjustment for cardiovascular disease risk factors and physical activity. Participants were 917 stroke- and dementia-free community-dwelling adults (59% women) in the Maine-Syracuse Study. The design was cross-sectional. Outcome measures included tests from the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery, the Wechsler Memory Scale Revised, and the Mini-Mental State Examination. Waist circumference and waist/hip ratio were inversely related to multiple cognitive domains with adjustment for age, education, gender, and number of prior exams. For example, a 20-cm increment in waist circumference was associated with a 0.14 SD decrement in the Global Composite score. These relations were attenuated with adjustment for cardiovascular disease risk factors. However, with further adjustment for physical activity level, only waist circumference remained significantly associated with performance on the Similarities test. Waist circumference and waist/hip ratio are inversely related to cognitive function. Measures of central adiposity predict cognitive function independently of associated cardiovascular risk factors and events; however, the association between central adiposity and cognitive function is attenuated, to a large extent, by adjustment for physical activity level. Physical activity is an important covariate in studies relating measures of central adiposity to cognition.
