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Ilmo Kukkonen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Random modelling of the lithospheric thermal regime: forward simulations applied in uncertainty analysis
Tectonophysics, 1999Co-Authors: Jarkko Jokinen, Ilmo KukkonenAbstract:A random modelling technique was applied in uncertainty analysis of forward geothermal modelling of the lithospheric thermal regime. We present results for estimating the effects of uncertainties in thermal conductivity, Heat production rate, model basal temperature and basal Heat Flow Density on calculated lithospheric temperature and Heat Flow Density (HFD). We analysed two models: first a 4-layer synthetic model representative of typical shield conditions with thick crust and lithosphere, and second a two-dimensional case history from the Fennoscandian (Baltic) Shield. Thermal conductivity (normally distributed) and Heat production (log-normally distributed) as well as temperature or Heat Flow Density (normally distributed) used as the lower boundary condition in the mantle were randomly varied in the simulations. Calculations based on 1500 independent cases of the layered model indicate, for instance, that a standard deviation (STD) of 50 K in calculated Moho temperature results with uncertainties either in thermal conductivity of about ±0.5 W m−1K−1, in Heat production rate of ±0.2 logA (A in μW m−3) or ±115 K in basal temperature, but only ±2 mW m−2 in basal Heat Flow Density. Respectively, the same values result in an uncertainty of ±2–10 mW m−2 in calculated surface Heat Flow Density. If conductivity and Heat production rate are varied simultaneously, the resulting uncertainty in calculated Moho temperature increases to about ±70 K. Adding also basal temperature variation increases the Moho temperature variation to about ±85 K. Results calculated with the two-dimensional transect in the Baltic Shield indicate analogously that uncertainty in temperature at 50 km depth (approximately at Moho) is ±35–60 K (using temperature as the lower boundary condition) and ±50–85 K (using Heat Flow as lower boundary condition). The corresponding variations in surface Heat Flow Density are ±6–15 mW m−2. The choice of the lower boundary condition has an essential effect on the variation of mantle temperatures, and models using Heat Flow Density as a lower boundary condition yield higher uncertainties in calculated mantle temperatures than those based on temperature as the lower boundary condition.
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Inverse simulation of the lithospheric thermal regime using the Monte Carlo method
Tectonophysics, 1999Co-Authors: Jarkko Jokinen, Ilmo KukkonenAbstract:Abstract The Monte Carlo inversion method was applied to geothermal lithospheric models of conductive Heat transfer in steady-state conditions. A priori models were generated from probability distributions assigned to thermal conductivity and Heat production rate of the models. Corresponding temperature and Heat Flow Density values were calculated numerically, and the modification of the a priori distributions into samples of the a posteriori distributions was done using the Metropolis algorithm as the acceptance rule and surface Heat Flow Density values as a fitting object. Two models were analysed, first a one-dimensional layered earth model with three crustal and one upper mantle layer, and second, a two-dimensional lithospheric model in the Fennoscandian Shield. The thermal conductivity and Heat production rate were either (1) evenly or (2) normally and log-normally distributed in the models. In both cases the results were generally similar in the sense that the same kinds of changes were suggested by the inversion algorithm for conductivity, Heat production rate, temperature and Heat Flow Density, although the changes were not identical in details. The result indicates that the inversion tool is robust and able to reach solutions from relatively loosely constrained a priori parameter estimates. However, the general ambiguity of the geothermal inversion problem influences the results considerably. The Monte Carlo inversion can be used for analysing the problem with the aid of the a posteriori frequency distributions of different parameters. Improving of the results, i.e. shifting of mean values and narrowing of the distributions were observed in many domains of the models. Deterioration of the parameter estimates was not recorded.
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Anomalously low Heat Flow Density in eastern Karelia, Baltic Shield: a possible palaeoclimatic signature
Tectonophysics, 1998Co-Authors: Ilmo Kukkonen, William D. Gosnold, Jan SafandaAbstract:Abstract We report new Heat Flow Density (HFD) values in seven drill holes in the Kamennye Lakes area in eastern Karelia, Russia, approximately at latitude 63°15′N, longitude 36°10′E. The investigated holes are 250–750 m deep and they intersect Archaean ultrabasic serpentinites and talc-carbonate rocks. Measured gradients range from 0.8 to 3.7 mK m−1 and the apparent HFD values from 2.4 to 11.6 mW m−2. The holes are not technically disturbed by fluid Flow or any drilling effects. Average Heat production of the rocks as analysed in the core samples of the deepest measured hole is 0.25 μ W m−3, but the low Heat production is not a critical factor in producing the low HFD values. This is due to refraction of Heat as shown with 2-D conductive simulations of Heat transfer in a low Heat-production formation surrounded by higher Heat production. Hydrogeological disturbances can be ruled out by the presence of saline groundwater in the sections deeper than 150–400 m, and low topographic variation in the area, as well as Peclet number estimates, which suggest negligible convective Heat transfer in the bedrock. All the temperature profiles are curved indicating recent palaeoclimatic disturbances. Inversion studies with singular value decomposition techniques yielded a climatic warming of about 1.0–1.5 K which started 150–200 years ago and was preceded by a cool period which lasted about 100 years. Nevertheless, recent climatic changes cannot explain the very low apparent HFD values, but long-period effects of the Weichselian glaciation are sufficient to decrease the HFD values to the levels measured. These effects were investigated with forward simulations and suggest that present temperature gradients in the range of 1–4 mK m−1 in the uppermost 1 km can be created by a very cold ground temperature (−10 to −15°C) during the glaciation time (60-11 ka ago).
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Temperature and Heat Flow Density in a thick cratonic lithosphere: The SVEKA transect, central Fennoscandian Shield
Journal of Geodynamics, 1998Co-Authors: Ilmo KukkonenAbstract:Lithospheric temperatures and Heat Flow densities (HFD) were simulated in the 650 km long SVEKA transect in the central Fennoscandian Shield. The area is characterized by anomalously thick crust (up to 55 km) and lithosphere (170–200 km). The investigated transect extends from the Archaean granite-greenstone terrain in the NE to an Early-Middle Proterozoic domain in the SW composed of metasediments, metavolcanics, granitoids and other igneous rocks. The significance of Heat transfer by circulating fluids in the crust was investigated with numerical simulations. Significant deviations from conductive conditions are possible given that hydraulic permeability and hydraulic gradient are sufficiently big. Measured values of in situ permeability and the low topographic variation in the transect area, however, do not support the existence of Flow systems which would be thermally relevant in the crustal scale. Therefore, Heat transfer is considered mainly conductive in the crust. In the mantle, radiative Heat transfer is assumed to be active in addition to conduction. Thermal conductive simulations which were based on the available information on geological, seismic, potential field and HFD investigations of the area suggest the following results: 1. 1. the seismic lithosphere/asthenosphere boundary at the depth of 170–200 km is at the solidus of volatile-bearing peridotite (about 1100 ± 100 °C); 2. 2. Surface HFD is to a large extent controlled by Heat production in the upper crust, which is responsible for about 30–45% of the surface HFD signal; 3. 3. lithosphere thickness variations are not reflected in HFD variations on the studied transect, mainly because the L/A depth varies only about 20 km along the transect; 4. 4. mantle HFD is low (about 12 ± 5mWm−2) along the transect and 5. 5. temperature at 50 km level (approximately at Moho) increases from the Archaean domain (about 400 °C) to the Proterozoic (500 °C) end of the transect. Accuracy of temperature estimation is affected by the applied conductivity and Heat production values, and the extreme bounds of the estimated Moho temperatures may be either about 100 K lower or 200 K higher than the values above. These limits correspond to conductivities varied by ± 1 Wm−1 K−1 and Heat production values by ± 50% around the normal values.
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Vertical variation of Heat Flow Density in the continental crust
Terra Nova, 1993Co-Authors: Ilmo Kukkonen, Vladimír Čermák, Eckart HurtigAbstract:Terrestrial Heat Flow Density is a key parameter in understanding the past, present and future development of our planet. Most phenomena studied in deep crustal geophysics are temperature dependent and therefore reliable assesments of deep temperatures are necessary. Most Heat Flow measurements have been made in drill holes which are shallow (< 1 km) in comparison to the thicknesses of the crust and lithosphere. The recent findings in deep drilling projects (e.g. the Kola deep hole in Russia and the KTB hole in Germany) have yielded results which suggest that there is a distinct contrast between Heat Flow densities measured in the uppermost 1 km and values measured at deeper levels. The factors contributing to the vertical variation in the uppermost few kilometres are discussed with special emphasis on palaeoclimatic ground surface temperature changes and groundwater circulation in the bedrock.
Philippe Duringer - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Heat Flow Density estimates in the Upper Rhine Graben using laboratory measurements of thermal conductivity on sedimentary rocks
Geothermal Energy, 2019Co-Authors: Pauline Harlé, Alexandra Kushnir, Coralie Aichholzer, Michael Heap, Régis Hehn, Vincent Maurer, Patrick Baud, Alexandre Richard, Albert Genter, Philippe DuringerAbstract:The Upper Rhine Graben (URG) has been extensively studied for geothermal exploitation over the past decades. Yet, the thermal conductivity of the sedimentary cover is still poorly constrained, limiting our ability to provide robust Heat Flow Density estimates. To improve our understanding of Heat Flow Density in the URG, we present a new large thermal conductivity database for sedimentary rocks collected at outcrops in the area including measurements on (1) dry rocks at ambient temperature (dry); (2) dry rocks at high temperature (hot) and (3) water-saturated rocks at ambient temperature (wet). These measurements, covering the various lithologies composing the sedimentary sequence, are associated with equilibrium-temperature profiles measured in the Soultz-sous-Forêts wells and in the GRT-1 borehole (Rittershoffen) (all in France). Heat Flow Density values considering the various experimental thermal conductivity conditions were obtained for different depth intervals in the wells along with average values for the whole boreholes. The results agree with the previous Heat Flow Density estimates based on dry rocks but more importantly highlight that accounting for the effect of temperature and water saturation of the formations is crucial to providing accurate Heat Flow Density estimates in a sedimentary basin. For Soultz-sous-Forêts, we calculate average conductive Heat Flow Density to be 127 mW/m 2 when considering hot rocks and 184 mW/m 2 for wet rocks. Heat Flow Density in the GRT-1 well is estimated at 109 and 164 mW/m 2 for hot and wet rocks, respectively. Results from the Rit-tershoffen well suggest that Heat Flow Density is nearly constant with depth, contrary to the observations for the Soultz-sous-Forêts site. Our results show a positive Heat Flow Density anomaly in the Jurassic formations, which could be explained by a combined effect of a higher radiogenic Heat production in the Jurassic sediments and thermal disturbance caused by the presence of the major faults close to the Soultz-sous-Forêts geothermal site. Although additional data are required to improve these estimates and our understanding of the thermal processes, we consider the Heat Flow densities estimated herein as the most reliable currently available for the URG.
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Heat Flow Density estimates in the Upper Rhine Graben using laboratory measurements of thermal conductivity on sedimentary rocks
Geothermal Energy, 2019Co-Authors: Pauline Harlé, Coralie Aichholzer, Régis Hehn, Vincent Maurer, Patrick Baud, Alexandre Richard, Albert Genter, Alexandra R. L. Kushnir, Michael J. Heap, Philippe DuringerAbstract:The Upper Rhine Graben (URG) has been extensively studied for geothermal exploitation over the past decades. Yet, the thermal conductivity of the sedimentary cover is still poorly constrained, limiting our ability to provide robust Heat Flow Density estimates. To improve our understanding of Heat Flow Density in the URG, we present a new large thermal conductivity database for sedimentary rocks collected at outcrops in the area including measurements on (1) dry rocks at ambient temperature (dry); (2) dry rocks at high temperature (hot) and (3) water-saturated rocks at ambient temperature (wet). These measurements, covering the various lithologies composing the sedimentary sequence, are associated with equilibrium-temperature profiles measured in the Soultz-sous-Forets wells and in the GRT-1 borehole (Rittershoffen) (all in France). Heat Flow Density values considering the various experimental thermal conductivity conditions were obtained for different depth intervals in the wells along with average values for the whole boreholes. The results agree with the previous Heat Flow Density estimates based on dry rocks but more importantly highlight that accounting for the effect of temperature and water saturation of the formations is crucial to providing accurate Heat Flow Density estimates in a sedimentary basin. For Soultz-sous-Forets, we calculate average conductive Heat Flow Density to be 127 mW/m2 when considering hot rocks and 184 mW/m2 for wet rocks. Heat Flow Density in the GRT-1 well is estimated at 109 and 164 mW/m2 for hot and wet rocks, respectively. Results from the Rittershoffen well suggest that Heat Flow Density is nearly constant with depth, contrary to the observations for the Soultz-sous-Forets site. Our results show a positive Heat Flow Density anomaly in the Jurassic formations, which could be explained by a combined effect of a higher radiogenic Heat production in the Jurassic sediments and thermal disturbance caused by the presence of the major faults close to the Soultz-sous-Forets geothermal site. Although additional data are required to improve these estimates and our understanding of the thermal processes, we consider the Heat Flow densities estimated herein as the most reliable currently available for the URG.
V A Schapov - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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low geothermal Heat Flow of the urals fold belt implication of low Heat production fluid circulation or palaeoclimate
Tectonophysics, 1997Co-Authors: I T Kukkonen, I V Golovanova, Yu V Khachay, V S Druzhinin, A M Kosarev, V A SchapovAbstract:Abstract The Urals are characterized by extremely low Heat Flow Density (HFD). We present a discussion on the relevant factors which may contribute to the observed distribution of Heat Flow values. The available Heat Flow data in the Urals and surrounding East European and West Siberian platforms are based on borehole measurements at about 300 sites which range from the Arctic Sea coast to the Kazakshtan Plain. Along the Urals fold belt Heat Flow Density is 30 mW m−2 or less, whereas the platform areas are characterized by 20–40 mW m−2 higher values. The low Heat Flow Density zone is 50–100 km wide. Its extension to the north is not exactly known, but the minimum extends at least to the latitude 61°N. We present new results of Heat Flow and Heat production measurements, Peclet number analyses on advective Heat transfer by groundwater Flow, as well as numerical conductive models of Heat transfer in the lithosphere in the Troitsk DSS transect. The most important factor contributing to the low Heat Flow Density in the Urals seems to be the low level of radiogenic Heat production in the crust in the Tagil-Magnitogorsk Zone. The minimum is apparently enhanced by the palaeoclimatically induced vertical variation in HFD produced by the periglacial climatic conditions during the latest glaciation epoch 70,000–10,000 years B.P. The boreholes used for HFD measurements are shallower (500–1500 m) in the Tagil-Magnitogorsk Zone than in the adjoining areas in the west (1000–3000 m) or in the east (300–3000 m), and therefore the palaeoclimatic disturbance is more pronounced in these boreholes.
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Low geothermal Heat Flow of the Urals fold belt — implication of low Heat production, fluid circulation or palaeoclimate?
Tectonophysics, 1997Co-Authors: I T Kukkonen, I V Golovanova, Yu V Khachay, V S Druzhinin, A M Kosarev, V A SchapovAbstract:Abstract The Urals are characterized by extremely low Heat Flow Density (HFD). We present a discussion on the relevant factors which may contribute to the observed distribution of Heat Flow values. The available Heat Flow data in the Urals and surrounding East European and West Siberian platforms are based on borehole measurements at about 300 sites which range from the Arctic Sea coast to the Kazakshtan Plain. Along the Urals fold belt Heat Flow Density is 30 mW m−2 or less, whereas the platform areas are characterized by 20–40 mW m−2 higher values. The low Heat Flow Density zone is 50–100 km wide. Its extension to the north is not exactly known, but the minimum extends at least to the latitude 61°N. We present new results of Heat Flow and Heat production measurements, Peclet number analyses on advective Heat transfer by groundwater Flow, as well as numerical conductive models of Heat transfer in the lithosphere in the Troitsk DSS transect. The most important factor contributing to the low Heat Flow Density in the Urals seems to be the low level of radiogenic Heat production in the crust in the Tagil-Magnitogorsk Zone. The minimum is apparently enhanced by the palaeoclimatically induced vertical variation in HFD produced by the periglacial climatic conditions during the latest glaciation epoch 70,000–10,000 years B.P. The boreholes used for HFD measurements are shallower (500–1500 m) in the Tagil-Magnitogorsk Zone than in the adjoining areas in the west (1000–3000 m) or in the east (300–3000 m), and therefore the palaeoclimatic disturbance is more pronounced in these boreholes.
Pauline Harlé - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Heat Flow Density estimates in the Upper Rhine Graben using laboratory measurements of thermal conductivity on sedimentary rocks
Geothermal Energy, 2019Co-Authors: Pauline Harlé, Alexandra Kushnir, Coralie Aichholzer, Michael Heap, Régis Hehn, Vincent Maurer, Patrick Baud, Alexandre Richard, Albert Genter, Philippe DuringerAbstract:The Upper Rhine Graben (URG) has been extensively studied for geothermal exploitation over the past decades. Yet, the thermal conductivity of the sedimentary cover is still poorly constrained, limiting our ability to provide robust Heat Flow Density estimates. To improve our understanding of Heat Flow Density in the URG, we present a new large thermal conductivity database for sedimentary rocks collected at outcrops in the area including measurements on (1) dry rocks at ambient temperature (dry); (2) dry rocks at high temperature (hot) and (3) water-saturated rocks at ambient temperature (wet). These measurements, covering the various lithologies composing the sedimentary sequence, are associated with equilibrium-temperature profiles measured in the Soultz-sous-Forêts wells and in the GRT-1 borehole (Rittershoffen) (all in France). Heat Flow Density values considering the various experimental thermal conductivity conditions were obtained for different depth intervals in the wells along with average values for the whole boreholes. The results agree with the previous Heat Flow Density estimates based on dry rocks but more importantly highlight that accounting for the effect of temperature and water saturation of the formations is crucial to providing accurate Heat Flow Density estimates in a sedimentary basin. For Soultz-sous-Forêts, we calculate average conductive Heat Flow Density to be 127 mW/m 2 when considering hot rocks and 184 mW/m 2 for wet rocks. Heat Flow Density in the GRT-1 well is estimated at 109 and 164 mW/m 2 for hot and wet rocks, respectively. Results from the Rit-tershoffen well suggest that Heat Flow Density is nearly constant with depth, contrary to the observations for the Soultz-sous-Forêts site. Our results show a positive Heat Flow Density anomaly in the Jurassic formations, which could be explained by a combined effect of a higher radiogenic Heat production in the Jurassic sediments and thermal disturbance caused by the presence of the major faults close to the Soultz-sous-Forêts geothermal site. Although additional data are required to improve these estimates and our understanding of the thermal processes, we consider the Heat Flow densities estimated herein as the most reliable currently available for the URG.
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Heat Flow Density estimates in the Upper Rhine Graben using laboratory measurements of thermal conductivity on sedimentary rocks
Geothermal Energy, 2019Co-Authors: Pauline Harlé, Coralie Aichholzer, Régis Hehn, Vincent Maurer, Patrick Baud, Alexandre Richard, Albert Genter, Alexandra R. L. Kushnir, Michael J. Heap, Philippe DuringerAbstract:The Upper Rhine Graben (URG) has been extensively studied for geothermal exploitation over the past decades. Yet, the thermal conductivity of the sedimentary cover is still poorly constrained, limiting our ability to provide robust Heat Flow Density estimates. To improve our understanding of Heat Flow Density in the URG, we present a new large thermal conductivity database for sedimentary rocks collected at outcrops in the area including measurements on (1) dry rocks at ambient temperature (dry); (2) dry rocks at high temperature (hot) and (3) water-saturated rocks at ambient temperature (wet). These measurements, covering the various lithologies composing the sedimentary sequence, are associated with equilibrium-temperature profiles measured in the Soultz-sous-Forets wells and in the GRT-1 borehole (Rittershoffen) (all in France). Heat Flow Density values considering the various experimental thermal conductivity conditions were obtained for different depth intervals in the wells along with average values for the whole boreholes. The results agree with the previous Heat Flow Density estimates based on dry rocks but more importantly highlight that accounting for the effect of temperature and water saturation of the formations is crucial to providing accurate Heat Flow Density estimates in a sedimentary basin. For Soultz-sous-Forets, we calculate average conductive Heat Flow Density to be 127 mW/m2 when considering hot rocks and 184 mW/m2 for wet rocks. Heat Flow Density in the GRT-1 well is estimated at 109 and 164 mW/m2 for hot and wet rocks, respectively. Results from the Rittershoffen well suggest that Heat Flow Density is nearly constant with depth, contrary to the observations for the Soultz-sous-Forets site. Our results show a positive Heat Flow Density anomaly in the Jurassic formations, which could be explained by a combined effect of a higher radiogenic Heat production in the Jurassic sediments and thermal disturbance caused by the presence of the major faults close to the Soultz-sous-Forets geothermal site. Although additional data are required to improve these estimates and our understanding of the thermal processes, we consider the Heat Flow densities estimated herein as the most reliable currently available for the URG.
Antonio Correia - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Updated Surface Heat Flow Density Map in Mainland Portugal
2005Co-Authors: Antonio Correia, Elsa Cristina RamalhoAbstract:The collection and use of geothermal information to draw a Heat Flow Density (HFD) map and determine the geothermal regime of the crust for mainland Portugal began at the end of the seventies. The data have been collected from all the available scientific publications and internal reports of Portuguese institutions that have been working in the geothermal field. Recent data have also been obtained by the authors to make studies on crustal geothermal modeling and palaeoclimatology. Due to the existence of large granitic regions in northern Portugal, with long faults in several directions, surface Heat Flow Density estimations for that area are difficult to obtain. Furthermore, most of the wells drilled there are shallower than 120 m. However, many of the Portuguese thermal springs are located in that region. On the other hand, intensive mining in southern Portugal has created a large and reliable HFD data set for the region. In most Portuguese sedimentary basins, geothermal data come from deep oil prospecting wells. All the geothermal information collected up to now in mining, water and oil wells that were considered appropriate to calculate surface Heat Flow Density are shown as an updated HFD map of mainland Portugal. It also includes surface HFD values obtained using geothermometry techniques applied to thermal waters with deep circulation. The updated surface HFD map is compared with the Portuguese geological map. Based on those data, a map with different HFD zones is presented. This map could be used for geothermal exploitation purposes at national scale. In general terms the HFD values for mainland Portugal range from 40 mW/m 2 to 115 mW/m 2 , with an average value
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New Heat Flow Density data from southern Portugal: a geothermal anomaly revisited
Tectonophysics, 1998Co-Authors: Antonio Correia, Elsa Cristina RamalhoAbstract:Abstract Previous geothermal work has indicated that a geothermal anomaly with Heat Flow Density values in excess of 200 mW/m 2 exists in southern Portugal. Other geological and geophysical data from the area show no evidence of such an anomaly. To determine whether or not a geothermal anomaly occurs there, the published geothermal data and some new temperature data obtained from newly available wells, as well as from some of the previously used wells were reprocessed. The reprocessing of the published data took into consideration thermal and hydrodynamic equilibrium criteria, and so some of the wells that were previously used to draw the Heat Flow Density map were rejected. Reprocessing of the data, together with the new measurements, indicate that a geothermal anomaly does not exist in the area and that it is a normal geothermal area with Heat Flow Density values ranging from 50 to 90 mW/m 2 . These values are similar to those obtained for other Hercynian regions in Europe.
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On the importance of measuring thermal conductivities for Heat Flow Density estimates: an example from the Jeanne d'Arc Basin, offshore eastern Canada
Tectonophysics, 1996Co-Authors: Antonio Correia, F. W. JonesAbstract:Abstract Temperature data from petroleum exploration wells can be used to study the thermal regimes of sedimentary basins. In this, it is common to consider many wells and to multiply the average geothermal gradient measured in each well by the effective thermal conductivity of the rocks across the interval over which the gradient is determined to obtain a Heat Flow Density estimate for the location of each well. It is often not possible to measure the thermal conductivities of the rocks present in the basin, and the usual approach is to assign thermal conductivity values based on published values to those rocks. It is shown that, at least in Jeanne d'Arc Basin, to use assumed thermal conductivity values to calculate Heat Flow densities at the locations of the 35 wells considered is misleading and results in Heat Flow Density estimates that can be one-half those found using thermal conductivities based on values obtained from measurements on rocks from some of the wells in the basin. These differences in Heat Flow densities can lead to differences in the extrapolated temperatures using the two sets of thermal conductivities as high as 264°C at 20 km depth. Higher temperatures are obtained when the measured thermal conductivity data set is used.
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The thermal regime in the Jeanne d'Arc Basin, offshore eastern Canada
Tectonophysics, 1991Co-Authors: Antonio Correia, F. W. JonesAbstract:Heat Flow Density values within the Jeanne d'Arc Basin from a previous study are compared with calculated Heat Flow densities based on a two-dimensional conductive numerical model. Three profiles across the basin are considered, and it is found that although water motion may affect the temperature distribution at shallow depths, it is unlikely that the thermal field is perturbed by water motion at great depths. It is found that the temperature at 20 km depth lies between 420 and 440°C, and that the Heat Flow Density from the upper crust beneath the basin is about 45 mW/m2.
