The Experts below are selected from a list of 1311 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Jan H. A. Kroeze - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
dissociating pleasantness and intensity with quinine sulfate sucrose mixtures in taste
Chemical Senses, 2006Co-Authors: Maria G Veldhuizen, Anthonie P A Van Rooden, Jan H. A. KroezeAbstract:Independent experimental manipulation of subjective intensity and Hedonic Tone is required if one wants to study their separate effects on brain activity and behavior. This is problematic because Hedonic Tone and subjective intensity are related, leading to a pleasantness change each time the stimulus intensity is altered. In the present study, a solution to this problem was explored by combining a pleasant-tasting substance (sucrose) and a bad-tasting substance (quinine sulfate) into a number of different isointense mixtures. Here we show that subjective intensity as well as pleasantness can be accurately predicted, particularly in midrange, only if one corrects for mixture suppression.
-
Dissociating Pleasantness and Intensity with Quinine Sulfate/Sucrose Mixtures in Taste
Chemical Senses, 2006Co-Authors: Maria G Veldhuizen, Anthonie P A Van Rooden, Jan H. A. KroezeAbstract:Independent experimental manipulation of subjective intensity and Hedonic Tone is required if one wants to study their separate effects on brain activity and behavior. This is problematic because Hedonic Tone and subjective intensity are related, leading to a pleasantness change each time the stimulus intensity is altered. In the present study, a solution to this problem was explored by combining a pleasant-tasting substance (sucrose) and a bad-tasting substance (quinine sulfate) into a number of different isointense mixtures. Here we show that subjective intensity as well as pleasantness can be accurately predicted, particularly in midrange, only if one corrects for mixture suppression.
Gerhard Winneke - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Review of adverse health effects of odours in field studies.
Water Science and Technology, 2009Co-Authors: Kirsten Sucker, R. Both, Gerhard WinnekeAbstract:Exposure to environmental odours from industrial and agricultural premises, in addition to inducing annoyance responses in a dose-dependent manner, have been shown to be either directly associated with gastric symptoms as well as general health-related complaints under extreme exposure conditions, or indirectly mediated through odour annoyance under moderate odour exposure conditions. Objective: In order to examine the influence of Hedonic Tone (pleasantness-unpleasantness) and perceived odour strength (intensity) on symptom reporting the results of two pertinent field studies were analysed. Methods: In the vicinity of six industrial plants (sweets, rusk, textile, seed-oil, fat, cast iron) and eleven livestock operations (poultry, pig, cattle) assessment of odour exposure was done by means of systematic field inspections. Effect assessment was done by means of direct interviews (industrial: N =1456, agricultural: N =1053) using questionnaires covering odour annoyance, symptom reporting and relevant covariates. Data analysis: Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to establish dose-response associations between odour frequency, intensity and Hedonic Tone as independent variables and symptom reporting as dependent variable. Results: Exposure-symptom associations are strongly influenced by Hedonic Tone, whereas intensity has no additional predictive value. Adding odour annoyance to the regression model shows that symptom reporting is exclusively mediated by annoyance.
-
Odor frequency and odor annoyance. Part I: assessment of frequency, intensity and Hedonic Tone of environmental odors in the field
International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 2008Co-Authors: Kirsten Sucker, Ralf Both, Michael Bischoff, Rainer Guski, Gerhard WinnekeAbstract:Objective Odors can be evaluated as being pleasant or unpleasant (Hedonic Tone), but this differentiation was not incorporated into environmental odor regulation. In order to study the Hedonic-induced modification of dose–response associations for community odor annoyance a pertinent field study was conducted. This paper covers the first step, namely the development and validation of a standardized human observation strategy for the direct quantification of the frequency, intensity, and Hedonic Tone of environmental odors in the field. Methods Grids with equidistant observation points were located around six industrial odor sources, two with pleasant (sweets, rusk bakery), two with neutral (textile production, seed oil production), and two with unpleasant odor emissions (fat refinery, cast iron production). These points were visited by trained observers, screened for normal olfaction and reliable performance, in a systematic fashion for an observation time of 10 min duration. Exposure-related information from the observers in terms of frequency, intensity (six-point scale) and Hedonic Tone (nine-point scale) were compared to that of 1,456 residents using the same rating scales. Results Residents evaluated the industrial odors more intense and more unpleasant than the panelists. Furthermore, for the residents only negative relations between odor intensity and Hedonic Tone were found while for the observer pleasant odor became more pleasant with increasing intensity. Instead of three classes of industrial odors, namely pleasant, neutral and unpleasant, the responses allowed only for two odor classes, namely pleasant and not pleasant, the latter also covering the neutral category. Conclusions The developed methodology has been shown to yield valid information about odor exposure in the field. With regard to different application settings the discrepancies between external observers and affected residents are discussed in terms of different information processing strategies, namely stimulus-based (bottom-up) for the panel and memory-based and, thus, subject to cognitive bias for the residents (top-down).
-
Odor frequency and odor annoyance Part II: dose–response associations and their modification by Hedonic Tone
International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 2008Co-Authors: Kirsten Sucker, Ralf Both, Michael Bischoff, Rainer Guski, Ursula Krämer, Gerhard WinnekeAbstract:Objective Risk-assessment for environmental odors and the development of an appropriate guideline for protection against undue odor annoyance have long been hampered by the difficulties of assessing odor exposure and community annoyance responses. In recent years, however, dose–response associations between frequency of odor events and odor annoyance level in the affected population were established. However, the influence of Hedonic Tone (pleasantness–unpleasantness) and perceived odor strength (intensity) on the degree of odor annoyance have long been neglected in such studies and accompanying guidelines. In order to close this gap a pertinent field study was conducted in the vicinity of six odor emitting plants, two with pleasant (sweets production, rusk bakery), with neutral (textile production, seed oil production), and with presumably unpleasant odor emissions (fat refinery, cast iron production). Methods A standardized sensory method was developed (described in Part I in the accompanying paper) to quantify intensity and Hedonic Tone within the assessment of odor exposure by systematic field inspection with trained observers. Additionally, exposure-information, the degree of annoyance, and the frequency of general health complaints and irritation symptoms were collected from the exposed residents through direct interviews. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to establish dose–response associations between odor frequency, intensity and Hedonic Tone as independent variables and annoyance or symptom reporting as the dependent variable. Results It is shown that exposure-annoyance as well as exposure–symptom associations are strongly influenced by odor Hedonic. Whereas pleasant odors induced little to no annoyance, both neutral and unpleasant ones did. Additional inclusion of odor intensity did not improve the prediction of odor annoyance. Frequency of reported symptoms was found to be exclusively mediated by annoyance. The results are discussed in terms of environmental stress emphasizing the WHO-definition of health. Conclusions Based on these findings the existing German guideline against undue odor annoyance was modified.
-
Odor frequency and odor annoyance. Part I: assessment of frequency, intensity and Hedonic Tone of environmental odors in the field.
International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 2007Co-Authors: Kirsten Sucker, Ralf Both, Michael Bischoff, Rainer Guski, Gerhard WinnekeAbstract:Objective Odors can be evaluated as being pleasant or unpleasant (Hedonic Tone), but this differentiation was not incorporated into environmental odor regulation. In order to study the Hedonic-induced modification of dose–response associations for community odor annoyance a pertinent field study was conducted. This paper covers the first step, namely the development and validation of a standardized human observation strategy for the direct quantification of the frequency, intensity, and Hedonic Tone of environmental odors in the field.
-
Odor frequency and odor annoyance Part II: dose-response associations and their modification by Hedonic Tone.
International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 2007Co-Authors: Kirsten Sucker, Ralf Both, Michael Bischoff, Rainer Guski, Ursula Krämer, Gerhard WinnekeAbstract:Objective Risk-assessment for environmental odors and the development of an appropriate guideline for protection against undue odor annoyance have long been hampered by the difficulties of assessing odor exposure and community annoyance responses. In recent years, however, dose–response associations between frequency of odor events and odor annoyance level in the affected population were established. However, the influence of Hedonic Tone (pleasantness–unpleasantness) and perceived odor strength (intensity) on the degree of odor annoyance have long been neglected in such studies and accompanying guidelines. In order to close this gap a pertinent field study was conducted in the vicinity of six odor emitting plants, two with pleasant (sweets production, rusk bakery), with neutral (textile production, seed oil production), and with presumably unpleasant odor emissions (fat refinery, cast iron production).
Kirsten Sucker - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Review of adverse health effects of odours in field studies.
Water Science and Technology, 2009Co-Authors: Kirsten Sucker, R. Both, Gerhard WinnekeAbstract:Exposure to environmental odours from industrial and agricultural premises, in addition to inducing annoyance responses in a dose-dependent manner, have been shown to be either directly associated with gastric symptoms as well as general health-related complaints under extreme exposure conditions, or indirectly mediated through odour annoyance under moderate odour exposure conditions. Objective: In order to examine the influence of Hedonic Tone (pleasantness-unpleasantness) and perceived odour strength (intensity) on symptom reporting the results of two pertinent field studies were analysed. Methods: In the vicinity of six industrial plants (sweets, rusk, textile, seed-oil, fat, cast iron) and eleven livestock operations (poultry, pig, cattle) assessment of odour exposure was done by means of systematic field inspections. Effect assessment was done by means of direct interviews (industrial: N =1456, agricultural: N =1053) using questionnaires covering odour annoyance, symptom reporting and relevant covariates. Data analysis: Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to establish dose-response associations between odour frequency, intensity and Hedonic Tone as independent variables and symptom reporting as dependent variable. Results: Exposure-symptom associations are strongly influenced by Hedonic Tone, whereas intensity has no additional predictive value. Adding odour annoyance to the regression model shows that symptom reporting is exclusively mediated by annoyance.
-
Odor frequency and odor annoyance Part II: dose–response associations and their modification by Hedonic Tone
International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 2008Co-Authors: Kirsten Sucker, Ralf Both, Michael Bischoff, Rainer Guski, Ursula Krämer, Gerhard WinnekeAbstract:Objective Risk-assessment for environmental odors and the development of an appropriate guideline for protection against undue odor annoyance have long been hampered by the difficulties of assessing odor exposure and community annoyance responses. In recent years, however, dose–response associations between frequency of odor events and odor annoyance level in the affected population were established. However, the influence of Hedonic Tone (pleasantness–unpleasantness) and perceived odor strength (intensity) on the degree of odor annoyance have long been neglected in such studies and accompanying guidelines. In order to close this gap a pertinent field study was conducted in the vicinity of six odor emitting plants, two with pleasant (sweets production, rusk bakery), with neutral (textile production, seed oil production), and with presumably unpleasant odor emissions (fat refinery, cast iron production). Methods A standardized sensory method was developed (described in Part I in the accompanying paper) to quantify intensity and Hedonic Tone within the assessment of odor exposure by systematic field inspection with trained observers. Additionally, exposure-information, the degree of annoyance, and the frequency of general health complaints and irritation symptoms were collected from the exposed residents through direct interviews. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to establish dose–response associations between odor frequency, intensity and Hedonic Tone as independent variables and annoyance or symptom reporting as the dependent variable. Results It is shown that exposure-annoyance as well as exposure–symptom associations are strongly influenced by odor Hedonic. Whereas pleasant odors induced little to no annoyance, both neutral and unpleasant ones did. Additional inclusion of odor intensity did not improve the prediction of odor annoyance. Frequency of reported symptoms was found to be exclusively mediated by annoyance. The results are discussed in terms of environmental stress emphasizing the WHO-definition of health. Conclusions Based on these findings the existing German guideline against undue odor annoyance was modified.
-
Odor frequency and odor annoyance. Part I: assessment of frequency, intensity and Hedonic Tone of environmental odors in the field
International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 2008Co-Authors: Kirsten Sucker, Ralf Both, Michael Bischoff, Rainer Guski, Gerhard WinnekeAbstract:Objective Odors can be evaluated as being pleasant or unpleasant (Hedonic Tone), but this differentiation was not incorporated into environmental odor regulation. In order to study the Hedonic-induced modification of dose–response associations for community odor annoyance a pertinent field study was conducted. This paper covers the first step, namely the development and validation of a standardized human observation strategy for the direct quantification of the frequency, intensity, and Hedonic Tone of environmental odors in the field. Methods Grids with equidistant observation points were located around six industrial odor sources, two with pleasant (sweets, rusk bakery), two with neutral (textile production, seed oil production), and two with unpleasant odor emissions (fat refinery, cast iron production). These points were visited by trained observers, screened for normal olfaction and reliable performance, in a systematic fashion for an observation time of 10 min duration. Exposure-related information from the observers in terms of frequency, intensity (six-point scale) and Hedonic Tone (nine-point scale) were compared to that of 1,456 residents using the same rating scales. Results Residents evaluated the industrial odors more intense and more unpleasant than the panelists. Furthermore, for the residents only negative relations between odor intensity and Hedonic Tone were found while for the observer pleasant odor became more pleasant with increasing intensity. Instead of three classes of industrial odors, namely pleasant, neutral and unpleasant, the responses allowed only for two odor classes, namely pleasant and not pleasant, the latter also covering the neutral category. Conclusions The developed methodology has been shown to yield valid information about odor exposure in the field. With regard to different application settings the discrepancies between external observers and affected residents are discussed in terms of different information processing strategies, namely stimulus-based (bottom-up) for the panel and memory-based and, thus, subject to cognitive bias for the residents (top-down).
-
Odor frequency and odor annoyance. Part I: assessment of frequency, intensity and Hedonic Tone of environmental odors in the field.
International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 2007Co-Authors: Kirsten Sucker, Ralf Both, Michael Bischoff, Rainer Guski, Gerhard WinnekeAbstract:Objective Odors can be evaluated as being pleasant or unpleasant (Hedonic Tone), but this differentiation was not incorporated into environmental odor regulation. In order to study the Hedonic-induced modification of dose–response associations for community odor annoyance a pertinent field study was conducted. This paper covers the first step, namely the development and validation of a standardized human observation strategy for the direct quantification of the frequency, intensity, and Hedonic Tone of environmental odors in the field.
-
Odor frequency and odor annoyance Part II: dose-response associations and their modification by Hedonic Tone.
International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 2007Co-Authors: Kirsten Sucker, Ralf Both, Michael Bischoff, Rainer Guski, Ursula Krämer, Gerhard WinnekeAbstract:Objective Risk-assessment for environmental odors and the development of an appropriate guideline for protection against undue odor annoyance have long been hampered by the difficulties of assessing odor exposure and community annoyance responses. In recent years, however, dose–response associations between frequency of odor events and odor annoyance level in the affected population were established. However, the influence of Hedonic Tone (pleasantness–unpleasantness) and perceived odor strength (intensity) on the degree of odor annoyance have long been neglected in such studies and accompanying guidelines. In order to close this gap a pertinent field study was conducted in the vicinity of six odor emitting plants, two with pleasant (sweets production, rusk bakery), with neutral (textile production, seed oil production), and with presumably unpleasant odor emissions (fat refinery, cast iron production).
Ralf Both - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Odor frequency and odor annoyance Part II: dose–response associations and their modification by Hedonic Tone
International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 2008Co-Authors: Kirsten Sucker, Ralf Both, Michael Bischoff, Rainer Guski, Ursula Krämer, Gerhard WinnekeAbstract:Objective Risk-assessment for environmental odors and the development of an appropriate guideline for protection against undue odor annoyance have long been hampered by the difficulties of assessing odor exposure and community annoyance responses. In recent years, however, dose–response associations between frequency of odor events and odor annoyance level in the affected population were established. However, the influence of Hedonic Tone (pleasantness–unpleasantness) and perceived odor strength (intensity) on the degree of odor annoyance have long been neglected in such studies and accompanying guidelines. In order to close this gap a pertinent field study was conducted in the vicinity of six odor emitting plants, two with pleasant (sweets production, rusk bakery), with neutral (textile production, seed oil production), and with presumably unpleasant odor emissions (fat refinery, cast iron production). Methods A standardized sensory method was developed (described in Part I in the accompanying paper) to quantify intensity and Hedonic Tone within the assessment of odor exposure by systematic field inspection with trained observers. Additionally, exposure-information, the degree of annoyance, and the frequency of general health complaints and irritation symptoms were collected from the exposed residents through direct interviews. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to establish dose–response associations between odor frequency, intensity and Hedonic Tone as independent variables and annoyance or symptom reporting as the dependent variable. Results It is shown that exposure-annoyance as well as exposure–symptom associations are strongly influenced by odor Hedonic. Whereas pleasant odors induced little to no annoyance, both neutral and unpleasant ones did. Additional inclusion of odor intensity did not improve the prediction of odor annoyance. Frequency of reported symptoms was found to be exclusively mediated by annoyance. The results are discussed in terms of environmental stress emphasizing the WHO-definition of health. Conclusions Based on these findings the existing German guideline against undue odor annoyance was modified.
-
Odor frequency and odor annoyance. Part I: assessment of frequency, intensity and Hedonic Tone of environmental odors in the field
International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 2008Co-Authors: Kirsten Sucker, Ralf Both, Michael Bischoff, Rainer Guski, Gerhard WinnekeAbstract:Objective Odors can be evaluated as being pleasant or unpleasant (Hedonic Tone), but this differentiation was not incorporated into environmental odor regulation. In order to study the Hedonic-induced modification of dose–response associations for community odor annoyance a pertinent field study was conducted. This paper covers the first step, namely the development and validation of a standardized human observation strategy for the direct quantification of the frequency, intensity, and Hedonic Tone of environmental odors in the field. Methods Grids with equidistant observation points were located around six industrial odor sources, two with pleasant (sweets, rusk bakery), two with neutral (textile production, seed oil production), and two with unpleasant odor emissions (fat refinery, cast iron production). These points were visited by trained observers, screened for normal olfaction and reliable performance, in a systematic fashion for an observation time of 10 min duration. Exposure-related information from the observers in terms of frequency, intensity (six-point scale) and Hedonic Tone (nine-point scale) were compared to that of 1,456 residents using the same rating scales. Results Residents evaluated the industrial odors more intense and more unpleasant than the panelists. Furthermore, for the residents only negative relations between odor intensity and Hedonic Tone were found while for the observer pleasant odor became more pleasant with increasing intensity. Instead of three classes of industrial odors, namely pleasant, neutral and unpleasant, the responses allowed only for two odor classes, namely pleasant and not pleasant, the latter also covering the neutral category. Conclusions The developed methodology has been shown to yield valid information about odor exposure in the field. With regard to different application settings the discrepancies between external observers and affected residents are discussed in terms of different information processing strategies, namely stimulus-based (bottom-up) for the panel and memory-based and, thus, subject to cognitive bias for the residents (top-down).
-
Odor frequency and odor annoyance. Part I: assessment of frequency, intensity and Hedonic Tone of environmental odors in the field.
International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 2007Co-Authors: Kirsten Sucker, Ralf Both, Michael Bischoff, Rainer Guski, Gerhard WinnekeAbstract:Objective Odors can be evaluated as being pleasant or unpleasant (Hedonic Tone), but this differentiation was not incorporated into environmental odor regulation. In order to study the Hedonic-induced modification of dose–response associations for community odor annoyance a pertinent field study was conducted. This paper covers the first step, namely the development and validation of a standardized human observation strategy for the direct quantification of the frequency, intensity, and Hedonic Tone of environmental odors in the field.
-
Odor frequency and odor annoyance Part II: dose-response associations and their modification by Hedonic Tone.
International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 2007Co-Authors: Kirsten Sucker, Ralf Both, Michael Bischoff, Rainer Guski, Ursula Krämer, Gerhard WinnekeAbstract:Objective Risk-assessment for environmental odors and the development of an appropriate guideline for protection against undue odor annoyance have long been hampered by the difficulties of assessing odor exposure and community annoyance responses. In recent years, however, dose–response associations between frequency of odor events and odor annoyance level in the affected population were established. However, the influence of Hedonic Tone (pleasantness–unpleasantness) and perceived odor strength (intensity) on the degree of odor annoyance have long been neglected in such studies and accompanying guidelines. In order to close this gap a pertinent field study was conducted in the vicinity of six odor emitting plants, two with pleasant (sweets production, rusk bakery), with neutral (textile production, seed oil production), and with presumably unpleasant odor emissions (fat refinery, cast iron production).
Michael Bischoff - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Odor frequency and odor annoyance Part II: dose–response associations and their modification by Hedonic Tone
International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 2008Co-Authors: Kirsten Sucker, Ralf Both, Michael Bischoff, Rainer Guski, Ursula Krämer, Gerhard WinnekeAbstract:Objective Risk-assessment for environmental odors and the development of an appropriate guideline for protection against undue odor annoyance have long been hampered by the difficulties of assessing odor exposure and community annoyance responses. In recent years, however, dose–response associations between frequency of odor events and odor annoyance level in the affected population were established. However, the influence of Hedonic Tone (pleasantness–unpleasantness) and perceived odor strength (intensity) on the degree of odor annoyance have long been neglected in such studies and accompanying guidelines. In order to close this gap a pertinent field study was conducted in the vicinity of six odor emitting plants, two with pleasant (sweets production, rusk bakery), with neutral (textile production, seed oil production), and with presumably unpleasant odor emissions (fat refinery, cast iron production). Methods A standardized sensory method was developed (described in Part I in the accompanying paper) to quantify intensity and Hedonic Tone within the assessment of odor exposure by systematic field inspection with trained observers. Additionally, exposure-information, the degree of annoyance, and the frequency of general health complaints and irritation symptoms were collected from the exposed residents through direct interviews. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to establish dose–response associations between odor frequency, intensity and Hedonic Tone as independent variables and annoyance or symptom reporting as the dependent variable. Results It is shown that exposure-annoyance as well as exposure–symptom associations are strongly influenced by odor Hedonic. Whereas pleasant odors induced little to no annoyance, both neutral and unpleasant ones did. Additional inclusion of odor intensity did not improve the prediction of odor annoyance. Frequency of reported symptoms was found to be exclusively mediated by annoyance. The results are discussed in terms of environmental stress emphasizing the WHO-definition of health. Conclusions Based on these findings the existing German guideline against undue odor annoyance was modified.
-
Odor frequency and odor annoyance. Part I: assessment of frequency, intensity and Hedonic Tone of environmental odors in the field
International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 2008Co-Authors: Kirsten Sucker, Ralf Both, Michael Bischoff, Rainer Guski, Gerhard WinnekeAbstract:Objective Odors can be evaluated as being pleasant or unpleasant (Hedonic Tone), but this differentiation was not incorporated into environmental odor regulation. In order to study the Hedonic-induced modification of dose–response associations for community odor annoyance a pertinent field study was conducted. This paper covers the first step, namely the development and validation of a standardized human observation strategy for the direct quantification of the frequency, intensity, and Hedonic Tone of environmental odors in the field. Methods Grids with equidistant observation points were located around six industrial odor sources, two with pleasant (sweets, rusk bakery), two with neutral (textile production, seed oil production), and two with unpleasant odor emissions (fat refinery, cast iron production). These points were visited by trained observers, screened for normal olfaction and reliable performance, in a systematic fashion for an observation time of 10 min duration. Exposure-related information from the observers in terms of frequency, intensity (six-point scale) and Hedonic Tone (nine-point scale) were compared to that of 1,456 residents using the same rating scales. Results Residents evaluated the industrial odors more intense and more unpleasant than the panelists. Furthermore, for the residents only negative relations between odor intensity and Hedonic Tone were found while for the observer pleasant odor became more pleasant with increasing intensity. Instead of three classes of industrial odors, namely pleasant, neutral and unpleasant, the responses allowed only for two odor classes, namely pleasant and not pleasant, the latter also covering the neutral category. Conclusions The developed methodology has been shown to yield valid information about odor exposure in the field. With regard to different application settings the discrepancies between external observers and affected residents are discussed in terms of different information processing strategies, namely stimulus-based (bottom-up) for the panel and memory-based and, thus, subject to cognitive bias for the residents (top-down).
-
Odor frequency and odor annoyance. Part I: assessment of frequency, intensity and Hedonic Tone of environmental odors in the field.
International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 2007Co-Authors: Kirsten Sucker, Ralf Both, Michael Bischoff, Rainer Guski, Gerhard WinnekeAbstract:Objective Odors can be evaluated as being pleasant or unpleasant (Hedonic Tone), but this differentiation was not incorporated into environmental odor regulation. In order to study the Hedonic-induced modification of dose–response associations for community odor annoyance a pertinent field study was conducted. This paper covers the first step, namely the development and validation of a standardized human observation strategy for the direct quantification of the frequency, intensity, and Hedonic Tone of environmental odors in the field.
-
Odor frequency and odor annoyance Part II: dose-response associations and their modification by Hedonic Tone.
International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 2007Co-Authors: Kirsten Sucker, Ralf Both, Michael Bischoff, Rainer Guski, Ursula Krämer, Gerhard WinnekeAbstract:Objective Risk-assessment for environmental odors and the development of an appropriate guideline for protection against undue odor annoyance have long been hampered by the difficulties of assessing odor exposure and community annoyance responses. In recent years, however, dose–response associations between frequency of odor events and odor annoyance level in the affected population were established. However, the influence of Hedonic Tone (pleasantness–unpleasantness) and perceived odor strength (intensity) on the degree of odor annoyance have long been neglected in such studies and accompanying guidelines. In order to close this gap a pertinent field study was conducted in the vicinity of six odor emitting plants, two with pleasant (sweets production, rusk bakery), with neutral (textile production, seed oil production), and with presumably unpleasant odor emissions (fat refinery, cast iron production).