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Harri Kankaanpaa - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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cyanobacteria and prawn farming in northern new south wales australia a case study on cyanobacteria diversity and Hepatotoxin bioaccumulation
Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 2005Co-Authors: Harri Kankaanpaa, Jon Holliday, Helge Schroder, Timothy J Goddard, Richard Von Fister, Wayne W CarmichaelAbstract:Harmful cyanobacteria pose a hazard to aquatic ecosystems due to toxins (hepatotoxic microcystins, nodularins, and cylindrospermopsin) they produce. The microcystins and nodularins are potent toxins, which are also tumor promoters. The microcystins and nodularins may accumulate into aquatic organisms and be transferred to higher trophic levels, and eventually affect vector animals and consumers. Prawn farming is a rapidly growing industry in Australia. Because information regarding effects of cyanobacteria at prawn farms was lacking, we examined diversity of cyanobacteria and toxin production plus bioaccumulation into black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) under both field (northern New South Wales, Australia, December 2001-April 2002) and laboratory conditions. Samples were analyzed for Hepatotoxins using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The maximum density of cyanobacteria (1 x 10{sup 6} to 4 x 10{sup 6} cells/l) was reached in April. Cyanobacteria encountered were Oscillatoria sp. (up to 4 x 10{sup 6} cells/l), Pseudanabaena sp. (up to 1.8 x 10{sup 6} cells/l), Microcystis sp. (up to 3.5 x 10{sup 4} cells/l), and Aphanocapsa sp. (up to 2 x 10{sup 4} cells/l). An uncommon cyanobacterium, Romeria sp. (up to 2.2 x 10{sup 6} cells/l), was also observed. Contrasting earlier indications, toxic Nodularia spumigena was absent.more » Despite that both Oscillatoria sp. and Microcystis sp. are potentially hepatotoxic, Hepatotoxin levels in phytoplankton samples remained low (up to 0.5-1.2 mg/kg dw; ELISA) in 2001-2002. ELISA was found suitable not only for phytoplankton but prawn tissues as well. Enzymatic pretreatment improved extractability of Hepatotoxin from cyanobacteria (nodularin from N. spumigena as an example), but did not generally increase toxin recovery from prawn hepatopancreas. There were slightly increasing Hepatotoxin concentrations in prawn hepatopancreas (from 6-20 to 20-80 {mu}g/kg dw; ELISA) during the study. Hepatotoxin concentrations in surface sediment remained low (<5 {mu}g/kg dw; ELISA) throughout the study. Laboratory experiments indicated that prawn hepatopancreas, heart, and brain were primary organs for Hepatotoxin bioaccumulation. Toxin concentration in other organs, including muscle, was less effective. Orally administered nodularin levels in hepatopancreas rapidly decreased from initial 830 to 250 {mu}g/kg dw in 96 h. Similarly, concentration of microcystin-LR injected in prawns decreased from 130 to 30 {mu}g/kg dw (hepatopancreas) in 2 h. These results demonstrate that potential risks caused by cyanobacteria in prawn farming (farmers, prawns, and consumers) were not substantial in 2001-2002. Although prawns may act as vectors for toxin transfer, they did not accumulate alerting amounts of Hepatotoxins and were able to effectively detoxify them. Because bloom toxicity may vary, low-frequency toxin monitoring is recommended.« less
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Cyanobacteria and prawn farming in northern New South Wales, Australia--a case study on cyanobacteria diversity and Hepatotoxin bioaccumulation.
Toxicology and applied pharmacology, 2005Co-Authors: Harri Kankaanpaa, Jon Holliday, Helge Schroder, Timothy J Goddard, Richard Von Fister, Wayne W CarmichaelAbstract:Harmful cyanobacteria pose a hazard to aquatic ecosystems due to toxins (hepatotoxic microcystins, nodularins, and cylindrospermopsin) they produce. The microcystins and nodularins are potent toxins, which are also tumor promoters. The microcystins and nodularins may accumulate into aquatic organisms and be transferred to higher trophic levels, and eventually affect vector animals and consumers. Prawn farming is a rapidly growing industry in Australia. Because information regarding effects of cyanobacteria at prawn farms was lacking, we examined diversity of cyanobacteria and toxin production plus bioaccumulation into black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) under both field (northern New South Wales, Australia, December 2001-April 2002) and laboratory conditions. Samples were analyzed for Hepatotoxins using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The maximum density of cyanobacteria (1 x 10{sup 6} to 4 x 10{sup 6} cells/l) was reached in April. Cyanobacteria encountered were Oscillatoria sp. (up to 4 x 10{sup 6} cells/l), Pseudanabaena sp. (up to 1.8 x 10{sup 6} cells/l), Microcystis sp. (up to 3.5 x 10{sup 4} cells/l), and Aphanocapsa sp. (up to 2 x 10{sup 4} cells/l). An uncommon cyanobacterium, Romeria sp. (up to 2.2 x 10{sup 6} cells/l), was also observed. Contrasting earlier indications, toxic Nodularia spumigena was absent.more » Despite that both Oscillatoria sp. and Microcystis sp. are potentially hepatotoxic, Hepatotoxin levels in phytoplankton samples remained low (up to 0.5-1.2 mg/kg dw; ELISA) in 2001-2002. ELISA was found suitable not only for phytoplankton but prawn tissues as well. Enzymatic pretreatment improved extractability of Hepatotoxin from cyanobacteria (nodularin from N. spumigena as an example), but did not generally increase toxin recovery from prawn hepatopancreas. There were slightly increasing Hepatotoxin concentrations in prawn hepatopancreas (from 6-20 to 20-80 {mu}g/kg dw; ELISA) during the study. Hepatotoxin concentrations in surface sediment remained low (
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bioaccumulation and detoxication of nodularin in tissues of flounder platichthys flesus mussels mytilus edulis dreissena polymorpha and clams macoma balthica from the northern baltic sea
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2002Co-Authors: Vesa O. Sipiä, Stephan Pflugmacher, Harri Kankaanpaa, Juha Flinkman, Ambrose Furey, Kevin J JamesAbstract:Abstract Cyanobacterial Hepatotoxin accumulation in mussels (Mytilus edulis, Dreissena polymorpha), clam (Macoma balthica), and flounder (Platichthys flesus) tissues was measured. Flounder were caught with gillnets from the western Gulf of Finland on 21 August 1999, 25 July 2000, and 25 August 2000. Blue mussels were collected from: (1) a steel cage at a depth of 3 m on 20 August 1999, (2) an enclosure at depths of 3–5 m, and (3) an artificial reef (wreck at 25–30 m) in the western Gulf of Finland between June and September 2000. Furthermore, blue mussels were collected from two sites between August and October 2000: south of the town of Hanko at depths of 5 and 20 m in the western Gulf of Finland and south of the city of Helsinki at a depth of 7 m in the central Gulf of Finland. M. balthica and D. polymorpha were collected at a depth of 12 m from Russian waters in the eastern Gulf of Finland on 1–4 August 2000. The samples were analyzed for the cyanobacterial Hepatotoxins nodularin (NODLN) and microcystins (MCs) using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS), and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS). ELISA indicated a time-dependent accumulation of Hepatotoxins in flounder liver up to 400±10 (SD) μg/kg on 25 August 2000. No Hepatotoxins were detected in flounder muscle samples. In blue mussels, collected from an enclosure 3–5 m deep in the western Gulf of Finland on 23 August 2000, ELISA indicated cyanobacterial Hepatotoxins up to 1490±60 μg/kg dry wt. Blue mussels collected from the other sites contained less cyanobacterial Hepatotoxins (40–130 μg/kg dry wt). Clams and mussels from Russian waters contained cyanobacterial Hepatotoxin at about 100–130 μg/kg dry wt. Total Hepatotoxin levels in mussels from enclosures decreased from August to September, indicating at least partial detoxication/depuration of the toxins. LC-MS verified the presence of NODLN in mussels and flounder. Typical detoxication conjugates were observed by MALDI-TOF-MS in mussel samples collected during August 2000. In deeper-living wreck mussels cyanobacterial Hepatotoxin levels continued to increase, from August to September, indicating that portions of cyanobacterial Hepatotoxins reach the sea floor. NODLN bioaccumulation is a constant phenomenon in the area.
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Time-dependent accumulation of cyanobacterial Hepatotoxins in flounders (Platichthys flesus) and mussels (Mytilus edulis) from the northern Baltic Sea.
Environmental toxicology, 2001Co-Authors: Vesa O. Sipiä, Harri Kankaanpaa, Juha Flinkman, Kirsti Lahti, Jussi MeriluotoAbstract:There is only limited information about the accumulation of algal toxins in aquatic organisms in the Baltic Sea. In this study we measured total cyanobacterial Hepatotoxin levels in blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) and flounderi (Platichthys flesus) tissues. Flounder were caught with gillnets from the western Gulf of Finland during July and August 1999. Blue mussels were collected from an enclosure at 3 m depth and from an artificial reef (wreck, 25-35 m depth) in the western Gulf of Finland between June and September 1999. Flounder liver and muscle samples and soft tissues of mussels were analyzed for the cyanobacterial Hepatotoxins (nodularin, NODLN and/or microcystins, MCs) using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results showed a time-dependent accumulation of Hepatotoxins in flounder and mussels. In flounder, the maximum concentration 399 +/- 5 (sd) ng NODLN or MC/g dry weight (dw) was found in the liver of specimens caught on 21 August 1999. No Hepatotoxins were detected in muscle samples. The maximum concentration of 2150 ng +/- 60 (sd) ng Hepatotoxin/g dw was found in the mussel soft tissues collected on 20 August 1999. Temporal NODLN or MC trends indicated depuration of cyanobacterial Hepatotoxin from mussels at surface level and an increase in NODLN or MC concentrations in those from the sea bed. These studies showed that despite the low cyanobacteria cell numbers the cyanobacterial Hepatotoxins can accumulate in flounder and mussels. This may allow the further transfer of cyanobacterial Hepatotoxins in the food web.
Wayne W Carmichael - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Cyanobacteria and prawn farming in northern New South Wales, Australia--a case study on cyanobacteria diversity and Hepatotoxin bioaccumulation.
Toxicology and applied pharmacology, 2005Co-Authors: Harri Kankaanpaa, Jon Holliday, Helge Schroder, Timothy J Goddard, Richard Von Fister, Wayne W CarmichaelAbstract:Harmful cyanobacteria pose a hazard to aquatic ecosystems due to toxins (hepatotoxic microcystins, nodularins, and cylindrospermopsin) they produce. The microcystins and nodularins are potent toxins, which are also tumor promoters. The microcystins and nodularins may accumulate into aquatic organisms and be transferred to higher trophic levels, and eventually affect vector animals and consumers. Prawn farming is a rapidly growing industry in Australia. Because information regarding effects of cyanobacteria at prawn farms was lacking, we examined diversity of cyanobacteria and toxin production plus bioaccumulation into black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) under both field (northern New South Wales, Australia, December 2001-April 2002) and laboratory conditions. Samples were analyzed for Hepatotoxins using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The maximum density of cyanobacteria (1 x 10{sup 6} to 4 x 10{sup 6} cells/l) was reached in April. Cyanobacteria encountered were Oscillatoria sp. (up to 4 x 10{sup 6} cells/l), Pseudanabaena sp. (up to 1.8 x 10{sup 6} cells/l), Microcystis sp. (up to 3.5 x 10{sup 4} cells/l), and Aphanocapsa sp. (up to 2 x 10{sup 4} cells/l). An uncommon cyanobacterium, Romeria sp. (up to 2.2 x 10{sup 6} cells/l), was also observed. Contrasting earlier indications, toxic Nodularia spumigena was absent.more » Despite that both Oscillatoria sp. and Microcystis sp. are potentially hepatotoxic, Hepatotoxin levels in phytoplankton samples remained low (up to 0.5-1.2 mg/kg dw; ELISA) in 2001-2002. ELISA was found suitable not only for phytoplankton but prawn tissues as well. Enzymatic pretreatment improved extractability of Hepatotoxin from cyanobacteria (nodularin from N. spumigena as an example), but did not generally increase toxin recovery from prawn hepatopancreas. There were slightly increasing Hepatotoxin concentrations in prawn hepatopancreas (from 6-20 to 20-80 {mu}g/kg dw; ELISA) during the study. Hepatotoxin concentrations in surface sediment remained low (
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cyanobacteria and prawn farming in northern new south wales australia a case study on cyanobacteria diversity and Hepatotoxin bioaccumulation
Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 2005Co-Authors: Harri Kankaanpaa, Jon Holliday, Helge Schroder, Timothy J Goddard, Richard Von Fister, Wayne W CarmichaelAbstract:Harmful cyanobacteria pose a hazard to aquatic ecosystems due to toxins (hepatotoxic microcystins, nodularins, and cylindrospermopsin) they produce. The microcystins and nodularins are potent toxins, which are also tumor promoters. The microcystins and nodularins may accumulate into aquatic organisms and be transferred to higher trophic levels, and eventually affect vector animals and consumers. Prawn farming is a rapidly growing industry in Australia. Because information regarding effects of cyanobacteria at prawn farms was lacking, we examined diversity of cyanobacteria and toxin production plus bioaccumulation into black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) under both field (northern New South Wales, Australia, December 2001-April 2002) and laboratory conditions. Samples were analyzed for Hepatotoxins using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The maximum density of cyanobacteria (1 x 10{sup 6} to 4 x 10{sup 6} cells/l) was reached in April. Cyanobacteria encountered were Oscillatoria sp. (up to 4 x 10{sup 6} cells/l), Pseudanabaena sp. (up to 1.8 x 10{sup 6} cells/l), Microcystis sp. (up to 3.5 x 10{sup 4} cells/l), and Aphanocapsa sp. (up to 2 x 10{sup 4} cells/l). An uncommon cyanobacterium, Romeria sp. (up to 2.2 x 10{sup 6} cells/l), was also observed. Contrasting earlier indications, toxic Nodularia spumigena was absent.more » Despite that both Oscillatoria sp. and Microcystis sp. are potentially hepatotoxic, Hepatotoxin levels in phytoplankton samples remained low (up to 0.5-1.2 mg/kg dw; ELISA) in 2001-2002. ELISA was found suitable not only for phytoplankton but prawn tissues as well. Enzymatic pretreatment improved extractability of Hepatotoxin from cyanobacteria (nodularin from N. spumigena as an example), but did not generally increase toxin recovery from prawn hepatopancreas. There were slightly increasing Hepatotoxin concentrations in prawn hepatopancreas (from 6-20 to 20-80 {mu}g/kg dw; ELISA) during the study. Hepatotoxin concentrations in surface sediment remained low (<5 {mu}g/kg dw; ELISA) throughout the study. Laboratory experiments indicated that prawn hepatopancreas, heart, and brain were primary organs for Hepatotoxin bioaccumulation. Toxin concentration in other organs, including muscle, was less effective. Orally administered nodularin levels in hepatopancreas rapidly decreased from initial 830 to 250 {mu}g/kg dw in 96 h. Similarly, concentration of microcystin-LR injected in prawns decreased from 130 to 30 {mu}g/kg dw (hepatopancreas) in 2 h. These results demonstrate that potential risks caused by cyanobacteria in prawn farming (farmers, prawns, and consumers) were not substantial in 2001-2002. Although prawns may act as vectors for toxin transfer, they did not accumulate alerting amounts of Hepatotoxins and were able to effectively detoxify them. Because bloom toxicity may vary, low-frequency toxin monitoring is recommended.« less
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first report of the cyanotoxins cylindrospermopsin and deoxycylindrospermopsin from raphidiopsis curvata cyanobacteria
Journal of Phycology, 2001Co-Authors: Renhui Li, Scott M Brittain, Wayne W Carmichael, Geoff Eaglesham, Glen R Shaw, Makoto M WatanabeAbstract:A strain of Raphidiopsis (Cyanobacteria) isolated from a fish pond in Wuhan, P. R. China was examined for its taxonomy and production of the alkaloidal Hepatotoxins cylindrospermopsin (CYN) and deoxy-cylindrospermopsin (deoxy-CYN). Strain HB1 was identified as R. curvata Fritsch et Rich based on morphological examination of the laboratory culture. HB1 produced mainly deoxy-CYN at a concentration of 1.3 mg(.)g(-1) (dry ut cells) by HPLC and HPLC-MS/MS. CYN was also detected in trace amounts (0.56 mug(.)g(-1)). A mouse bioassay did not show lethal toxicity when tested at doses up to 1500 mg dry weight cells(.)kg(-1) body weight within 96 h, demonstrating that production of primarily deoxy CYN does not lead to significant mouse toxicity by strain BB I. The presence of deoxy-CYN and CYN in R curvata suggests that Raphidiopsis belongs to the Nostocaceae, but this requires confirmation by molecular systematic studies. Production of these cyanotoxins by Raphidiopsis adds another genus, in addition to Cylindrospemopsis, Aphanizomenon, and Umezakia, now known to produce this group of hepatotoxic cyanotoxins. This is also the first report from China of a CYN and deoxy-CYN producing cyanobacterium.
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First report of microcystins from a Brazilian isolate of the cyanobacteriumMicrocystis aeruginosa
Journal of Applied Phycology, 1994Co-Authors: Sandra M F O Azevedo, William R. Evans, Wayne W Carmichael, Michio NamikoshiAbstract:This is the first report on microcystins, cyclic heptapeptide Hepatotoxins, from Brazilian water supplies. A colony isolate (NPJB-1) of the colonial cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa from Lagoa das Garças, São Paulo, was cultured under non-axenic conditions. Exponential phase cells were harvested, concentrated and lyophilized for mouse bioassays and toxin extraction. The LD_100 of lyophilized cell suspensions was approximately 31 mg kg^−1 (dry cell weight/animal weight). Isolation, purification and characterization of the toxins were carried out by reversed phase HPLC, HPLC amino acid analysis and fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry. Strain NPJB-1 produces two different hepatotoxic heptapeptide microcystins. The main one was microcystin-LR, the most commonly reported microcystin from cyanobacteria. The other was microcystin-LF, the phenylalanine variant of microcystin-LR. This is the first published report for microcystin-LF.
Sidney D Nelson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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metabolism of r pulegone and r menthofuran by human liver cytochrome p 450s evidence for formation of a furan epoxide
Drug Metabolism and Disposition, 1999Co-Authors: Siamak C Khojastehbakht, Weiqiao Chen, Luke L Koenigs, Raimund M Peter, Sidney D NelsonAbstract:( R )-(+)-Pulegone, a monoterpene constituent of pennyroyal oil, is a Hepatotoxin that has been used in folklore medicine as an abortifacient despite its potential lethal effects. Pulegone is metabolized by human liver cytochrome P-450s to menthofuran, a proximate hepatotoxic metabolite of pulegone. Expressed human liver cytochrome (CYP) P-450s (1A2, 2A6, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, 2E1, and 3A4) were tested for their ability to catalyze the oxidations of pulegone and menthofuran. Expressed CYP2E1, CYP1A2, and CYP2C19 oxidized pulegone to menthofuran, with respective K m and V max values of 29 μM and 8.4 nmol/min/nmol P-450 for CYP2E1, 94 μM and 2.4 nmol/min/nmol P-450 for CYP1A2, and 31 μM and 1.5 nmol/min/nmol P-450 for CYP2C19. The human liver P-450s involved in the metabolism of menthofuran are the same as pulegone except for the addition of CYP2A6. These P-450s were found to oxidize menthofuran to a newly identified metabolite, 2-hydroxymenthofuran, which is an intermediate in the formation of the known metabolites mintlactone and isomintlactone. Based on studies with 18 O 2 and H 2 18 O, 2-hydroxymenthofuran arises predominantly from a dihydrodiol formed from a furan epoxide. CYP2E1, CYP1A2, and CYP2C19 oxidized menthofuran with respective K m and V max values of 33 μM and 0.43 nmol/min/nmol P-450 for CYP2E1, 57 μM and 0.29 nmol/min/nmol P-450 for CYP1A2, and 62 μM and 0.26 nmol/min/nmol P-450 for CYP2C19.
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Metabolism of (R)-(+)-Pulegone and (R)-(+)-Menthofuran by Human Liver Cytochrome P-450s: Evidence for Formation of a Furan Epoxide
Drug Metabolism and Disposition, 1999Co-Authors: Siamak C. Khojasteh-bakht, Weiqiao Chen, Luke L Koenigs, Raimund M Peter, Sidney D NelsonAbstract:( R )-(+)-Pulegone, a monoterpene constituent of pennyroyal oil, is a Hepatotoxin that has been used in folklore medicine as an abortifacient despite its potential lethal effects. Pulegone is metabolized by human liver cytochrome P-450s to menthofuran, a proximate hepatotoxic metabolite of pulegone. Expressed human liver cytochrome (CYP) P-450s (1A2, 2A6, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, 2E1, and 3A4) were tested for their ability to catalyze the oxidations of pulegone and menthofuran. Expressed CYP2E1, CYP1A2, and CYP2C19 oxidized pulegone to menthofuran, with respective K m and V max values of 29 μM and 8.4 nmol/min/nmol P-450 for CYP2E1, 94 μM and 2.4 nmol/min/nmol P-450 for CYP1A2, and 31 μM and 1.5 nmol/min/nmol P-450 for CYP2C19. The human liver P-450s involved in the metabolism of menthofuran are the same as pulegone except for the addition of CYP2A6. These P-450s were found to oxidize menthofuran to a newly identified metabolite, 2-hydroxymenthofuran, which is an intermediate in the formation of the known metabolites mintlactone and isomintlactone. Based on studies with 18 O 2 and H 2 18 O, 2-hydroxymenthofuran arises predominantly from a dihydrodiol formed from a furan epoxide. CYP2E1, CYP1A2, and CYP2C19 oxidized menthofuran with respective K m and V max values of 33 μM and 0.43 nmol/min/nmol P-450 for CYP2E1, 57 μM and 0.29 nmol/min/nmol P-450 for CYP1A2, and 62 μM and 0.26 nmol/min/nmol P-450 for CYP2C19.
Vesa O. Sipiä - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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bioaccumulation and detoxication of nodularin in tissues of flounder platichthys flesus mussels mytilus edulis dreissena polymorpha and clams macoma balthica from the northern baltic sea
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2002Co-Authors: Vesa O. Sipiä, Stephan Pflugmacher, Harri Kankaanpaa, Juha Flinkman, Ambrose Furey, Kevin J JamesAbstract:Abstract Cyanobacterial Hepatotoxin accumulation in mussels (Mytilus edulis, Dreissena polymorpha), clam (Macoma balthica), and flounder (Platichthys flesus) tissues was measured. Flounder were caught with gillnets from the western Gulf of Finland on 21 August 1999, 25 July 2000, and 25 August 2000. Blue mussels were collected from: (1) a steel cage at a depth of 3 m on 20 August 1999, (2) an enclosure at depths of 3–5 m, and (3) an artificial reef (wreck at 25–30 m) in the western Gulf of Finland between June and September 2000. Furthermore, blue mussels were collected from two sites between August and October 2000: south of the town of Hanko at depths of 5 and 20 m in the western Gulf of Finland and south of the city of Helsinki at a depth of 7 m in the central Gulf of Finland. M. balthica and D. polymorpha were collected at a depth of 12 m from Russian waters in the eastern Gulf of Finland on 1–4 August 2000. The samples were analyzed for the cyanobacterial Hepatotoxins nodularin (NODLN) and microcystins (MCs) using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS), and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS). ELISA indicated a time-dependent accumulation of Hepatotoxins in flounder liver up to 400±10 (SD) μg/kg on 25 August 2000. No Hepatotoxins were detected in flounder muscle samples. In blue mussels, collected from an enclosure 3–5 m deep in the western Gulf of Finland on 23 August 2000, ELISA indicated cyanobacterial Hepatotoxins up to 1490±60 μg/kg dry wt. Blue mussels collected from the other sites contained less cyanobacterial Hepatotoxins (40–130 μg/kg dry wt). Clams and mussels from Russian waters contained cyanobacterial Hepatotoxin at about 100–130 μg/kg dry wt. Total Hepatotoxin levels in mussels from enclosures decreased from August to September, indicating at least partial detoxication/depuration of the toxins. LC-MS verified the presence of NODLN in mussels and flounder. Typical detoxication conjugates were observed by MALDI-TOF-MS in mussel samples collected during August 2000. In deeper-living wreck mussels cyanobacterial Hepatotoxin levels continued to increase, from August to September, indicating that portions of cyanobacterial Hepatotoxins reach the sea floor. NODLN bioaccumulation is a constant phenomenon in the area.
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Time-dependent accumulation of cyanobacterial Hepatotoxins in flounders (Platichthys flesus) and mussels (Mytilus edulis) from the northern Baltic Sea.
Environmental toxicology, 2001Co-Authors: Vesa O. Sipiä, Harri Kankaanpaa, Juha Flinkman, Kirsti Lahti, Jussi MeriluotoAbstract:There is only limited information about the accumulation of algal toxins in aquatic organisms in the Baltic Sea. In this study we measured total cyanobacterial Hepatotoxin levels in blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) and flounderi (Platichthys flesus) tissues. Flounder were caught with gillnets from the western Gulf of Finland during July and August 1999. Blue mussels were collected from an enclosure at 3 m depth and from an artificial reef (wreck, 25-35 m depth) in the western Gulf of Finland between June and September 1999. Flounder liver and muscle samples and soft tissues of mussels were analyzed for the cyanobacterial Hepatotoxins (nodularin, NODLN and/or microcystins, MCs) using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results showed a time-dependent accumulation of Hepatotoxins in flounder and mussels. In flounder, the maximum concentration 399 +/- 5 (sd) ng NODLN or MC/g dry weight (dw) was found in the liver of specimens caught on 21 August 1999. No Hepatotoxins were detected in muscle samples. The maximum concentration of 2150 ng +/- 60 (sd) ng Hepatotoxin/g dw was found in the mussel soft tissues collected on 20 August 1999. Temporal NODLN or MC trends indicated depuration of cyanobacterial Hepatotoxin from mussels at surface level and an increase in NODLN or MC concentrations in those from the sea bed. These studies showed that despite the low cyanobacteria cell numbers the cyanobacterial Hepatotoxins can accumulate in flounder and mussels. This may allow the further transfer of cyanobacterial Hepatotoxins in the food web.
Jussi Meriluoto - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Cyanobacterial Hepatotoxins, microcystins and nodularins, in fresh and brackish waters of the Pomeranian Province, Northern Poland
Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies, 2008Co-Authors: Hanna Mazur-marzec, Lisa Spoof, Justyna Kobos, Marcin Pliński, Jussi MeriluotoAbstract:Cyanobacterial Hepatotoxins, microcystins and nodularins, in fresh and brackish waters of the Pomeranian Province, northern PolandMicrocystins (MCs) and structurally related nodularins (NODs) are hepatotoxic cyclic peptides produced by bloom-forming cyanobacteria. These toxins have been implicated in the deaths of wild and domestic animals as well as in incidents of human illness. Cyanobacterial toxins occurring in the fresh and brackish waters of the Pomeranian Province, northern Poland were characterized in this study. Water samples collected from seven lakes in August and September 2005 were analysed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and protein phosphatase inhibition assay (PPIA). Cyanobacterial toxins present in field samples and in an isolated strain of
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Oxidation of the Cyanobacterial Hepatotoxin Microcystin-LR by Chlorine Dioxide: Influence of Natural Organic Matter
Environmental science & technology, 2006Co-Authors: Tomas P. J. Kull, Olli Sjövall, Marko K. Tammenkoski, Peter Backlund, Jussi MeriluotoAbstract:Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) are known producers of cytotoxic, hepatotoxic, and neurotoxic compounds with severe acute and chronic effects on vertebrates. Successful removal of these toxins in drinking water treatment is therefore of importance for public health. In the present work the oxidation of the cyanobacterial Hepatotoxin microcystin-LR (MC-LR) by chlorine dioxide (ClO2) was studied at natural microcystin concentrations (10 μg L-1) and normal ClO2 dosages (1 mg L-1) in the absence and presence of natural organic matter (NOM). ClO2 was found to be rapidly consumed by fulvic and humic acids, leaving less residual ClO2 to oxidize MC-LR. Predicted decrease rates in MC-LR concentration correlated highly with experimental data both in pure water and in the presence of NOM. Rate constants determined at high ClO2 and MC-LR concentrations in pure water could be used to predict the oxidation of MC-LR at natural concentrations. Toxicity tests with a protein phosphatase inhibition assay on reaction soluti...
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Time-dependent accumulation of cyanobacterial Hepatotoxins in flounders (Platichthys flesus) and mussels (Mytilus edulis) from the northern Baltic Sea.
Environmental toxicology, 2001Co-Authors: Vesa O. Sipiä, Harri Kankaanpaa, Juha Flinkman, Kirsti Lahti, Jussi MeriluotoAbstract:There is only limited information about the accumulation of algal toxins in aquatic organisms in the Baltic Sea. In this study we measured total cyanobacterial Hepatotoxin levels in blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) and flounderi (Platichthys flesus) tissues. Flounder were caught with gillnets from the western Gulf of Finland during July and August 1999. Blue mussels were collected from an enclosure at 3 m depth and from an artificial reef (wreck, 25-35 m depth) in the western Gulf of Finland between June and September 1999. Flounder liver and muscle samples and soft tissues of mussels were analyzed for the cyanobacterial Hepatotoxins (nodularin, NODLN and/or microcystins, MCs) using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results showed a time-dependent accumulation of Hepatotoxins in flounder and mussels. In flounder, the maximum concentration 399 +/- 5 (sd) ng NODLN or MC/g dry weight (dw) was found in the liver of specimens caught on 21 August 1999. No Hepatotoxins were detected in muscle samples. The maximum concentration of 2150 ng +/- 60 (sd) ng Hepatotoxin/g dw was found in the mussel soft tissues collected on 20 August 1999. Temporal NODLN or MC trends indicated depuration of cyanobacterial Hepatotoxin from mussels at surface level and an increase in NODLN or MC concentrations in those from the sea bed. These studies showed that despite the low cyanobacteria cell numbers the cyanobacterial Hepatotoxins can accumulate in flounder and mussels. This may allow the further transfer of cyanobacterial Hepatotoxins in the food web.