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Blair C. Armstrong - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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A comparison of Homonym meaning frequency estimates derived from movie and television subtitles, free association, and explicit ratings
Behavior research methods, 2018Co-Authors: Caitlin Rice, Barend Beekhuizen, Vladimir Dubrovsky, Suzanne Stevenson, Blair C. ArmstrongAbstract:Most words are ambiguous, with interpretation dependent on context. Advancing theories of ambiguity resolution is important for any general theory of language processing, and for resolving inconsistencies in observed ambiguity effects across experimental tasks. Focusing on Homonyms (words such as bank with unrelated meanings EDGE OF A RIVER vs. FINANCIAL INSTITUTION), the present work advances theories and methods for estimating the relative frequency of their meanings, a factor that shapes observed ambiguity effects. We develop a new method for estimating meaning frequency based on the meaning of a Homonym evoked in lines of movie and television subtitles according to human raters. We also replicate and extend a measure of meaning frequency derived from the classification of free associates. We evaluate the internal consistency of these measures, compare them to published estimates based on explicit ratings of each meaning’s frequency, and compare each set of norms in predicting performance in lexical and semantic decision mega-studies. All measures have high internal consistency and show agreement, but each is also associated with unique variance, which may be explained by integrating cognitive theories of memory with the demands of different experimental methodologies. To derive frequency estimates, we collected manual classifications of 533 Homonyms over 50,000 lines of subtitles, and of 357 Homonyms across over 5000 Homonym–associate pairs. This database—publicly available at: www.blairarmstrong.net/Homonymnorms/ —constitutes a novel resource for computational cognitive modeling and computational linguistics, and we offer suggestions around good practices for its use in training and testing models on labeled data.
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eDom: norming software and relative meaning frequencies for 544 English Homonyms.
Behavior research methods, 2012Co-Authors: Blair C. Armstrong, Natasha Tokowicz, David C. PlautAbstract:Words that are Homonyms—that is, for which a single written and spoken form is associated with multiple, unrelated interpretations, such as COMPOUND, which can denote an or a meaning—are an invaluable class of items for studying word and discourse comprehension. When using Homonyms as stimuli, it is critical to control for the relative frequencies of each interpretation, because this variable can drastically alter the empirical effects of Homonymy. Currently, the standard method for estimating these frequencies is based on the classification of free associates generated for a Homonym, but this approach is both assumption-laden and resource-demanding. Here, we outline an alternative norming methodology based on explicit ratings of the relative meaning frequencies of dictionary definitions. To evaluate this method, we collected and analyzed data in a norming study involving 544 English Homonyms, using the eDom norming software that we developed for this purpose. Dictionary definitions were generally sufficient to exhaustively cover word meanings, and the methods converged on stable norms with fewer data and less effort on the part of the experimenter. The predictive validity of the norms was demonstrated in analyses of lexical decision data from the English Lexicon Project (Balota et al., Behavior Research Methods, 39, 445–459, 2007), and from Armstrong and Plaut (Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, 2223–2228, 2011). On the basis of these results, our norming method obviates relying on the unsubstantiated assumptions involved in estimating relative meaning frequencies on the basis of classification of free associates. Additional details of the norming procedure, the meaning frequency norms, and the source code, standalone binaries, and user manual for the software are available at http://edom.cnbc.cmu.edu.
Claudia A. Marsicano - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Banksiops, a replacement name for Banksia townrowi (Amphibia, Temnospondyli)
Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 2000Co-Authors: Anne Warren, Claudia A. MarsicanoAbstract:Platycepsion wilkinsoni is a small immature temnospondyl amphibian from the Early Triassic Terrigal (Gosford) Formation in the Sydney Basin, Australia. The specimen was originally described as Platyceps wilkinsoni (Stephens, 1887). Kuhn (1961) erected Platycepsion as a new generic name for Platyceps which was preoccupied by a reptile (Blyth, 1860). Unaware of Kuhn’s (1961) paper, Cosgriff (1969) redescribed Platycepsion wilkinsoni as the type species of a new genus, Blinasaurus. Blinasaurus thus became a junior synonym for Platycepsion. Two further Blinasaurus species were described, Blinasaurus henwoodi (Cosgriff, 1969) from the Blina Shale, Western Australia, and Blinasaurus townrowi, (Cosgriff, 1974) from the Knocklofty Sandstone, Tasmania. In a revision of all Australian members of the Brachyopidae Warren and Marsicano (1998) transferred Blinasaurus henwoodi to Batrachosuchus and erected a new genus, Banksia, for Blinasaurus townrowi. It has been drawn to our attention that Banksia is a junior Homonym, the genus being proposed originally for a mite (Arachnida, Acarina, Oribatidae) by Oudemans and Voigts (in Voigts and Oudemans, 1905: 248). Although Banksia Oudemans and Voigts is itself a junior synonym of Xenillus Robineau-Desvoidy 1839, as pointed out by Balogh and Balogh (1992), the name Banksia is unavailable under Article 52a of the ICZN. Remarkably neither Homonym was named for the explorer and botanist Joseph Banks, for whom the plant genus Banksia is named, the mite being named for the American acarologist Nathan Banks and the temnospondyl for the Australian geologist Max Banks. The new name Banksiops is here proposed as a genus for the type species Blinasaurus townrowi to replace Banksia (Warren and Marsicano, 1998). The suffix ‘-ops,’ meaning -face, is commonly used in palaeontological works where often the skull is the only part of a specimen preserved. The new combination becomes Banksiops townrowi. Acknowledgments—We thank John K. Page of the Zoological Record for bringing the Homonymy to our attention, Drs. Andrew Milner, Tim New, Mark Harvey and Bruce Halliday for providing advice and literature about mites, and Sandra Winchester, Museum of Victoria for bibliographic assistance.
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Banksiops, a replacement name for Banksia townrowi (Amphibia, Temnospondyli)
Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 2000Co-Authors: Anne Warren, Claudia A. MarsicanoAbstract:Platycepsion wilkinsoni is a small immature temnospondyl amphibian from the Early Triassic Terrigal (Gosford) Formation in the Sydney Basin, Australia. The specimen was originally described as Platyceps wilkinsoni (Stephens, 1887). Kuhn (1961) erected Platycepsion as a new generic name for Platyceps which was preoccupied by a reptile (Blyth, 1860). Unaware of Kuhn’s (1961) paper, Cosgriff (1969) redescribed Platycepsion wilkinsoni as the type species of a new genus, Blinasaurus. Blinasaurus thus became a junior synonym for Platycepsion. Two further Blinasaurus species were described, Blinasaurus henwoodi (Cosgriff, 1969) from the Blina Shale, Western Australia, and Blinasaurus townrowi, (Cosgriff, 1974) from the Knocklofty Sandstone, Tasmania. In a revision of all Australian members of the Brachyopidae Warren and Marsicano (1998) transferred Blinasaurus henwoodi to Batrachosuchus and erected a new genus, Banksia, for Blinasaurus townrowi. It has been drawn to our attention that Banksia is a junior Homonym, the genus being proposed originally for a mite (Arachnida, Acarina, Oribatidae) by Oudemans and Voigts (in Voigts and Oudemans, 1905: 248). Although Banksia Oudemans and Voigts is itself a junior synonym of Xenillus Robineau-Desvoidy 1839, as pointed out by Balogh and Balogh (1992), the name Banksia is unavailable under Article 52a of the ICZN. Remarkably neither Homonym was named for the explorer and botanist Joseph Banks, for whom the plant genus Banksia is named, the mite being named for the American acarologist Nathan Banks and the temnospondyl for the Australian geologist Max Banks. The new name Banksiops is here proposed as a genus for the type species Blinasaurus townrowi to replace Banksia (Warren and Marsicano, 1998). The suffix ‘-ops,’ meaning -face, is commonly used in palaeontological works where often the skull is the only part of a specimen preserved. The new combination becomes Banksiops townrowi. Acknowledgments—We thank John K. Page of the Zoological Record for bringing the Homonymy to our attention, Drs. Andrew Milner, Tim New, Mark Harvey and Bruce Halliday for providing advice and literature about mites, and Sandra Winchester, Museum of Victoria for bibliographic assistance.
Susanne Weis - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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a supramodal brain substrate of word form processing an fmri study on Homonym finding with auditory and visual input
Brain Research, 2011Co-Authors: Andrea J.r. Balthasar, Walter Huber, Susanne WeisAbstract:Abstract Homonym processing in German is of theoretical interest as Homonyms specifically involve word form information. In a previous study (Weis et al., 2001), we found inferior parietal activation as a correlate of successfully finding a Homonym from written stimuli. The present study tries to clarify the underlying mechanism and to examine to what extend the previous Homonym effect is dependent on visual in contrast to auditory input modality. 18 healthy subjects were examined using an event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging paradigm. Participants had to find and articulate a Homonym in relation to two spoken or written words. A semantic-lexical task – oral naming from two-word definitions – was used as a control condition. When comparing brain activation for solved Homonym trials to both brain activation for unsolved Homonyms and solved definition trials we obtained two activations patterns, which characterised both auditory and visual processing. Semantic-lexical processing was related to bilateral inferior frontal activation, whereas left inferior parietal activation was associated with finding the correct Homonym. As the inferior parietal activation during successful access to the word form of a Homonym was independent of input modality, it might be the substrate of access to word form knowledge.
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A supramodal brain substrate of word form processing — An fMRI study on Homonym finding with auditory and visual input
Brain research, 2011Co-Authors: Andrea J.r. Balthasar, Walter Huber, Susanne WeisAbstract:Homonym processing in German is of theoretical interest as Homonyms specifically involve word form information. In a previous study (Weis et al., 2001), we found inferior parietal activation as a correlate of successfully finding a Homonym from written stimuli. The present study tries to clarify the underlying mechanism and to examine to what extend the previous Homonym effect is dependent on visual in contrast to auditory input modality. 18 healthy subjects were examined using an event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging paradigm. Participants had to find and articulate a Homonym in relation to two spoken or written words. A semantic-lexical task - oral naming from two-word definitions - was used as a control condition. When comparing brain activation for solved Homonym trials to both brain activation for unsolved Homonyms and solved definition trials we obtained two activations patterns, which characterised both auditory and visual processing. Semantic-lexical processing was related to bilateral inferior frontal activation, whereas left inferior parietal activation was associated with finding the correct Homonym. As the inferior parietal activation during successful access to the word form of a Homonym was independent of input modality, it might be the substrate of access to word form knowledge.
Anne Warren - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Banksiops, a replacement name for Banksia townrowi (Amphibia, Temnospondyli)
Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 2000Co-Authors: Anne Warren, Claudia A. MarsicanoAbstract:Platycepsion wilkinsoni is a small immature temnospondyl amphibian from the Early Triassic Terrigal (Gosford) Formation in the Sydney Basin, Australia. The specimen was originally described as Platyceps wilkinsoni (Stephens, 1887). Kuhn (1961) erected Platycepsion as a new generic name for Platyceps which was preoccupied by a reptile (Blyth, 1860). Unaware of Kuhn’s (1961) paper, Cosgriff (1969) redescribed Platycepsion wilkinsoni as the type species of a new genus, Blinasaurus. Blinasaurus thus became a junior synonym for Platycepsion. Two further Blinasaurus species were described, Blinasaurus henwoodi (Cosgriff, 1969) from the Blina Shale, Western Australia, and Blinasaurus townrowi, (Cosgriff, 1974) from the Knocklofty Sandstone, Tasmania. In a revision of all Australian members of the Brachyopidae Warren and Marsicano (1998) transferred Blinasaurus henwoodi to Batrachosuchus and erected a new genus, Banksia, for Blinasaurus townrowi. It has been drawn to our attention that Banksia is a junior Homonym, the genus being proposed originally for a mite (Arachnida, Acarina, Oribatidae) by Oudemans and Voigts (in Voigts and Oudemans, 1905: 248). Although Banksia Oudemans and Voigts is itself a junior synonym of Xenillus Robineau-Desvoidy 1839, as pointed out by Balogh and Balogh (1992), the name Banksia is unavailable under Article 52a of the ICZN. Remarkably neither Homonym was named for the explorer and botanist Joseph Banks, for whom the plant genus Banksia is named, the mite being named for the American acarologist Nathan Banks and the temnospondyl for the Australian geologist Max Banks. The new name Banksiops is here proposed as a genus for the type species Blinasaurus townrowi to replace Banksia (Warren and Marsicano, 1998). The suffix ‘-ops,’ meaning -face, is commonly used in palaeontological works where often the skull is the only part of a specimen preserved. The new combination becomes Banksiops townrowi. Acknowledgments—We thank John K. Page of the Zoological Record for bringing the Homonymy to our attention, Drs. Andrew Milner, Tim New, Mark Harvey and Bruce Halliday for providing advice and literature about mites, and Sandra Winchester, Museum of Victoria for bibliographic assistance.
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Banksiops, a replacement name for Banksia townrowi (Amphibia, Temnospondyli)
Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 2000Co-Authors: Anne Warren, Claudia A. MarsicanoAbstract:Platycepsion wilkinsoni is a small immature temnospondyl amphibian from the Early Triassic Terrigal (Gosford) Formation in the Sydney Basin, Australia. The specimen was originally described as Platyceps wilkinsoni (Stephens, 1887). Kuhn (1961) erected Platycepsion as a new generic name for Platyceps which was preoccupied by a reptile (Blyth, 1860). Unaware of Kuhn’s (1961) paper, Cosgriff (1969) redescribed Platycepsion wilkinsoni as the type species of a new genus, Blinasaurus. Blinasaurus thus became a junior synonym for Platycepsion. Two further Blinasaurus species were described, Blinasaurus henwoodi (Cosgriff, 1969) from the Blina Shale, Western Australia, and Blinasaurus townrowi, (Cosgriff, 1974) from the Knocklofty Sandstone, Tasmania. In a revision of all Australian members of the Brachyopidae Warren and Marsicano (1998) transferred Blinasaurus henwoodi to Batrachosuchus and erected a new genus, Banksia, for Blinasaurus townrowi. It has been drawn to our attention that Banksia is a junior Homonym, the genus being proposed originally for a mite (Arachnida, Acarina, Oribatidae) by Oudemans and Voigts (in Voigts and Oudemans, 1905: 248). Although Banksia Oudemans and Voigts is itself a junior synonym of Xenillus Robineau-Desvoidy 1839, as pointed out by Balogh and Balogh (1992), the name Banksia is unavailable under Article 52a of the ICZN. Remarkably neither Homonym was named for the explorer and botanist Joseph Banks, for whom the plant genus Banksia is named, the mite being named for the American acarologist Nathan Banks and the temnospondyl for the Australian geologist Max Banks. The new name Banksiops is here proposed as a genus for the type species Blinasaurus townrowi to replace Banksia (Warren and Marsicano, 1998). The suffix ‘-ops,’ meaning -face, is commonly used in palaeontological works where often the skull is the only part of a specimen preserved. The new combination becomes Banksiops townrowi. Acknowledgments—We thank John K. Page of the Zoological Record for bringing the Homonymy to our attention, Drs. Andrew Milner, Tim New, Mark Harvey and Bruce Halliday for providing advice and literature about mites, and Sandra Winchester, Museum of Victoria for bibliographic assistance.
Andrea J.r. Balthasar - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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a supramodal brain substrate of word form processing an fmri study on Homonym finding with auditory and visual input
Brain Research, 2011Co-Authors: Andrea J.r. Balthasar, Walter Huber, Susanne WeisAbstract:Abstract Homonym processing in German is of theoretical interest as Homonyms specifically involve word form information. In a previous study (Weis et al., 2001), we found inferior parietal activation as a correlate of successfully finding a Homonym from written stimuli. The present study tries to clarify the underlying mechanism and to examine to what extend the previous Homonym effect is dependent on visual in contrast to auditory input modality. 18 healthy subjects were examined using an event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging paradigm. Participants had to find and articulate a Homonym in relation to two spoken or written words. A semantic-lexical task – oral naming from two-word definitions – was used as a control condition. When comparing brain activation for solved Homonym trials to both brain activation for unsolved Homonyms and solved definition trials we obtained two activations patterns, which characterised both auditory and visual processing. Semantic-lexical processing was related to bilateral inferior frontal activation, whereas left inferior parietal activation was associated with finding the correct Homonym. As the inferior parietal activation during successful access to the word form of a Homonym was independent of input modality, it might be the substrate of access to word form knowledge.
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A supramodal brain substrate of word form processing — An fMRI study on Homonym finding with auditory and visual input
Brain research, 2011Co-Authors: Andrea J.r. Balthasar, Walter Huber, Susanne WeisAbstract:Homonym processing in German is of theoretical interest as Homonyms specifically involve word form information. In a previous study (Weis et al., 2001), we found inferior parietal activation as a correlate of successfully finding a Homonym from written stimuli. The present study tries to clarify the underlying mechanism and to examine to what extend the previous Homonym effect is dependent on visual in contrast to auditory input modality. 18 healthy subjects were examined using an event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging paradigm. Participants had to find and articulate a Homonym in relation to two spoken or written words. A semantic-lexical task - oral naming from two-word definitions - was used as a control condition. When comparing brain activation for solved Homonym trials to both brain activation for unsolved Homonyms and solved definition trials we obtained two activations patterns, which characterised both auditory and visual processing. Semantic-lexical processing was related to bilateral inferior frontal activation, whereas left inferior parietal activation was associated with finding the correct Homonym. As the inferior parietal activation during successful access to the word form of a Homonym was independent of input modality, it might be the substrate of access to word form knowledge.
