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Yeromin P Mlacha - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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reduced human biting Preferences of the african malaria vectors anopheles arabiensis and anopheles gambiae in an urban context controlled competitive Host Preference experiments in tanzania
Malaria Journal, 2020Co-Authors: Yeromin P Mlacha, Prosper P Chaki, Athuman Muhili, Dennis J Massue, Marcel Tanner, Silas MajambereAbstract:BACKGROUND Host Preference is a critical determinant of human exposure to vector-borne infections and the impact of vector control interventions. Widespread use of long-lasting insecticide-treated nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS) across sub-Saharan Africa, which protect humans against mosquitoes, may select for altered Host Preference traits of malaria vectors over the long term. Here, the Host Preferences of Anopheles arabiensis and Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto (s.s.) were experimentally assessed in the field, using direct Host-Preference assays in two distinct ecological settings in Tanzania. METHODS Eight Ifakara Tent Trap (ITT), four baited with humans and four with bovine calves, were simultaneously used to catch malaria vectors in open field sites in urban and rural Tanzania. The numbers of mosquitoes collected in human-baited traps versus calf-baited traps were used to estimate human feeding Preference for each site's vector species. RESULTS The estimated proportion [95% confidence interval (CI)] of mosquitoes attacking humans rather than cattle was 0.60 [0.40, 0.77] for An. arabiensis in the rural setting and 0.61 [0.32, 0.85] for An. gambiae s.s. in the urban setting, indicating no Preference for either Host in both cases (P = 0.32 and 0.46, respectively) and no difference in Preference between the two (Odds Ratio (OR) [95%] = 0.95 [0.30, 3.01], P = 0.924). However, only a quarter of An. arabiensis in the urban setting attacked humans (0.25 [0.09, 0.53]), indicating a Preference for cattle that approached significance (P = 0.08). Indeed, urban An. arabiensis were less likely to attack humans rather than cattle when compared to the same species in the rural setting (OR [95%] = 0.21 [0.05, 0.91], P = 0.037). CONCLUSION Urban An. arabiensis had a stronger Preference for cattle than the rural population and urban An. gambiae s.s. showed no clear Preference for either humans or cattle. In the urban setting, both species exhibited stronger tendencies to attack cattle than previous studies of the same species in rural contexts. Cattle keeping may, therefore, particularly limit the impact of human-targeted vector control interventions in Dar es Salaam and perhaps in other African towns and cities.
Stephen V Gordon - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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revisiting Host Preference in the mycobacterium tuberculosis complex experimental infection shows m tuberculosis h37rv to be avirulent in cattle
PLOS ONE, 2010Co-Authors: Adam O Whelan, M Coad, Paul J Cockle, Glyn Hewinson, Martin Vordermeier, Stephen V GordonAbstract:Experiments in the late 19th century sought to define the Host specificity of the causative agents of tuberculosis in mammals. Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the human tubercle bacillus, was independently shown by Smith, Koch, and von Behring to be avirulent in cattle. This finding was erroneously used by Koch to argue the converse, namely that Mycobacterium bovis, the agent of bovine tuberculosis, was avirulent for man, a view that was subsequently discredited. However, reports in the literature of M. tuberculosis isolation from cattle with tuberculoid lesions suggests that the virulence of M. tuberculosis for cattle needs to be readdressed. We used an experimental bovine infection model to test the virulence of well-characterized strains of M. tuberculosis and M. bovis in cattle, choosing the genome-sequenced strains M. tuberculosis H37Rv and M. bovis 2122/97. Cattle were infected with approximately 106 CFU of M. tuberculosis H37Rv or M. bovis 2122/97, and sacrificed 17 weeks post-infection. IFN-γ and tuberculin skin tests indicated that both M. bovis 2122 and M. tuberculosis H37Rv were equally infective and triggered strong cell-mediated immune responses, albeit with some indication of differential antigen-specific responses. Postmortem examination revealed that while M. bovis 2122/97–infected animals all showed clear pathology indicative of bovine tuberculosis, the M. tuberculosis–infected animals showed no pathology. Culturing of infected tissues revealed that M. tuberculosis was able to persist in the majority of animals, albeit at relatively low bacillary loads. In revisiting the early work on Host Preference across the M. tuberculosis complex, we have shown M. tuberculosis H37Rv is avirulent for cattle, and propose that the immune status of the animal, or genotype of the infecting bacillus, may have significant bearing on the virulence of a strain for cattle. This work will serve as a baseline for future studies into the genetic basis of Host Preference, and in particular the molecular basis of virulence in M. bovis.
Silas Majambere - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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reduced human biting Preferences of the african malaria vectors anopheles arabiensis and anopheles gambiae in an urban context controlled competitive Host Preference experiments in tanzania
Malaria Journal, 2020Co-Authors: Yeromin P Mlacha, Prosper P Chaki, Athuman Muhili, Dennis J Massue, Marcel Tanner, Silas MajambereAbstract:BACKGROUND Host Preference is a critical determinant of human exposure to vector-borne infections and the impact of vector control interventions. Widespread use of long-lasting insecticide-treated nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS) across sub-Saharan Africa, which protect humans against mosquitoes, may select for altered Host Preference traits of malaria vectors over the long term. Here, the Host Preferences of Anopheles arabiensis and Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto (s.s.) were experimentally assessed in the field, using direct Host-Preference assays in two distinct ecological settings in Tanzania. METHODS Eight Ifakara Tent Trap (ITT), four baited with humans and four with bovine calves, were simultaneously used to catch malaria vectors in open field sites in urban and rural Tanzania. The numbers of mosquitoes collected in human-baited traps versus calf-baited traps were used to estimate human feeding Preference for each site's vector species. RESULTS The estimated proportion [95% confidence interval (CI)] of mosquitoes attacking humans rather than cattle was 0.60 [0.40, 0.77] for An. arabiensis in the rural setting and 0.61 [0.32, 0.85] for An. gambiae s.s. in the urban setting, indicating no Preference for either Host in both cases (P = 0.32 and 0.46, respectively) and no difference in Preference between the two (Odds Ratio (OR) [95%] = 0.95 [0.30, 3.01], P = 0.924). However, only a quarter of An. arabiensis in the urban setting attacked humans (0.25 [0.09, 0.53]), indicating a Preference for cattle that approached significance (P = 0.08). Indeed, urban An. arabiensis were less likely to attack humans rather than cattle when compared to the same species in the rural setting (OR [95%] = 0.21 [0.05, 0.91], P = 0.037). CONCLUSION Urban An. arabiensis had a stronger Preference for cattle than the rural population and urban An. gambiae s.s. showed no clear Preference for either humans or cattle. In the urban setting, both species exhibited stronger tendencies to attack cattle than previous studies of the same species in rural contexts. Cattle keeping may, therefore, particularly limit the impact of human-targeted vector control interventions in Dar es Salaam and perhaps in other African towns and cities.
Prosper P Chaki - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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reduced human biting Preferences of the african malaria vectors anopheles arabiensis and anopheles gambiae in an urban context controlled competitive Host Preference experiments in tanzania
Malaria Journal, 2020Co-Authors: Yeromin P Mlacha, Prosper P Chaki, Athuman Muhili, Dennis J Massue, Marcel Tanner, Silas MajambereAbstract:BACKGROUND Host Preference is a critical determinant of human exposure to vector-borne infections and the impact of vector control interventions. Widespread use of long-lasting insecticide-treated nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS) across sub-Saharan Africa, which protect humans against mosquitoes, may select for altered Host Preference traits of malaria vectors over the long term. Here, the Host Preferences of Anopheles arabiensis and Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto (s.s.) were experimentally assessed in the field, using direct Host-Preference assays in two distinct ecological settings in Tanzania. METHODS Eight Ifakara Tent Trap (ITT), four baited with humans and four with bovine calves, were simultaneously used to catch malaria vectors in open field sites in urban and rural Tanzania. The numbers of mosquitoes collected in human-baited traps versus calf-baited traps were used to estimate human feeding Preference for each site's vector species. RESULTS The estimated proportion [95% confidence interval (CI)] of mosquitoes attacking humans rather than cattle was 0.60 [0.40, 0.77] for An. arabiensis in the rural setting and 0.61 [0.32, 0.85] for An. gambiae s.s. in the urban setting, indicating no Preference for either Host in both cases (P = 0.32 and 0.46, respectively) and no difference in Preference between the two (Odds Ratio (OR) [95%] = 0.95 [0.30, 3.01], P = 0.924). However, only a quarter of An. arabiensis in the urban setting attacked humans (0.25 [0.09, 0.53]), indicating a Preference for cattle that approached significance (P = 0.08). Indeed, urban An. arabiensis were less likely to attack humans rather than cattle when compared to the same species in the rural setting (OR [95%] = 0.21 [0.05, 0.91], P = 0.037). CONCLUSION Urban An. arabiensis had a stronger Preference for cattle than the rural population and urban An. gambiae s.s. showed no clear Preference for either humans or cattle. In the urban setting, both species exhibited stronger tendencies to attack cattle than previous studies of the same species in rural contexts. Cattle keeping may, therefore, particularly limit the impact of human-targeted vector control interventions in Dar es Salaam and perhaps in other African towns and cities.
Marcel Tanner - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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reduced human biting Preferences of the african malaria vectors anopheles arabiensis and anopheles gambiae in an urban context controlled competitive Host Preference experiments in tanzania
Malaria Journal, 2020Co-Authors: Yeromin P Mlacha, Prosper P Chaki, Athuman Muhili, Dennis J Massue, Marcel Tanner, Silas MajambereAbstract:BACKGROUND Host Preference is a critical determinant of human exposure to vector-borne infections and the impact of vector control interventions. Widespread use of long-lasting insecticide-treated nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS) across sub-Saharan Africa, which protect humans against mosquitoes, may select for altered Host Preference traits of malaria vectors over the long term. Here, the Host Preferences of Anopheles arabiensis and Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto (s.s.) were experimentally assessed in the field, using direct Host-Preference assays in two distinct ecological settings in Tanzania. METHODS Eight Ifakara Tent Trap (ITT), four baited with humans and four with bovine calves, were simultaneously used to catch malaria vectors in open field sites in urban and rural Tanzania. The numbers of mosquitoes collected in human-baited traps versus calf-baited traps were used to estimate human feeding Preference for each site's vector species. RESULTS The estimated proportion [95% confidence interval (CI)] of mosquitoes attacking humans rather than cattle was 0.60 [0.40, 0.77] for An. arabiensis in the rural setting and 0.61 [0.32, 0.85] for An. gambiae s.s. in the urban setting, indicating no Preference for either Host in both cases (P = 0.32 and 0.46, respectively) and no difference in Preference between the two (Odds Ratio (OR) [95%] = 0.95 [0.30, 3.01], P = 0.924). However, only a quarter of An. arabiensis in the urban setting attacked humans (0.25 [0.09, 0.53]), indicating a Preference for cattle that approached significance (P = 0.08). Indeed, urban An. arabiensis were less likely to attack humans rather than cattle when compared to the same species in the rural setting (OR [95%] = 0.21 [0.05, 0.91], P = 0.037). CONCLUSION Urban An. arabiensis had a stronger Preference for cattle than the rural population and urban An. gambiae s.s. showed no clear Preference for either humans or cattle. In the urban setting, both species exhibited stronger tendencies to attack cattle than previous studies of the same species in rural contexts. Cattle keeping may, therefore, particularly limit the impact of human-targeted vector control interventions in Dar es Salaam and perhaps in other African towns and cities.