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Kreule P - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Voorstellen voor interventiewaarden voor bodem- en grondwater, inclusief de berekening van de Humaan-toxicologische ernstige bodemverontreinigingsconcentraties: Vierde tranche stoffen
Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu RIVM, 2012Co-Authors: Kreule PAbstract:In dit rapport worden voorstellen gedaan voor de vierde tranche interventiewaarden voor grond en grondwater voor de volgende 15 contaminanten en contaminantgroepen: 1) metalen: vanadium, selenium, tellurium, thallium, tin; 2) aromatische koolwaterstoffen: mono- t/m pentachlooranilinen, 4-chloor-methylfenol; 3) gechloreerde noolwaterstoffen: 1,1,2-trichloorethaan, dichloorpropanen, 1,1-dichlooretheen; 4) pesticiden: MCPA en 5) overige contaminanten: tribroommethaan, isopropanol, ethylacetaat, 1,2-butylacetaat. De interventiewaarden zijn gebaseerd op integratie van de ecotoxicologische en Humaan-toxicologische ernstige bodemverontreinigingsconcentratie (respectievelijk ECOTOX EBVC en Hum-TOX EBVC). De afleiding van de Hum-TOX EBVC maakt onderdeel uit van dit rapport. Deze afleiding vond plaats op basis van het CSOIL blootstellingsmodel, de standaard dataset voor potentiele blootstelling, geselecteerde fysisch-chemische contaminant-specifieke input parameters en het Maximaal Toelaatbare Risico niveau voor inname (MTRHumaan). In het algemeen worden de voorstellen voor interventiewaarden voor grond en met name die voor grondwater gekenmerkt door een beperkte nauwkeurigheid.Proposals for Intervention Values for soil and groundwater have been derived for the fourth series of compounds. This fourth series consists of the following 15 additional compounds and compound groups: 1) metals: um, selenium, tellurium, thallium, tin; 2) aromatic hydrocarbons: monochloroanilines to pentachloroanilines, 4-chloro-methylphenol; 3) chlorinated hydrocarbons: 1,1,2-trichloroethane, dichloropropanes, 1,1-dichloroethene; 4) pesticides: MCPA and 5) other contaminants: tribromomethane, isopropanol, ethylacetate, 1,2-butylacetate. Intervention Values were derived by integrating the ecotoxicological and Human-toxicological serious soil contamination concentration (ECOTOX SCC and Hum-TOX SCC, respectively). The Hum-TOX SCC is subject of this report and was derived using the CSOIL exposure model, the standard potential exposure data set, selected contaminant specific physicochemical input parameters and the Maximal Permissable Risk levels for Human intake (MPRHuman). In general, the proposals for Intervention Values for groundwater and to a lesser extent the Intervention Values for soil are characterised by a limited accuracy.DGM/B
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Voorstellen voor interventiewaarden voor bodem- en grondwater, inclusief de berekening van de Humaan-toxicologische ernstige bodemverontreinigingsconcentraties: Vierde tranche stoffen
Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu RIVM, 1998Co-Authors: Kreule PAbstract:Proposals for Intervention Values for soil and groundwater have been derived for the fourth series of compounds. This fourth series consists of the following 15 additional compounds and compound groups: 1) metals: um, selenium, tellurium, thallium, tin; 2) aromatic hydrocarbons: monochloroanilines to pentachloroanilines, 4-chloro-methylphenol; 3) chlorinated hydrocarbons: 1,1,2-trichloroethane, dichloropropanes, 1,1-dichloroethene; 4) pesticides: MCPA and 5) other contaminants: tribromomethane, isopropanol, ethylacetate, 1,2-butylacetate. Intervention Values were derived by integrating the ecotoxicological and Human-toxicological serious soil contamination concentration (ECOTOX SCC and Hum-TOX SCC, respectively). The Hum-TOX SCC is subject of this report and was derived using the CSOIL exposure model, the standard potential exposure data set, selected contaminant specific physicochemical input parameters and the Maximal Permissable Risk levels for Human intake (MPRHuman). In general, the proposals for Intervention Values for groundwater and to a lesser extent the Intervention Values for soil are characterised by a limited accuracy.In dit rapport worden voorstellen gedaan voor de vierde tranche interventiewaarden voor grond en grondwater voor de volgende 15 contaminanten en contaminantgroepen: 1) metalen: vanadium, selenium, tellurium, thallium, tin; 2) aromatische koolwaterstoffen: mono- t/m pentachlooranilinen, 4-chloor-methylfenol; 3) gechloreerde noolwaterstoffen: 1,1,2-trichloorethaan, dichloorpropanen, 1,1-dichlooretheen; 4) pesticiden: MCPA en 5) overige contaminanten: tribroommethaan, isopropanol, ethylacetaat, 1,2-butylacetaat. De interventiewaarden zijn gebaseerd op integratie van de ecotoxicologische en Humaan-toxicologische ernstige bodemverontreinigingsconcentratie (respectievelijk ECOTOX EBVC en Hum-TOX EBVC). De afleiding van de Hum-TOX EBVC maakt onderdeel uit van dit rapport. Deze afleiding vond plaats op basis van het CSOIL blootstellingsmodel, de standaard dataset voor potentiele blootstelling, geselecteerde fysisch-chemische contaminant-specifieke input parameters en het Maximaal Toelaatbare Risico niveau voor inname (MTRHumaan). In het algemeen worden de voorstellen voor interventiewaarden voor grond en met name die voor grondwater gekenmerkt door een beperkte nauwkeurigheid
Wes M. Schilling - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the application of food grade short chain fatty acids to prevent infestation of tyrophagus putrescentiae on dry cured ham and the effects on sensory properties
Journal of Stored Products Research, 2020Co-Authors: William Rogers, Xue Zhang, Thomas W. Phillips, Wenjie Shao, Y L Campbell, Shecoya White, Wes M. SchillingAbstract:Abstract Tyrophagus putrescentiae (ham mite) is difficult for commercial dry cured ham producers to control. Methyl bromide is an effective fumigant but is now banned as an ozone depleting substance, meaning alternative methods to control mite infestation must be found. This research was conducted to test the efficacy of C8C9C10 fatty acids combined with and without food grade coatings to control mite infestations on dry cured hams. Ham cubes were coated directly or wrapped in nets saturated with C8C9C10 with combinations of either soybean oil, xanthan gum (XG) or carrageenan (CG) + propylene glycol alginate (PGA). Cubes were then inoculated with 20 large mixed sex ham mites and stored for 14 days at 22 ± 2 °C and 70 ± 5% relative Humidity. The soybean oil alone or in combination with 10% C8C9C10 in direct coating, and 1% and 10% C8C9C10 in coated nets controlled mite population growth. In addition, the use of 10% C8C9C10 + XG and 10% C8C9C10 + CG + PGA in direct coatings or in saturated nets, and 1% C8C9C10 + XG in saturated nets also inhibited mite population growth. Unexpectedly, the soybean oil solvent by itself effectively controlled mite population growth as well. Sensory evaluation was performed using a difference from control test (n = 8) and indicated that only 10% C8C9C10 mixed with soybean oil and 100% soybean oil did not impart sensory differences to ham when used as a coating. However, for ham slices treated in saturated nets and gum with C8C9C10 mixtures in either coating or saturated nets did impart sensory differences. Results indicated that C8C9C10 and soybean oil could be used in coating formulations to control ham mites but long-term testing, sensory evaluation, and scaled up testing is needed prior to industrial implementation.
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incorporating fermented by products of lactobacillus diolivorans in food grade coatings designed for inhibition of tyrophagus putrescentiae on dry cured hams
Journal of Stored Products Research, 2018Co-Authors: Hector A Portillo, Jerome Goddard, Y L Campbell, Shamim Howlader, Todd French, Taejo Kim, El Barbary Hassan, Wes M. SchillingAbstract:Abstract Distillate solutions that were derived from concentrated ferment of Lactobacillus diolivorans were incorporated into either a carrageenan (CG) and propylene glycol alginate (PGA) gum blend or into a CG, PGA, and xanthan gum (XG) blend. Fermented distillate was produced in a model system to mimic fermentation in food grade coatings to produce 1, 3 propanediol, acetic acid, and lactic acid. Distillate treatments were compared against a 10% propylene glycol treatment, a gum only control, and negative control on 2.5 × 2.5 × 2.5 cm cubes (n = 50) that were dipped into solutions prior to conducting mite bioassays. Coated and control ham cubes were inoculated with 20 adult T. putrescentiae (Schrank), and incubated for 2 and 3 weeks. The distilled treatments with CG + PGA + XG had a 20 fold or greater reduction (P
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use of nets treated with food grade coatings on dry cured ham to control tyrophagus putrescentiae infestations without impacting sensory properties
Journal of Stored Products Research, 2018Co-Authors: Y L Campbell, Xue Zhang, Thomas W. Phillips, Salehe Abbar, Jerome Goddard, Wenjie Shao, Taejo Kim, Byron J Williams, Wes M. SchillingAbstract:Abstract Dry-cured hams may become infested with the ham mite Tyrophagus putrescentiae during aging. Food-grade coatings have been developed to control mite infestations as a potential alternative to replace methyl bromide, but dipping or spraying these coatings requires additional labor and processing steps. Nets composed of polyester, a polyester/cotton blend and cotton were infused with coatings that consisted of propylene glycol, and either propylene glycol alginate and carrageenan or xanthan gum. Results indicated that the polyester/cotton blend and cotton nets that contained propylene glycol were effective at controlling mite infestations in assays with ham cubes covered in nets. The polyester nets slowed mite growth but were not effective at controlling mite reproduction due to low absorbance of the coatings. Polyester/cotton blend nets treated with coatings on whole hams were not different from control hams with respect to flavor, texture and moistness. Mite infestation tests on whole hams indicated that coated nets with greater stitch densities were effective at controlling mite growth. Future research will include the optimization of coating formulations and scaled-up testing in dry-cured ham plants.
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use of lard food grade propylene glycol and polysaccharides in infused nets to control tyrophagus putrescentiae schrank sarcoptiformes acaridae infestation on dry cured hams
Meat and Muscle Biology, 2018Co-Authors: Xue Zhang, Thomas W. Phillips, Jerome Goddard, M D Byron, Wes M. SchillingAbstract:Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank) is controlled in the U.S. dry cured ham industry with methyl bromide (MB) fumigation. However, MB fumigation is being phased out of use since it is an ozone depleting substance. The objective of this research was to evaluate ham nets that were infused with lard, propylene glycol (PG) and polysaccharide coating for their efficacy at controlling mite infestations on dry cured ham cubes from hams that were aged for 4 to 6 mo. Results indicated that fewer T. putrescentiae (P 0.05). The net without coating slowed the growth and reproduction of T. putrescentiae since net controls had fewer mites (P < 0.05) than controls without nets. Fungi were not present on ham cubes that were treated with PG-containing nets over 10 wk of storage with a few exceptions. In conclusion, lard and xanthan gum, or carrageenan + propylene glycol alginate treated nets containing the medium concentration of PG effectively inhibited mite reproduction and fungal growth on dry cured ham and could potentially be used in an integrated pest management program to control mites on dry cured hams.
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application of food grade ingredients to nets for dry cured hams to control mite infestations
Meat and Muscle Biology, 2017Co-Authors: Xue Zhang, Yan L. Campbell, Thomas W. Phillips, Salehe Abbar, Jerome Goddard, Wes M. SchillingAbstract:Infestations of Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank; Sarcoptiformes: Acaridae), known as the ham mite, may occur on dry cured hams during the aging process. The fumigant methyl bromide is currently used to control mite infestations, but it will eventually not be available for use since it contributes to the depletion of the ozone layer. The use of ham nets treated with xanthan gum, carrageenan, propylene glycol alginate, and propylene glycol food-grade ingredients on mite orientation to or oviposition on treated or untreated ham cubes, and mite reproduction and population growth over a 10-wk period was evaluated. Behavioral tests indicated that more than 95% of the mites oriented to the ham cubes that were wrapped in untreated nets when compared to treated nets and no eggs were laid on the latter. The reproduction assays demonstrated that there were fewer (P < 0.05) T. putrescentiae produced over a 2-wk period on ham cubes covered with both gum and propylene glycol treated nets, when compared to the untreated or gum-only treated nets over the 10-wk storage period of the experiment. Medium and high concentrations of propylene glycol treatments showed the lowest reproductive rates of mites. No more than 4 mites could be found on each of these treatments in comparison to 200 to 300 mites that were recorded on the untreated hams. This study demonstrated efficacy of using the nets treated with food-grade ingredients during ham aging to control mite infestations on a laboratory scale. Further research will be conducted to determine the effectiveness of the same treated nets on whole hams in commercial aging rooms.
Thomas W. Phillips - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the application of food grade short chain fatty acids to prevent infestation of tyrophagus putrescentiae on dry cured ham and the effects on sensory properties
Journal of Stored Products Research, 2020Co-Authors: William Rogers, Xue Zhang, Thomas W. Phillips, Wenjie Shao, Y L Campbell, Shecoya White, Wes M. SchillingAbstract:Abstract Tyrophagus putrescentiae (ham mite) is difficult for commercial dry cured ham producers to control. Methyl bromide is an effective fumigant but is now banned as an ozone depleting substance, meaning alternative methods to control mite infestation must be found. This research was conducted to test the efficacy of C8C9C10 fatty acids combined with and without food grade coatings to control mite infestations on dry cured hams. Ham cubes were coated directly or wrapped in nets saturated with C8C9C10 with combinations of either soybean oil, xanthan gum (XG) or carrageenan (CG) + propylene glycol alginate (PGA). Cubes were then inoculated with 20 large mixed sex ham mites and stored for 14 days at 22 ± 2 °C and 70 ± 5% relative Humidity. The soybean oil alone or in combination with 10% C8C9C10 in direct coating, and 1% and 10% C8C9C10 in coated nets controlled mite population growth. In addition, the use of 10% C8C9C10 + XG and 10% C8C9C10 + CG + PGA in direct coatings or in saturated nets, and 1% C8C9C10 + XG in saturated nets also inhibited mite population growth. Unexpectedly, the soybean oil solvent by itself effectively controlled mite population growth as well. Sensory evaluation was performed using a difference from control test (n = 8) and indicated that only 10% C8C9C10 mixed with soybean oil and 100% soybean oil did not impart sensory differences to ham when used as a coating. However, for ham slices treated in saturated nets and gum with C8C9C10 mixtures in either coating or saturated nets did impart sensory differences. Results indicated that C8C9C10 and soybean oil could be used in coating formulations to control ham mites but long-term testing, sensory evaluation, and scaled up testing is needed prior to industrial implementation.
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use of nets treated with food grade coatings on dry cured ham to control tyrophagus putrescentiae infestations without impacting sensory properties
Journal of Stored Products Research, 2018Co-Authors: Y L Campbell, Xue Zhang, Thomas W. Phillips, Salehe Abbar, Jerome Goddard, Wenjie Shao, Taejo Kim, Byron J Williams, Wes M. SchillingAbstract:Abstract Dry-cured hams may become infested with the ham mite Tyrophagus putrescentiae during aging. Food-grade coatings have been developed to control mite infestations as a potential alternative to replace methyl bromide, but dipping or spraying these coatings requires additional labor and processing steps. Nets composed of polyester, a polyester/cotton blend and cotton were infused with coatings that consisted of propylene glycol, and either propylene glycol alginate and carrageenan or xanthan gum. Results indicated that the polyester/cotton blend and cotton nets that contained propylene glycol were effective at controlling mite infestations in assays with ham cubes covered in nets. The polyester nets slowed mite growth but were not effective at controlling mite reproduction due to low absorbance of the coatings. Polyester/cotton blend nets treated with coatings on whole hams were not different from control hams with respect to flavor, texture and moistness. Mite infestation tests on whole hams indicated that coated nets with greater stitch densities were effective at controlling mite growth. Future research will include the optimization of coating formulations and scaled-up testing in dry-cured ham plants.
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use of lard food grade propylene glycol and polysaccharides in infused nets to control tyrophagus putrescentiae schrank sarcoptiformes acaridae infestation on dry cured hams
Meat and Muscle Biology, 2018Co-Authors: Xue Zhang, Thomas W. Phillips, Jerome Goddard, M D Byron, Wes M. SchillingAbstract:Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank) is controlled in the U.S. dry cured ham industry with methyl bromide (MB) fumigation. However, MB fumigation is being phased out of use since it is an ozone depleting substance. The objective of this research was to evaluate ham nets that were infused with lard, propylene glycol (PG) and polysaccharide coating for their efficacy at controlling mite infestations on dry cured ham cubes from hams that were aged for 4 to 6 mo. Results indicated that fewer T. putrescentiae (P 0.05). The net without coating slowed the growth and reproduction of T. putrescentiae since net controls had fewer mites (P < 0.05) than controls without nets. Fungi were not present on ham cubes that were treated with PG-containing nets over 10 wk of storage with a few exceptions. In conclusion, lard and xanthan gum, or carrageenan + propylene glycol alginate treated nets containing the medium concentration of PG effectively inhibited mite reproduction and fungal growth on dry cured ham and could potentially be used in an integrated pest management program to control mites on dry cured hams.
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mite control and sensory evaluations of dry cured hams with food grade coatings
Meat and Muscle Biology, 2017Co-Authors: Y L Campbell, Xue Zhang, Thomas W. Phillips, Salehe Abbar, Y Zhao, M W SchillingAbstract:The ham mite, Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank; Sarcoptiformes: Acaridae), is the predominant pest of dry-cured pork during aging. This research was conducted 1) to determine the minimal concentrations of propylene glycol necessary for food grade coatings to control mites; and 2) to determine if sensory differences could be detected in hams that were treated with food grade coatings in commercial facilities using difference from control sensory tests. Ham cubes coated with either xanthan gum + 15% propylene glycol or propylene glycol alginate + carrageenan + 7.5% propylene glycol were the lowest propylene glycol concentrations that were effective (P 0.05) when compared to the control with respect to flavor, texture, moistness, and weight loss in trial 2. This research indicated that dry-cured ham processors could potentially spray these coatings on dry-cured hams during aging to control mite infestations in their plants without negatively impacting the sensory quality of the hams.
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application of food grade ingredients to nets for dry cured hams to control mite infestations
Meat and Muscle Biology, 2017Co-Authors: Xue Zhang, Yan L. Campbell, Thomas W. Phillips, Salehe Abbar, Jerome Goddard, Wes M. SchillingAbstract:Infestations of Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank; Sarcoptiformes: Acaridae), known as the ham mite, may occur on dry cured hams during the aging process. The fumigant methyl bromide is currently used to control mite infestations, but it will eventually not be available for use since it contributes to the depletion of the ozone layer. The use of ham nets treated with xanthan gum, carrageenan, propylene glycol alginate, and propylene glycol food-grade ingredients on mite orientation to or oviposition on treated or untreated ham cubes, and mite reproduction and population growth over a 10-wk period was evaluated. Behavioral tests indicated that more than 95% of the mites oriented to the ham cubes that were wrapped in untreated nets when compared to treated nets and no eggs were laid on the latter. The reproduction assays demonstrated that there were fewer (P < 0.05) T. putrescentiae produced over a 2-wk period on ham cubes covered with both gum and propylene glycol treated nets, when compared to the untreated or gum-only treated nets over the 10-wk storage period of the experiment. Medium and high concentrations of propylene glycol treatments showed the lowest reproductive rates of mites. No more than 4 mites could be found on each of these treatments in comparison to 200 to 300 mites that were recorded on the untreated hams. This study demonstrated efficacy of using the nets treated with food-grade ingredients during ham aging to control mite infestations on a laboratory scale. Further research will be conducted to determine the effectiveness of the same treated nets on whole hams in commercial aging rooms.
Paolo Brunetti - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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long term intensive treatment of type 1 diabetes with the short acting insulin analog lispro in variable combination with nph insulin at mealtime
Diabetes Care, 1999Co-Authors: Claudia Lalli, P Del Sindaco, Elisabetta Torlone, P Compagnucci, M G Cartechini, S Pampanelli, L Bartocci, M Ciofetta, Paolo BrunettiAbstract:OBJECTIVE: To establish whether the short-acting insulin analog lispro can be successfully implemented in long-term intensive insulin therapy in type 1 diabetes, and if so, what its effects are on glycemic control and frequency and awareness of hypoglycemia. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We randomized 56 type 1 diabetic patients to treatment with either lispro (n = 28) or Human regular insulin (Hum-R; n = 28) as mealtime insulin for 1 year (open design, parallel groups). Lispro was injected at mealtime and Hum-R was given 10-40 min before meals (bedtime NPH was continued on both occasions). With lispro, NPH was added at breakfast (approximately 70/30), lunch (approximately 60/40), and supper (approximately 80/20) (mixing percentage of lispro/NPH) to optimize premeal and bedtime blood glucose. RESULTS: Total daily insulin units were no different in the two treatment groups, but with lispro approximately 30% less short-acting insulin at meals and approximately 30% more NPH was needed versus Hum-R (P
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improved postprandial metabolic control after subcutaneous injection of a short acting insulin analog in iddm of short duration with residual pancreatic β cell function
Diabetes Care, 1995Co-Authors: S Pampanelli, P Del Sindaco, Elisabetta Torlone, Carlo Ialli, Marta Lepore, L Bartocci, M Ciofetta, Paolo BrunettiAbstract:OBJECTIVE To compare postprandial metabolic control after subcutaneous injection of a short-acting insulin analog \[Lys(B289),Pro(B29)\] (Lispro) or Human regular insulin (Humulin R U-100 [Hum-R]) in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) of short duration with residual β-cell function. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Six IDDM patients (age 25 ± 2 years, diabetes duration 14 ± 2 months, HbA1c 6.4 ± 0.5%) with residual pancreatic β-cell function (fasting plasma C-peptide 0.19 ± 0.02 nmol/l) were studied on three different occasions. Postbreakfast plasma glucose was maintained at ∼ 7.1 mmol/l by means of intravenous insulin until either 1200 when 0.1 U/kg Hum-R was injected or until 1225 when 0.1 U/kg of either Hum-R or Lispro was injected subcutaneously. Lunch (mixed meal, 692 Kcal) was served at 1230 (0 min). Six nondiabetic control subjects were also studied. RESULTS After Lispro administration, the 120-min plasma glucose decreased more (6.1 ± 0.3 mmol/l) than after injection of Hum-R at −30 min (7.7 ± 0.3 mmol/l) or −5 min (9.9 ± 0.2 mmol/l). By the end of the study, plasma glucose was still lower after Lispro was injected (6.7 ± 0.3 mmol/l) than after Hum-R was injected at −30 min (7.6 ± 0.3 mmol/l) or −5 min (7.3 ± 0.2 mmol/l) ( P in the two other studies. CONCLUSIONS Despite the lack of a time interval between injection and meal, Lispro controls postprandial plasma glucose concentration better than Hum-R given 30 min before meals and, to an even greater extent, better than Hum-R given 5 min before meals. In addition, Lispro minimizes the risk of postprandial hypoglycemia, thus closely mimicking the postprandial glucose homeostasis of nondiabetic subjects. IDDM patients with residual pancreatic β-cell function are the ideal candidates for prandial use of Lispro because they can maintain near-normoglycemia longer after subcutaneous analog injection because of residual endogenous insulin secretion.
Xue Zhang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the application of food grade short chain fatty acids to prevent infestation of tyrophagus putrescentiae on dry cured ham and the effects on sensory properties
Journal of Stored Products Research, 2020Co-Authors: William Rogers, Xue Zhang, Thomas W. Phillips, Wenjie Shao, Y L Campbell, Shecoya White, Wes M. SchillingAbstract:Abstract Tyrophagus putrescentiae (ham mite) is difficult for commercial dry cured ham producers to control. Methyl bromide is an effective fumigant but is now banned as an ozone depleting substance, meaning alternative methods to control mite infestation must be found. This research was conducted to test the efficacy of C8C9C10 fatty acids combined with and without food grade coatings to control mite infestations on dry cured hams. Ham cubes were coated directly or wrapped in nets saturated with C8C9C10 with combinations of either soybean oil, xanthan gum (XG) or carrageenan (CG) + propylene glycol alginate (PGA). Cubes were then inoculated with 20 large mixed sex ham mites and stored for 14 days at 22 ± 2 °C and 70 ± 5% relative Humidity. The soybean oil alone or in combination with 10% C8C9C10 in direct coating, and 1% and 10% C8C9C10 in coated nets controlled mite population growth. In addition, the use of 10% C8C9C10 + XG and 10% C8C9C10 + CG + PGA in direct coatings or in saturated nets, and 1% C8C9C10 + XG in saturated nets also inhibited mite population growth. Unexpectedly, the soybean oil solvent by itself effectively controlled mite population growth as well. Sensory evaluation was performed using a difference from control test (n = 8) and indicated that only 10% C8C9C10 mixed with soybean oil and 100% soybean oil did not impart sensory differences to ham when used as a coating. However, for ham slices treated in saturated nets and gum with C8C9C10 mixtures in either coating or saturated nets did impart sensory differences. Results indicated that C8C9C10 and soybean oil could be used in coating formulations to control ham mites but long-term testing, sensory evaluation, and scaled up testing is needed prior to industrial implementation.
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effects of temperature relative Humidity and protective netting on tyrophagus putrescentiae schrank sarcoptiformes acaridae infestation fungal growth and product quality of cave aged cheddar cheese
Journal of Stored Products Research, 2018Co-Authors: Kavitha Krishnan, Xue Zhang, Yan L. Campbell, Virell K To, Gisele Lima, M D Byron, Jasmine D Hendrix, Wenjie Shao, Christine Leick Cord, Courtney A CristAbstract:Abstract Since methyl bromide is an ozone depleting substance, there is a need to find effective alternative methods to control mite infestations on dry cured hams. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the most effective relative Humidity and/or temperature combination to minimize mite reproduction and mold growth on dry cured hams in untreated and food-grade ingredient infused nets. Food grade coating formulations of 1) xanthan gum and propylene glycol, and 2) carrageenan, propylene glycol alginate, and propylene glycol nets were infused into nets. Dry cured ham cubes and slices were wrapped with untreated and treated nets, inoculated with 20 large mixed-sex mites per cube or 50 large mixed-sex mites per slice, and then stored for 14 d at each temperature (24, 28, and 32 °C) and RH (55, 65, 75, and 85%) combination in an environmental chamber. Tyrophagus putrescentiae on ham slices in untreated nets were reduced from the initial inoculum level of 50 mites per ham slice when exposed to 85% r.h. at 24, 28, and 32 °C. Nets infused with xanthan gum and propylene glycol or carrageenan, propylene glycol alginate, and propylene glycol, completely inhibited mite reproduction at 85% r.h. In addition, the nets infused with carrageenan, propylene glycol alginate, and propylene glycol, controlled mite reproduction below the initial inoculum level on ham cubes and ham slices at all temperatures and relative Humidities that were evaluated. Six to eight trained panelists rated the amount of mold on the ham slice surfaces on a 0–100% scale and both treated nets evaluated were effective at preventing mold growth on the ham slices.
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use of nets treated with food grade coatings on dry cured ham to control tyrophagus putrescentiae infestations without impacting sensory properties
Journal of Stored Products Research, 2018Co-Authors: Y L Campbell, Xue Zhang, Thomas W. Phillips, Salehe Abbar, Jerome Goddard, Wenjie Shao, Taejo Kim, Byron J Williams, Wes M. SchillingAbstract:Abstract Dry-cured hams may become infested with the ham mite Tyrophagus putrescentiae during aging. Food-grade coatings have been developed to control mite infestations as a potential alternative to replace methyl bromide, but dipping or spraying these coatings requires additional labor and processing steps. Nets composed of polyester, a polyester/cotton blend and cotton were infused with coatings that consisted of propylene glycol, and either propylene glycol alginate and carrageenan or xanthan gum. Results indicated that the polyester/cotton blend and cotton nets that contained propylene glycol were effective at controlling mite infestations in assays with ham cubes covered in nets. The polyester nets slowed mite growth but were not effective at controlling mite reproduction due to low absorbance of the coatings. Polyester/cotton blend nets treated with coatings on whole hams were not different from control hams with respect to flavor, texture and moistness. Mite infestation tests on whole hams indicated that coated nets with greater stitch densities were effective at controlling mite growth. Future research will include the optimization of coating formulations and scaled-up testing in dry-cured ham plants.
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use of lard food grade propylene glycol and polysaccharides in infused nets to control tyrophagus putrescentiae schrank sarcoptiformes acaridae infestation on dry cured hams
Meat and Muscle Biology, 2018Co-Authors: Xue Zhang, Thomas W. Phillips, Jerome Goddard, M D Byron, Wes M. SchillingAbstract:Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank) is controlled in the U.S. dry cured ham industry with methyl bromide (MB) fumigation. However, MB fumigation is being phased out of use since it is an ozone depleting substance. The objective of this research was to evaluate ham nets that were infused with lard, propylene glycol (PG) and polysaccharide coating for their efficacy at controlling mite infestations on dry cured ham cubes from hams that were aged for 4 to 6 mo. Results indicated that fewer T. putrescentiae (P 0.05). The net without coating slowed the growth and reproduction of T. putrescentiae since net controls had fewer mites (P < 0.05) than controls without nets. Fungi were not present on ham cubes that were treated with PG-containing nets over 10 wk of storage with a few exceptions. In conclusion, lard and xanthan gum, or carrageenan + propylene glycol alginate treated nets containing the medium concentration of PG effectively inhibited mite reproduction and fungal growth on dry cured ham and could potentially be used in an integrated pest management program to control mites on dry cured hams.
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mite control and sensory evaluations of dry cured hams with food grade coatings
Meat and Muscle Biology, 2017Co-Authors: Y L Campbell, Xue Zhang, Thomas W. Phillips, Salehe Abbar, Y Zhao, M W SchillingAbstract:The ham mite, Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank; Sarcoptiformes: Acaridae), is the predominant pest of dry-cured pork during aging. This research was conducted 1) to determine the minimal concentrations of propylene glycol necessary for food grade coatings to control mites; and 2) to determine if sensory differences could be detected in hams that were treated with food grade coatings in commercial facilities using difference from control sensory tests. Ham cubes coated with either xanthan gum + 15% propylene glycol or propylene glycol alginate + carrageenan + 7.5% propylene glycol were the lowest propylene glycol concentrations that were effective (P 0.05) when compared to the control with respect to flavor, texture, moistness, and weight loss in trial 2. This research indicated that dry-cured ham processors could potentially spray these coatings on dry-cured hams during aging to control mite infestations in their plants without negatively impacting the sensory quality of the hams.