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Robert F Savinell - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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evaluation of a sol gel derived nafion silica Hybrid Membrane for polymer electrolyte Membrane fuel cell applications ii methanol uptake and methanol permeability
Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 2001Co-Authors: Naoto Miyake, Jesse S Wainright, Robert F SavinellAbstract:Sol-gel derived Nafion/silica Hybrid Membranes were investigated as a potential polymer electrolyte for direct methanol fuel cell applications. Methanol uptake and methanol permeability were measured in liquid and vapor phase as a function of temperature, methanol vapor activity, and silica content. Decreased methanol uptake from liquid methanol was observed in the Hybrid Membranes with silica contents of 10 and 21 wt %. The Hybrid Membrane with silica content of ≈20 wt % showed a significant lower methanol permeation rate when immersed in a liquid methanol-water mixture at 25 and 80°C. Methanol uptake from the vapor phase by the Hybrid Membranes appears similar to that of unmodified Nafion. Methanol diffusion coefficients, as determined from sorption experiments, were slightly lower in the Hybrid Membranes than in unmodified Nafion. However, in direct permeation experiments, significantly lower methanol vapor permeability was seen only in the Hybrid Membrane with silica content of ≈20 wt %. Based on these results, Nafion/silica Hybrid Membranes with high silica content have potential as electrolytes for direct methanol fuel cells operating either on liquid or vapor-feed fuels. © 2001 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
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evaluation of a sol gel derived nafion silica Hybrid Membrane for proton electrolyte Membrane fuel cell applications i proton conductivity and water content
Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 2001Co-Authors: Naoto Miyake, Jesse S Wainright, Robert F SavinellAbstract:Sol-gel derived Nafion®/silica Hybrid Membranes were investigated as a potential polymer electrolyte for fuel cell applications. Membrane proton conductivity and water content were measured as a function of temperature, water vapor activity, and silica content. The Hybrid Membranes have a higher water content at 25 and 120°C, but not at 150 and 170°C. Despite the higher water content, the proton conductivities in the Hybrid Membranes are lower than, or equal to, that in unmodified Nafion Membranes under all conditions investigated. The proton conductivity of the Hybrid Membrane decreases with increasing silica content under all conditions. © 2001 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
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evaluation of a sol gel derived nafion silica Hybrid Membrane for proton electrolyte Membrane fuel cell applications i proton conductivity and water content
Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 2001Co-Authors: Naoto Miyake, Jesse S Wainright, Robert F SavinellAbstract:Sol-gel derived Nafion®/silica Hybrid Membranes were investigated as a potential polymer electrolyte for fuel cell applications. Membrane proton conductivity and water content were measured as a function of temperature, water vapor activity, and silica content. The Hybrid Membranes have a higher water content at 25 and 120°C, but not at 150 and 170°C. Despite the higher water content, the proton conductivities in the Hybrid Membranes are lower than, or equal to, that in unmodified Nation Membranes under all conditions investigated. The proton conductivity of the Hybrid Membrane decreases with increasing silica content under all conditions.
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evaluation of a sol gel derived nafion silica Hybrid Membrane for polymer electrolyte Membrane fuel cell applications ii methanol uptake and methanol permeability
Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 2001Co-Authors: Naoto Miyake, Jesse S Wainright, Robert F SavinellAbstract:Sol-gel derived Nafion/silica Hybrid Membranes were investigated as a potential polymer electrolyte for direct methanol fuel cell applications. Methanol uptake and methanol permeability were measured in liquid and vapor phase as a function of temperature, methanol vapor activity, and silica content. Decreased methanol uptake from liquid methanol was observed in the Hybrid Membranes with silica contents of 10 and 21 wt %, The Hybrid Membrane with silica content of 20 wt % showed a significant lower methanol permeation rate when immersed in a liquid methanol-water mixture at 25 and 80°C. Methanol uptake from the vapor phase by the Hybrid Membranes appears similar to that of unmodified Nafion. Methanol diffusion coefficients, as determined from sorption experiments, were slightly lower in the Hybrid Membranes than in unmodified Nafion. However, in direct permeation experiments, significantly lower methanol vapor permeability was seen only in the Hybrid Membrane with silica content of 20 wt %. Based on these results, Nafion/silica Hybrid Membranes with high silica content have potential as electrolytes for direct methanol fuel cells operating either on liquid or vapor-feed fuels.
Naoto Miyake - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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evaluation of a sol gel derived nafion silica Hybrid Membrane for polymer electrolyte Membrane fuel cell applications ii methanol uptake and methanol permeability
Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 2001Co-Authors: Naoto Miyake, Jesse S Wainright, Robert F SavinellAbstract:Sol-gel derived Nafion/silica Hybrid Membranes were investigated as a potential polymer electrolyte for direct methanol fuel cell applications. Methanol uptake and methanol permeability were measured in liquid and vapor phase as a function of temperature, methanol vapor activity, and silica content. Decreased methanol uptake from liquid methanol was observed in the Hybrid Membranes with silica contents of 10 and 21 wt %. The Hybrid Membrane with silica content of ≈20 wt % showed a significant lower methanol permeation rate when immersed in a liquid methanol-water mixture at 25 and 80°C. Methanol uptake from the vapor phase by the Hybrid Membranes appears similar to that of unmodified Nafion. Methanol diffusion coefficients, as determined from sorption experiments, were slightly lower in the Hybrid Membranes than in unmodified Nafion. However, in direct permeation experiments, significantly lower methanol vapor permeability was seen only in the Hybrid Membrane with silica content of ≈20 wt %. Based on these results, Nafion/silica Hybrid Membranes with high silica content have potential as electrolytes for direct methanol fuel cells operating either on liquid or vapor-feed fuels. © 2001 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
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evaluation of a sol gel derived nafion silica Hybrid Membrane for proton electrolyte Membrane fuel cell applications i proton conductivity and water content
Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 2001Co-Authors: Naoto Miyake, Jesse S Wainright, Robert F SavinellAbstract:Sol-gel derived Nafion®/silica Hybrid Membranes were investigated as a potential polymer electrolyte for fuel cell applications. Membrane proton conductivity and water content were measured as a function of temperature, water vapor activity, and silica content. The Hybrid Membranes have a higher water content at 25 and 120°C, but not at 150 and 170°C. Despite the higher water content, the proton conductivities in the Hybrid Membranes are lower than, or equal to, that in unmodified Nafion Membranes under all conditions investigated. The proton conductivity of the Hybrid Membrane decreases with increasing silica content under all conditions. © 2001 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
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evaluation of a sol gel derived nafion silica Hybrid Membrane for proton electrolyte Membrane fuel cell applications i proton conductivity and water content
Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 2001Co-Authors: Naoto Miyake, Jesse S Wainright, Robert F SavinellAbstract:Sol-gel derived Nafion®/silica Hybrid Membranes were investigated as a potential polymer electrolyte for fuel cell applications. Membrane proton conductivity and water content were measured as a function of temperature, water vapor activity, and silica content. The Hybrid Membranes have a higher water content at 25 and 120°C, but not at 150 and 170°C. Despite the higher water content, the proton conductivities in the Hybrid Membranes are lower than, or equal to, that in unmodified Nation Membranes under all conditions investigated. The proton conductivity of the Hybrid Membrane decreases with increasing silica content under all conditions.
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evaluation of a sol gel derived nafion silica Hybrid Membrane for polymer electrolyte Membrane fuel cell applications ii methanol uptake and methanol permeability
Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 2001Co-Authors: Naoto Miyake, Jesse S Wainright, Robert F SavinellAbstract:Sol-gel derived Nafion/silica Hybrid Membranes were investigated as a potential polymer electrolyte for direct methanol fuel cell applications. Methanol uptake and methanol permeability were measured in liquid and vapor phase as a function of temperature, methanol vapor activity, and silica content. Decreased methanol uptake from liquid methanol was observed in the Hybrid Membranes with silica contents of 10 and 21 wt %, The Hybrid Membrane with silica content of 20 wt % showed a significant lower methanol permeation rate when immersed in a liquid methanol-water mixture at 25 and 80°C. Methanol uptake from the vapor phase by the Hybrid Membranes appears similar to that of unmodified Nafion. Methanol diffusion coefficients, as determined from sorption experiments, were slightly lower in the Hybrid Membranes than in unmodified Nafion. However, in direct permeation experiments, significantly lower methanol vapor permeability was seen only in the Hybrid Membrane with silica content of 20 wt %. Based on these results, Nafion/silica Hybrid Membranes with high silica content have potential as electrolytes for direct methanol fuel cells operating either on liquid or vapor-feed fuels.
Jesse S Wainright - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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evaluation of a sol gel derived nafion silica Hybrid Membrane for polymer electrolyte Membrane fuel cell applications ii methanol uptake and methanol permeability
Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 2001Co-Authors: Naoto Miyake, Jesse S Wainright, Robert F SavinellAbstract:Sol-gel derived Nafion/silica Hybrid Membranes were investigated as a potential polymer electrolyte for direct methanol fuel cell applications. Methanol uptake and methanol permeability were measured in liquid and vapor phase as a function of temperature, methanol vapor activity, and silica content. Decreased methanol uptake from liquid methanol was observed in the Hybrid Membranes with silica contents of 10 and 21 wt %. The Hybrid Membrane with silica content of ≈20 wt % showed a significant lower methanol permeation rate when immersed in a liquid methanol-water mixture at 25 and 80°C. Methanol uptake from the vapor phase by the Hybrid Membranes appears similar to that of unmodified Nafion. Methanol diffusion coefficients, as determined from sorption experiments, were slightly lower in the Hybrid Membranes than in unmodified Nafion. However, in direct permeation experiments, significantly lower methanol vapor permeability was seen only in the Hybrid Membrane with silica content of ≈20 wt %. Based on these results, Nafion/silica Hybrid Membranes with high silica content have potential as electrolytes for direct methanol fuel cells operating either on liquid or vapor-feed fuels. © 2001 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
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evaluation of a sol gel derived nafion silica Hybrid Membrane for proton electrolyte Membrane fuel cell applications i proton conductivity and water content
Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 2001Co-Authors: Naoto Miyake, Jesse S Wainright, Robert F SavinellAbstract:Sol-gel derived Nafion®/silica Hybrid Membranes were investigated as a potential polymer electrolyte for fuel cell applications. Membrane proton conductivity and water content were measured as a function of temperature, water vapor activity, and silica content. The Hybrid Membranes have a higher water content at 25 and 120°C, but not at 150 and 170°C. Despite the higher water content, the proton conductivities in the Hybrid Membranes are lower than, or equal to, that in unmodified Nafion Membranes under all conditions investigated. The proton conductivity of the Hybrid Membrane decreases with increasing silica content under all conditions. © 2001 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
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evaluation of a sol gel derived nafion silica Hybrid Membrane for proton electrolyte Membrane fuel cell applications i proton conductivity and water content
Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 2001Co-Authors: Naoto Miyake, Jesse S Wainright, Robert F SavinellAbstract:Sol-gel derived Nafion®/silica Hybrid Membranes were investigated as a potential polymer electrolyte for fuel cell applications. Membrane proton conductivity and water content were measured as a function of temperature, water vapor activity, and silica content. The Hybrid Membranes have a higher water content at 25 and 120°C, but not at 150 and 170°C. Despite the higher water content, the proton conductivities in the Hybrid Membranes are lower than, or equal to, that in unmodified Nation Membranes under all conditions investigated. The proton conductivity of the Hybrid Membrane decreases with increasing silica content under all conditions.
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evaluation of a sol gel derived nafion silica Hybrid Membrane for polymer electrolyte Membrane fuel cell applications ii methanol uptake and methanol permeability
Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 2001Co-Authors: Naoto Miyake, Jesse S Wainright, Robert F SavinellAbstract:Sol-gel derived Nafion/silica Hybrid Membranes were investigated as a potential polymer electrolyte for direct methanol fuel cell applications. Methanol uptake and methanol permeability were measured in liquid and vapor phase as a function of temperature, methanol vapor activity, and silica content. Decreased methanol uptake from liquid methanol was observed in the Hybrid Membranes with silica contents of 10 and 21 wt %, The Hybrid Membrane with silica content of 20 wt % showed a significant lower methanol permeation rate when immersed in a liquid methanol-water mixture at 25 and 80°C. Methanol uptake from the vapor phase by the Hybrid Membranes appears similar to that of unmodified Nafion. Methanol diffusion coefficients, as determined from sorption experiments, were slightly lower in the Hybrid Membranes than in unmodified Nafion. However, in direct permeation experiments, significantly lower methanol vapor permeability was seen only in the Hybrid Membrane with silica content of 20 wt %. Based on these results, Nafion/silica Hybrid Membranes with high silica content have potential as electrolytes for direct methanol fuel cells operating either on liquid or vapor-feed fuels.
Haifeng Shi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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sulfonated poly ether ether ketone amine functionalized graphene oxide Hybrid Membrane with various chain lengths for vanadium redox flow battery a comparative study
Journal of Membrane Science, 2020Co-Authors: Yuxia Zhang, Haixia Wang, Penghua Qian, Yong Zhou, Jiangyue Shi, Haifeng ShiAbstract:Abstract In this paper, a series of sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) Hybrid Membranes containing aliphatic amine-functionalized graphene oxide nanofillers as the interface modifiers, reacted with primary amine (NH2-GO), ethylenediamine (EDA-GO) and 1,6-hexanediamine (HMD-GO), respectively, have been fabricated via a simple solution-casting method. Three Hybrid Membranes (S/NH2-GO, S/EDA-GO, and S/HMD-GO) demonstrate much higher physicochemical property than that of pristine SPEEK and Nafion 117, which is originated from the varied interfacial interaction and the surface architecture behavior. A superior ion selectivity of S/EDA-GO-1 (24.8 × 103 S min cm−3), S/HMD-GO-2 (24.6 × 103 S min cm−3) and S/NH2-GO-2 (20.4 × 103 S min cm−3) to pristine SPEEK (4.3 × 103 S min cm−3) and Nafion 117 Membrane (4.0 × 103 S min cm−3) is shown. At the current density of 50 mA cm−2, S/EDA-GO-1 Hybrid Membrane gives the highest energy efficiency than that of S/NH2-GO-2 and S/HMD-GO-2, endowing an excellent charge capacity retention during 100 cycles. The varied interfacial structure state originated from the introduced EDA-GO and HMD-GO nanofillers provide the different proton conductivity and vanadium ion permeability. This present work provides a guidance for developing high-performance PEMs through the regulated interfacial structure via the moderate chain length.
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an ultra high ion selective Hybrid proton exchange Membrane incorporated with zwitterion decorated graphene oxide for vanadium redox flow batteries
Journal of Materials Chemistry, 2019Co-Authors: Yuxia Zhang, Haixia Wang, Bo Liu, Jingli Shi, Jun Zhang, Haifeng ShiAbstract:An ultra-high ion-selective Hybrid Membrane (SPEEK/ZC-GO) composed of sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) and zwitterion-decorated graphene oxide (ZC-GO) containing ammonium and sulfonic acid groups is designed and prepared for all vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs). SPEEK/ZC-GO Hybrid Membranes exhibit higher proton conductivity and lower vanadium ion permeability than pristine SPEEK and Nafion 117 Membranes. The good trade-off effect between proton conductivity and vanadium ion permeability offers ultra-high ion selectivity to SPEEK/ZC-GO Hybrid Membranes, and the SPEEK/ZC-GO-2 Hybrid Membrane gives the highest ion selectivity, 26.0 × 103 S min cm−3, which is about 6.5 and 6.0-fold higher than Nafion 117 (4.0 × 103 S min cm−3) and pristine SPEEK Membranes (4.3 × 103 S min cm−3), respectively. The VRFB with the SPEEK/ZC-GO-2 Hybrid Membrane exhibits a significantly slower self-discharge rate, retaining an open circuit voltage of 1.3 V for 132 h, than Nafion 117 (23.5 h) and pristine SPEEK Membranes (38 h). The SPEEK/ZC-GO-2 Hybrid Membrane demonstrates higher coulombic efficiencies (CE: 98.5–99.2%) and energy efficiencies (EE: 91.4–83.9%) at 50–100 mA cm−2, as compared with Nafion 117 (CE: 94.0–97.1%, EE: 83.5–74.7%) and pristine SPEEK Membranes (CE: 94.5–97.6%, EE: 82.1–74.4%). Stable cycling performance over more than 200 cycles proves the high chemical stability of the SPEEK/ZC-GO-2 Hybrid Membrane during long-term operation. This investigation indicates that the SPEEK/ZC-GO Hybrid Membrane is a promising proton exchange Membrane for VRFB systems through controlling the desirable ultra-high ion selectivity.
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novel graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets sulfonated poly ether ether ketone acid base Hybrid Membrane for vanadium redox flow battery
Journal of Membrane Science, 2017Co-Authors: Ruiting Niu, Lingqian Kong, Lanyue Zheng, Haixia Wang, Haifeng ShiAbstract:Abstract Hybrid Membranes (SPEEK/g-C 3 N 4 ) composed of sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) and graphitic carbon nitride (g-C 3 N 4 ) are fabricated via a solution-casting method for vanadium redox flow battery (VRB). The homogeneously dispersed g-C 3 N 4 into SPEEK matrix is demonstrated by FT-IR and SEM. The physicochemical properties such as swelling ratio, ion exchange capacity, proton conductivity, vanadium ion permeability, etc . change with the content of g-C 3 N 4 nanosheets. SPEEK/g-C 3 N 4 -1.5 Hybrid Membrane exhibits a higher coulombic efficiency (CE: 97%) and energy efficiency (EE: 83.6%) at 30 mA cm -2 , as compared with Nafion 117 (CE: 90% and EE: 73.8%) and SPEEK Membrane (CE: 89.9% and EE: 76.1%). The self-discharge time of VRB with SPEEK/g-C 3 N 4 -1.5 (68 h) is longer than that of Nafion 117 Membrane (26 h). A good structure stability against strong oxidizing and acid condition is proved under 300 charge-discharge cycles. The formed acid-base pairs between -NH 2 groups of g-C 3 N 4 and sulfonic acid groups of SPEEK contribute the comprehensive properties of vanadium ion permeability and its selectivity, accompanied with an enhanced proton transport channel. These SPEEK/g-C 3 N 4 Hybrid Membranes provide the acceptable candidate for VRB application because of their high structure stability and ion selectivity.
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novel acid base Hybrid Membrane based on amine functionalized reduced graphene oxide and sulfonated polyimide for vanadium redox flow battery
Electrochimica Acta, 2015Co-Authors: Li Cao, Qingqing Sun, Yahui Gao, Luntao Liu, Haifeng ShiAbstract:Abstract A series of novel acid-base Hybrid Membranes (SPI/PEI-rGO) based on sulfonated polyimide (SPI) with polyethyleneimine-functionalized reduced graphene oxide (PEI-rGO) are prepared by a solution-casting method for vanadium redox flow battery (VRB). FT-IR and XPS results prove the successful fabrication of PEI-rGO and SPI/PEI-rGO Hybrid Membranes, which show a dense and homogeneous structure observed by SEM. The physicochemical properties such as water uptake, swelling ratio, ion exchange capacity, proton conductivity and vanadium ion permeability are well controlled by the incorporated PEI-rGO fillers. The interfacial-formed acid-base pairs between PEI-rGO and SPI matrix effectively reduce the swelling ratio and vanadium ion permeability, increasing the stability performance of the Hybrid Membranes. SPI/PEI-rGO-2 Hybrid Membrane exhibits a higher coulombic efficiency (CE, 95%) and energy efficiency (EE, 75.6%) at 40 mA cm−2, as compared with Nafion 117 Membrane (CE, 91% and EE, 66.8%). The self-discharge time of the VRB with SPI/PEI-rGO-2 Hybrid Membrane (80 h) is longer than that of Nafion 117 Membrane (26 h), demonstrating the excellent blocking ability for vanadium ion. After 100 charge-discharge cycles, SPI/PEI-rGO-2 Membrane exhibits the good stability under strong oxidizing and acid condition, proving that SPI/PEI-rGO acid-base Hybrid Membranes could be used as the promising candidates for VRB applications.
Dong Jin Yoo - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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sulfonated fluorinated multi block copolymer Hybrid containing sulfonated poly ether ether ketone and graphene oxide a ternary Hybrid Membrane architecture for electrolyte applications in proton exchange Membrane fuel cells
Journal of Energy Chemistry, 2018Co-Authors: Ae Rhan Kim, Mohanraj Vinothkannan, Dong Jin YooAbstract:A ternary Hybrid Membrane architecture consisting of sulfonated fluorinated multi-block copolymer (SFMC), sulfonated (poly ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) and 1 or 5 wt% graphene oxide (GO) was fabricated through a facile solution casting approach. The simple, but effective monomer sulfonation was performed for SFMC to create compact and rigid hydrophobic backbone structures, while conventional random sulfonation was carried-out for SPEEK. Hydrophilic-hydrophobic-hydrophilic structure of SFMC enhances the compatibility with SPEEK and GO and allows for an unprecedented approach to alter mechanical strength and proton conductivity of ternary Hybrid Membrane, as verified from universal test machine (UTM) curves and alternating current (AC) impedance plots. The impact of GO integration on the morphology and roughness of Hybrid Membrane was scrutinized using field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) and atomic force microscope (AFM). Ternary Hybrid showed uniform intercalation of GO nanosheets throughout the entire surface of Membrane with an increased surface roughness of 8.91 nm. The constructed ternary Hybrid Membrane revealed excellent water absorption, ion exchange capacity and gas barrier properties, while retaining reasonable dimensional stability. The well-optimized ternary Hybrid Membrane containing 5 wt% GO revealed a maximum proton conductivity of 111.9 mS/cm, which is higher by a factor of two-fold with respect to that of bare SFMC Membrane. The maximum PEMFC power density of 528.07 mW/cm 2 was yielded by ternary Hybrid Membrane at a load current density of 1321.1 mA/cm 2 when operating the cell at 70 °C under 100% relative humidity (RH). In comparison, a maximum power density of only 182.06 mW/cm 2 was exhibited by the bare SFMC Membrane at a load current density of 455.56 mA/cm 2 under same operating conditions.
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toward improved mechanical strength oxidative stability and proton conductivity of an aligned quadratic Hybrid speek fpapb fe3o4 fgo Membrane for application in high temperature and low humidity fuel cells
RSC Advances, 2017Co-Authors: Mohanraj Vinothkannan, Ae Rhan Kim, Gnana G Kumar, Jeongmo Yoon, Dong Jin YooAbstract:Iron oxide (Fe3O4) anchored functionalized graphene oxide (FGO) is applied as a magnetically active filler as well as a solid proton conductor to realize an aligned Hybrid Membrane architecture with blended polymer matrix consisting of fluorinated poly arylene propane biphenyl (FPAPB) and sulfonated poly ether ether ketone (SPEEK) for application in high temperature and low humidity fuel cells. The simple, but effective, functionalization of GO is performed with sulfonic acid (SO3H) containing organosilane to increase the per unit volume of SO3H groups and is then anchored by Fe3O4 nanoparticles to create the magnetic property. A constant magnetic field of 0.25 T is applied to perpendicularly align Fe3O4-FGO to the cross-section surface of Membrane during solution casting process. The carbon skeleton of aligned Fe3O4-FGO and C–F bonds of FPAPB allow for an unprecedented approach to tailor the mechanical strength and oxidative stability of quadratic Hybrid Membrane, as evidenced by the results of dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and ex situ durability test. The incorporation of aligned Fe3O4-FGO improves water absorption, ion exchange capacity and proton conductivity of Membrane by increasing the number of SO3H groups per unit volume of Membrane domain, while retaining considerable dimensional stability. The peak proton conductivity of aligned SPFSGF-5 Membrane at 120 °C under 20% RH is 11.13 mS cm−1, which is 1.44 fold better than that of pristine SP Membrane (7.68 mS cm−1). In contrast, under identical operating conditions, the Nafion-112 Membrane exhibited a peak proton conductivity of 9.78 mS cm−1, a 1.13 fold lower conductivity compared to aligned quadratic Hybrid Membrane. Furthermore, the aligned quadratic Hybrid Membrane exhibited lower H2 and O2 gas permeability compared to pristine SP and unaligned quadratic Hybrid Membranes.
