The Experts below are selected from a list of 318 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Philip H. Steele - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Liquefaction of dried distiller’s grains with solubles (DDGS) followed by hydroprocessing to produce liquid Hydrocarbons
Fuel, 2015Co-Authors: Sathish K. Tanneru, Philip H. SteeleAbstract:Abstract Dried distiller’s grains with solubles (DDGS) is a byproduct of corn ethanol production in distillery industries. Presently the main use of DDGS is as livestock feed due to its high protein content. The demands for production of transportation fuel ethanol are increasing due to the increased Renewable Fuels Standard 2 (RFS2) mandate for higher ethanol production. Simultaneously DDGS supply as a co-product is also necessarily markedly increasing. There is a potential for DDGS supply to outgrow the demand for livestock feed or the increased supply has the potential to drive prices down. Therefore, it is highly desirable to find alternative uses of DDGS as a renewable source in the production of fuels or value-added chemicals. The objective of this study was to produce transportation fuel range Hydrocarbons from DDGS feedstock. In this study, DDGS was liquefied followed by hydroprocessing of the liquefied DDGS product to produce a Hydrocarbon Mixture. In the first step, liquefaction of DDGS was performed in a liquid media in the presence of a base catalyst at a temperature in the range of 400 °C. In the second step, the liquefied DDGS product was hydroprocessed in the presence of a heterogeneous catalyst at a temperature of 425 °C under pressurized hydrogen at 1500 psig. The physical and chemical properties of the liquefied DDGS product and the Hydrocarbon Mixture were measured by using American Society of Testing Methods. The Hydrocarbons produced were analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy, detailed Hydrocarbon analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, simulated distillation analysis and elemental analysis.
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liquefaction of dried distiller s grains with solubles ddgs followed by hydroprocessing to produce liquid Hydrocarbons
Fuel, 2015Co-Authors: Sathish K. Tanneru, Philip H. SteeleAbstract:Abstract Dried distiller’s grains with solubles (DDGS) is a byproduct of corn ethanol production in distillery industries. Presently the main use of DDGS is as livestock feed due to its high protein content. The demands for production of transportation fuel ethanol are increasing due to the increased Renewable Fuels Standard 2 (RFS2) mandate for higher ethanol production. Simultaneously DDGS supply as a co-product is also necessarily markedly increasing. There is a potential for DDGS supply to outgrow the demand for livestock feed or the increased supply has the potential to drive prices down. Therefore, it is highly desirable to find alternative uses of DDGS as a renewable source in the production of fuels or value-added chemicals. The objective of this study was to produce transportation fuel range Hydrocarbons from DDGS feedstock. In this study, DDGS was liquefied followed by hydroprocessing of the liquefied DDGS product to produce a Hydrocarbon Mixture. In the first step, liquefaction of DDGS was performed in a liquid media in the presence of a base catalyst at a temperature in the range of 400 °C. In the second step, the liquefied DDGS product was hydroprocessed in the presence of a heterogeneous catalyst at a temperature of 425 °C under pressurized hydrogen at 1500 psig. The physical and chemical properties of the liquefied DDGS product and the Hydrocarbon Mixture were measured by using American Society of Testing Methods. The Hydrocarbons produced were analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy, detailed Hydrocarbon analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, simulated distillation analysis and elemental analysis.
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Production of liquid Hydrocarbons from pretreated bio-oil via catalytic deoxygenation with syngas
Renewable Energy, 2015Co-Authors: Sathish K. Tanneru, Philip H. SteeleAbstract:Biomass-derived fast pyrolysis oil (bio-oil) is a potential alternative replacement for conventional transportation fuels. But negative properties such as lower energy density, higher water content and acidity prevent the direct use of pyrolysis oil as a fuel. Catalytic deoxygenation of pyrolysis oils to Hydrocarbons has been studied widely with application of high heat and hydrogen pressure. However, consumption of a large amount of expensive hydrogen has remained a problem for this technology. Therefore, development of an efficient and reduced hydrogen deoxygenation method would be desirable. In this study, we have applied catalytic deoxygenation of pretreated bio-oil in the presence of pressurized syngas to produce liquid Hydrocarbons. The pretreatment is an oxidation step that converts aldehydes to carboxylic acids that are more conducive to catalytic conversion to Hydrocarbons than are raw bio-oils. The pretreated bio-oil allowed performance of a partial deoxygenation step with a low amount of hydrogen (syngas). This partially deoxygenated product was then fully deoxygenated with pure hydrogen to produce Hydrocarbons. Properties of the resultant liquid Hydrocarbons were analyzed by ASTM standards for transportation fuels. The Hydrocarbon Mixture obtained by our process was analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, detailed Hydrocarbon analysis, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and simulated distillation.
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Direct hydrocracking of oxidized bio-oil to Hydrocarbons
Fuel, 2015Co-Authors: Sathish K. Tanneru, Philip H. SteeleAbstract:Hydrodeoxygenation is considered a promising technology to convert bio-oils to liquid transportation fuels. Recently we tested a hydrodeoxygenation method to convert oxidized bio-oil to increase liquid fuel yield, reduce char and reduce required hydrogen. In this current study we tested direct hydrocracking of the oxidized bio-oil to produce high-energy liquid Hydrocarbons. We tested various reaction conditions (reaction temperature, hydrogen pressure, time and catalyst type) on the hydrocracking of the oxidized bio-oil. Direct hydrocracking of the oxidized bio-oil produced 36.6% higher Hydrocarbons yield compared to direct hydrocracking of the raw bio-oil. The Hydrocarbons Mixture produced had a higher heating value (HHV) of 43.6 MJ/kg. The oxygen content and acid value were 0.5 wt% and 0.3 mg KOH/g, respectively. Density and viscosity were considerably low at 0.9 g/ml and 1.8 cSt, respectively. pH value was 8.4. The Hydrocarbon Mixture was also analyzed by GC-MS, FTIR, NMR and DHA.
Yiqiang Jiang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the influence of structural parameters on heat transfer and pressure drop for Hydrocarbon Mixture refrigerant during condensation in enhanced spiral pipes
Applied Thermal Engineering, 2018Co-Authors: Shulei Li, Yiqiang Jiang, Qian Li, Haochun ZhangAbstract:Abstract In this paper, the condensation heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics for Hydrocarbon Mixture upward flow in smooth and enhanced spiral pipes were numerically investigated. The numerical model was established and verified by experimental results in literatures. It discussed the influence of geometrical parameters on condensation heat transfer and pressure drop in three kinds of enhanced spiral pipes, which contained square corrugated pipe, sinusoidal corrugated pipe and spiral grooved pipe. The results indicate that in enhanced spiral pipes, both frictional pressure drop and heat transfer coefficient increase with the rise in corrugation (groove) height and the decrease of corrugation (groove) pitch. Meanwhile, compared to the smooth pipe, the augmentation on heat transfer for square corrugated, sinusoidal corrugated and spiral grooved pipes are 0.934–2.052, 1.103–2.216 and 1.206–1.804 times, respectively, while the increase of frictional pressure drop are 1.805–10.930, 1.272–7.176 and 0.851–3.587 times, respectively. Besides, the comprehensive heat transfer enhancement factor (CHF) was introduced to evaluate the overall heat transfer performance of enhanced pipes. It is found that as the corrugation (groove) height increases, the CHF increases in square and sinusoidal corrugated pipes but decreases in spiral grooved pipe; at the meantime, with the increase of corrugation (groove) pitch, the CHF first decreases and then increases in square and sinusoidal corrugated pipes while first increases and then decreases in spiral grooved pipe. The average CHFs for all square corrugated pipes, sinusoidal corrugated pipes and spiral grooved pipes are 0.872, 1.083 and 1.275, respectively. Moreover, the spiral grooved pipe with the relative groove height and pitch of 0.03535 and 5.0 shows the best overall heat transfer performance among others, whose average CHF can reach to 1.413. These results provide some instructions for the application of enhanced spiral tube in the design of spiral wound heat exchange (SWHE).
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a numerical study of heat transfer and pressure drop of Hydrocarbon Mixture refrigerant during boiling in vertical rectangular minichannel
Applied Thermal Engineering, 2017Co-Authors: Jiawen Yu, Yiqiang JiangAbstract:Abstract Plate-fin heat exchangers (PFHE) are probably the most common type of heat exchangers. However, studies on the heat transfer performance and pressure drop of Hydrocarbon Mixture refrigerant in a PFHE have rarely been conducted. In this paper, boiling heat transfer and friction pressure drop characteristics of Hydrocarbon Mixture refrigerant in PFHE were investigated numerically. A model was established on boiling flow in vertical rectangular minichannel, and also validated by the experiment data from literature. Results indicated that the boiling heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop increased with the increase of quality and mass flux. However, they were slightly impacted by the heat flux. This was because that the main boiling mechanism was forced convective boiling, while the effect of nucleation boiling is slight on the heat transfer. The simulation data were compared with some well-known heat transfer and pressure drop correlations. The Liu and Winterton’s correlation showed the best agreement with a mean absolute deviation mostly less than ±15% for heat transfer. The calculation on Mishima and Hibiki’s correlation was less than the simulated results because that the influence of heat flux was ignored for friction pressure drop in that. Meanwhile, a new correlation for pressure drop was developed with deviation less than ±15%. The presented research is helpful in designing more effective PFHE.
Thierry Caquet - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Effect of thiram and of a Hydrocarbon Mixture on freshwater macroinvertebrate communities in outdoor stream and pond mesocosms: I. Study design, chemicals fate and structural responses
Ecotoxicology, 2015Co-Authors: Yannick Bayona, Marc Roucaute, Kevin Cailleaud, Laurent Lagadic, Anne Bassères, Thierry CaquetAbstract:Higher-tier ecological risk assessment (ERA) in mesocosms is commonly performed in lotic or lentic experimental systems. These systems differ in their physico-chemical and hydrological properties, leading to differences in chemical fate, community characteristics and potential recovery. This raises the issue of the relevance and sensitivity of community-level endpoints in different types of mesocosms. In this study, macroinvertebrate abundance and biomass estimates were used to assess the effects of a dithiocarbamate fungicide, thiram (35 and 170 µg l^−1), and a petroleum middle distillate (PMD; 0.01, 0.4, 2 and 20 mg l^−1) in outdoor stream and pond mesocosms. Streams were continuously treated during 3 weeks followed by a 2-month long post-treatment period. Ponds were treated weekly for 4 weeks, followed by a 10-month long post-treatment period. Taxonomic structure of macroinvertebrate communities was characterized using the α, β and γ components of taxa richness, Shannon and Gini-Simpson indices. Computations were based either on abundance or biomass data. Results clearly highlighted that the effects of chemicals depended on the exposure regime (for thiram) and type of system (for the PMD). Causes of the differences between streams and ponds in the magnitude and nature of effects include differential sensitivity of taxa dwelling in lentic and lotic systems and the influence of hydrology (e.g., drift from upstream) and mesocosm connectivity on recovery dynamics. This study also showed complementarities in the use of both types of mesocosms to improve the characterization of chemical effects on communities in ERA.
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effect of thiram and of a Hydrocarbon Mixture on freshwater macroinvertebrate communities in outdoor stream and pond mesocosms i study design chemicals fate and structural responses
Ecotoxicology, 2015Co-Authors: Yannick Bayona, Marc Roucaute, Kevin Cailleaud, Laurent Lagadic, Anne Bassères, Thierry CaquetAbstract:Higher-tier ecological risk assessment (ERA) in mesocosms is commonly performed in lotic or lentic experimental systems. These systems differ in their physico-chemical and hydrological properties, leading to differences in chemical fate, community characteristics and potential recovery. This raises the issue of the relevance and sensitivity of community-level endpoints in different types of mesocosms. In this study, macroinvertebrate abundance and biomass estimates were used to assess the effects of a dithiocarbamate fungicide, thiram (35 and 170 A mu g l(-1)), and a petroleum middle distillate (PMD; 0.01, 0.4, 2 and 20 mg l(-1)) in outdoor stream and pond mesocosms. Streams were continuously treated during 3 weeks followed by a 2-month long post-treatment period. Ponds were treated weekly for 4 weeks, followed by a 10-month long post-treatment period. Taxonomic structure of macroinvertebrate communities was characterized using the alpha, beta and gamma components of taxa richness, Shannon and Gini-Simpson indices. Computations were based either on abundance or biomass data. Results clearly highlighted that the effects of chemicals depended on the exposure regime (for thiram) and type of system (for the PMD). Causes of the differences between streams and ponds in the magnitude and nature of effects include differential sensitivity of taxa dwelling in lentic and lotic systems and the influence of hydrology (e.g., drift from upstream) and mesocosm connectivity on recovery dynamics. This study also showed complementarities in the use of both types of mesocosms to improve the characterization of chemical effects on communities in ERA.
Sathish K. Tanneru - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Liquefaction of dried distiller’s grains with solubles (DDGS) followed by hydroprocessing to produce liquid Hydrocarbons
Fuel, 2015Co-Authors: Sathish K. Tanneru, Philip H. SteeleAbstract:Abstract Dried distiller’s grains with solubles (DDGS) is a byproduct of corn ethanol production in distillery industries. Presently the main use of DDGS is as livestock feed due to its high protein content. The demands for production of transportation fuel ethanol are increasing due to the increased Renewable Fuels Standard 2 (RFS2) mandate for higher ethanol production. Simultaneously DDGS supply as a co-product is also necessarily markedly increasing. There is a potential for DDGS supply to outgrow the demand for livestock feed or the increased supply has the potential to drive prices down. Therefore, it is highly desirable to find alternative uses of DDGS as a renewable source in the production of fuels or value-added chemicals. The objective of this study was to produce transportation fuel range Hydrocarbons from DDGS feedstock. In this study, DDGS was liquefied followed by hydroprocessing of the liquefied DDGS product to produce a Hydrocarbon Mixture. In the first step, liquefaction of DDGS was performed in a liquid media in the presence of a base catalyst at a temperature in the range of 400 °C. In the second step, the liquefied DDGS product was hydroprocessed in the presence of a heterogeneous catalyst at a temperature of 425 °C under pressurized hydrogen at 1500 psig. The physical and chemical properties of the liquefied DDGS product and the Hydrocarbon Mixture were measured by using American Society of Testing Methods. The Hydrocarbons produced were analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy, detailed Hydrocarbon analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, simulated distillation analysis and elemental analysis.
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liquefaction of dried distiller s grains with solubles ddgs followed by hydroprocessing to produce liquid Hydrocarbons
Fuel, 2015Co-Authors: Sathish K. Tanneru, Philip H. SteeleAbstract:Abstract Dried distiller’s grains with solubles (DDGS) is a byproduct of corn ethanol production in distillery industries. Presently the main use of DDGS is as livestock feed due to its high protein content. The demands for production of transportation fuel ethanol are increasing due to the increased Renewable Fuels Standard 2 (RFS2) mandate for higher ethanol production. Simultaneously DDGS supply as a co-product is also necessarily markedly increasing. There is a potential for DDGS supply to outgrow the demand for livestock feed or the increased supply has the potential to drive prices down. Therefore, it is highly desirable to find alternative uses of DDGS as a renewable source in the production of fuels or value-added chemicals. The objective of this study was to produce transportation fuel range Hydrocarbons from DDGS feedstock. In this study, DDGS was liquefied followed by hydroprocessing of the liquefied DDGS product to produce a Hydrocarbon Mixture. In the first step, liquefaction of DDGS was performed in a liquid media in the presence of a base catalyst at a temperature in the range of 400 °C. In the second step, the liquefied DDGS product was hydroprocessed in the presence of a heterogeneous catalyst at a temperature of 425 °C under pressurized hydrogen at 1500 psig. The physical and chemical properties of the liquefied DDGS product and the Hydrocarbon Mixture were measured by using American Society of Testing Methods. The Hydrocarbons produced were analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy, detailed Hydrocarbon analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, simulated distillation analysis and elemental analysis.
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Production of liquid Hydrocarbons from pretreated bio-oil via catalytic deoxygenation with syngas
Renewable Energy, 2015Co-Authors: Sathish K. Tanneru, Philip H. SteeleAbstract:Biomass-derived fast pyrolysis oil (bio-oil) is a potential alternative replacement for conventional transportation fuels. But negative properties such as lower energy density, higher water content and acidity prevent the direct use of pyrolysis oil as a fuel. Catalytic deoxygenation of pyrolysis oils to Hydrocarbons has been studied widely with application of high heat and hydrogen pressure. However, consumption of a large amount of expensive hydrogen has remained a problem for this technology. Therefore, development of an efficient and reduced hydrogen deoxygenation method would be desirable. In this study, we have applied catalytic deoxygenation of pretreated bio-oil in the presence of pressurized syngas to produce liquid Hydrocarbons. The pretreatment is an oxidation step that converts aldehydes to carboxylic acids that are more conducive to catalytic conversion to Hydrocarbons than are raw bio-oils. The pretreated bio-oil allowed performance of a partial deoxygenation step with a low amount of hydrogen (syngas). This partially deoxygenated product was then fully deoxygenated with pure hydrogen to produce Hydrocarbons. Properties of the resultant liquid Hydrocarbons were analyzed by ASTM standards for transportation fuels. The Hydrocarbon Mixture obtained by our process was analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, detailed Hydrocarbon analysis, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and simulated distillation.
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Direct hydrocracking of oxidized bio-oil to Hydrocarbons
Fuel, 2015Co-Authors: Sathish K. Tanneru, Philip H. SteeleAbstract:Hydrodeoxygenation is considered a promising technology to convert bio-oils to liquid transportation fuels. Recently we tested a hydrodeoxygenation method to convert oxidized bio-oil to increase liquid fuel yield, reduce char and reduce required hydrogen. In this current study we tested direct hydrocracking of the oxidized bio-oil to produce high-energy liquid Hydrocarbons. We tested various reaction conditions (reaction temperature, hydrogen pressure, time and catalyst type) on the hydrocracking of the oxidized bio-oil. Direct hydrocracking of the oxidized bio-oil produced 36.6% higher Hydrocarbons yield compared to direct hydrocracking of the raw bio-oil. The Hydrocarbons Mixture produced had a higher heating value (HHV) of 43.6 MJ/kg. The oxygen content and acid value were 0.5 wt% and 0.3 mg KOH/g, respectively. Density and viscosity were considerably low at 0.9 g/ml and 1.8 cSt, respectively. pH value was 8.4. The Hydrocarbon Mixture was also analyzed by GC-MS, FTIR, NMR and DHA.
Lixiang Zhou - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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A Novel Method for the Determination of Total Hydrocarbon in the Hydrocarbon Mixture-Contaminated Soil
Journal of Bioremediation and Biodegradation, 2020Co-Authors: Jiangang Wang, Xinhua Zhan, Lixiang Zhou, Jianru Liang, Joanthan W.c. WongAbstract:A simple, reliable and rapid analysis method, for the determination of total Hydrocarbon content in a Hydrocarbon Mixture-contaminated soil that derived from a drum washing factory, was described and validated for the remediation of the contaminated site. This method was based on an assumption that the possibly extracted total Hydrocarbon by organic solvent in the Hydrocarbon Mixture-contaminated soil had a ultraviolet absorption peak and could be used as Hydrocarbon Mixture standard sample (MSS), by which total Hydrocarbon content in the contaminated soil could be measured using ultraviolet spectrophotometry instead of traditional analysis methods (GC, HPLC, GC-MS and HPLC-MS). The results shown that after the available MSS was dissolved in dichloromethane, it stably exhibited ultraviolet absorption peak at 230 nm and the calibration curve for absorbance versus concentrations indicated a high correlation (r=0.9999, p
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biological indicators capable of assessing thermal treatment efficiency of Hydrocarbon Mixture contaminated soil
Chemosphere, 2010Co-Authors: Jiangang Wang, Xinhua Zhan, Lixiang ZhouAbstract:Abstract In China, there are many special sites for recycling and washing the used drums, which release a variety of C5–C40 Hydrocarbon Mixture into the soil around the site. The remediation of these contaminated sites by thermal treatment is adopted ubiquitously and needs to be assessed. Here we report the feasibility of biological indicators applied to assess thermal treatment efficiency in such contaminated soil. A series of biological indicators, including seed germination index (SGI), root elongation index (REI), plant growth height, biomass, carbon dioxide evolved (CDE), soil respiration inhibition (SRI) and soil enzymatic activities, were employed to monitor or assess Hydrocarbon Mixture removal in thermal treated soil. The results showed that residual Hydrocarbon Mixture content correlated strongly negatively with SGI for sesamum ( Sesamum indicum L . ), plant height, and biomass for ryegrass ( Lolium perenne L . ) in the concentration ranges of 0–3990, 0–3170 and 0–2910 mg kg −1 , respectively. In contrast, REI for sesamum was positively correlated with residual Hydrocarbon Mixture content from 0 to 1860 mg kg −1 . In addition, both CDE and SRI demonstrated that 600 mg kg −1 of residual Hydrocarbon Mixture content caused the highest amount of soil carbon dioxide emission and inhabitation of soil respiration. The results of soil enzymes indicated that 1000 mg kg −1 of residual Hydrocarbon Mixture content was the threshold value of stimulating or inhibiting the activities of phosphatase and catalase, or completely destroying the activities of dehydrogenase, invertase, and urease. In conclusion, these biological indicators can be used as a meaningful complementation for traditional chemical content measurement in evaluating the environmental risk of the contaminated sites before and after thermal treatment.