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Kristian K Kjeldsen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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ice dammed Lake drainage in west greenland drainage pattern and implications on ice flow and bedrock motion
Geophysical Research Letters, 2017Co-Authors: Shfaqat Abbas Khan, A A Bjork, Kristian K Kjeldsen, Karina Nielsen, Jeremie MouginotAbstract:Ice-Dammed Lakes drain frequently in Greenland, but the impacts of these events differ between sites. Here, we study the quasi-cyclic behavior of the ~40 km2 Lake Tininnilik in west Greenland and its impact on ice flow and crustal deformation. Data reveal rapid drainage of 1.83 ± 0.17 km3 of water in less than 7 days in 2010, leading to a speedup of the damming glacier, and an instantaneous modeled elastic bedrock uplift of 18.6 ± 0.1 mm confirmed by an independent Lake-side GPS record. Since Ice-Dammed Lakes are common on Greenland, our results highlight the importance of including other sources of surface loading in addition to ice mass change, when assessing glacial isostatic adjustment or elastic rebound using geodetic data. Moreover, the results illustrates a linkage between subglacial discharge and ice-surface velocity, important for assessing ice flux, and thus mass balance, in a future warming climate.
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Ice‐dammed Lake drainage cools and raises surface salinities in a tidewater outlet glacier fjord, west Greenland
Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, 2014Co-Authors: Kristian K Kjeldsen, John Mortensen, Jorgen Bendtsen, D Petersen, Kunuk Lennert, Soren RysgaardAbstract:The drainage of Ice-Dammed Lakes in the form of outburst floods in Greenland is detected regularly by remote sensing, and these events are expected to occur more frequently in a warmer climate. However, their impact on ice sheet stability and neighboring water bodies is still unknown. In this interdisciplinary study, we investigate Lake drainages from the Greenland Ice Sheet into a west Greenland fjord by analyzing simultaneous time series of satellite observations and direct hydrographic measurements of temperature and salinity in the fjord. Satellite images show that, in general, Lake drainages have occurred quasiperiodically during the last decade. A particular sequence of drainage events was observed by satellite in 2009 and was analyzed together with the first direct hydrographic observations. Signs of Ice-Dammed Lake drainages were observed by a downstream mooring located just below the intertidal zone. The release of freshwater occurred at the fjord subsurface at a tidewater outlet glacier. The downstream in-water sequence of property changes in relation to these drainage events was observed as an almost immediate decrease in surface layer temperature (~2°C) followed within a week by the arrival of a high-saline pulse (~ +5 units) with elevated salinity lasting for several days during the passage. During Lake drainages, large amounts of relatively warm and saline intermediate water are brought to the near-surface layers by entrainment processes near the glacier front, and this influences the hydrography of the fjord but also impacts the ecosystem through upwelling of nutrient-rich intermediate water.
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ice dammed Lake drainage cools and raises surface salinities in a tidewater outlet glacier fjord west greenland
Journal of Geophysical Research, 2014Co-Authors: Kristian K Kjeldsen, John Mortensen, Jorgen Bendtsen, D Petersen, Kunuk Lennert, Soren RysgaardAbstract:The drainage of Ice-Dammed Lakes in the form of outburst floods in Greenland is detected regularly by remote sensing, and these events are expected to occur more frequently in a warmer climate. However, their impact on ice sheet stability and neighboring water bodies is still unknown. In this interdisciplinary study, we investigate Lake drainages from the Greenland Ice Sheet into a west Greenland fjord by analyzing simultaneous time series of satellite observations and direct hydrographic measurements of temperature and salinity in the fjord. Satellite images show that, in general, Lake drainages have occurred quasiperiodically during the last decade. A particular sequence of drainage events was observed by satellite in 2009 and was analyzed together with the first direct hydrographic observations. Signs of Ice-Dammed Lake drainages were observed by a downstream mooring located just below the intertidal zone. The release of freshwater occurred at the fjord subsurface at a tidewater outlet glacier. The downstream in-water sequence of property changes in relation to these drainage events was observed as an almost immediate decrease in surface layer temperature (~2°C) followed within a week by the arrival of a high-saline pulse (~ +5 units) with elevated salinity lasting for several days during the passage. During Lake drainages, large amounts of relatively warm and saline intermediate water are brought to the near-surface layers by entrainment processes near the glacier front, and this influences the hydrography of the fjord but also impacts the ecosystem through upwelling of nutrient-rich intermediate water.
Soren Rysgaard - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Ice‐dammed Lake drainage cools and raises surface salinities in a tidewater outlet glacier fjord, west Greenland
Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, 2014Co-Authors: Kristian K Kjeldsen, John Mortensen, Jorgen Bendtsen, D Petersen, Kunuk Lennert, Soren RysgaardAbstract:The drainage of Ice-Dammed Lakes in the form of outburst floods in Greenland is detected regularly by remote sensing, and these events are expected to occur more frequently in a warmer climate. However, their impact on ice sheet stability and neighboring water bodies is still unknown. In this interdisciplinary study, we investigate Lake drainages from the Greenland Ice Sheet into a west Greenland fjord by analyzing simultaneous time series of satellite observations and direct hydrographic measurements of temperature and salinity in the fjord. Satellite images show that, in general, Lake drainages have occurred quasiperiodically during the last decade. A particular sequence of drainage events was observed by satellite in 2009 and was analyzed together with the first direct hydrographic observations. Signs of Ice-Dammed Lake drainages were observed by a downstream mooring located just below the intertidal zone. The release of freshwater occurred at the fjord subsurface at a tidewater outlet glacier. The downstream in-water sequence of property changes in relation to these drainage events was observed as an almost immediate decrease in surface layer temperature (~2°C) followed within a week by the arrival of a high-saline pulse (~ +5 units) with elevated salinity lasting for several days during the passage. During Lake drainages, large amounts of relatively warm and saline intermediate water are brought to the near-surface layers by entrainment processes near the glacier front, and this influences the hydrography of the fjord but also impacts the ecosystem through upwelling of nutrient-rich intermediate water.
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ice dammed Lake drainage cools and raises surface salinities in a tidewater outlet glacier fjord west greenland
Journal of Geophysical Research, 2014Co-Authors: Kristian K Kjeldsen, John Mortensen, Jorgen Bendtsen, D Petersen, Kunuk Lennert, Soren RysgaardAbstract:The drainage of Ice-Dammed Lakes in the form of outburst floods in Greenland is detected regularly by remote sensing, and these events are expected to occur more frequently in a warmer climate. However, their impact on ice sheet stability and neighboring water bodies is still unknown. In this interdisciplinary study, we investigate Lake drainages from the Greenland Ice Sheet into a west Greenland fjord by analyzing simultaneous time series of satellite observations and direct hydrographic measurements of temperature and salinity in the fjord. Satellite images show that, in general, Lake drainages have occurred quasiperiodically during the last decade. A particular sequence of drainage events was observed by satellite in 2009 and was analyzed together with the first direct hydrographic observations. Signs of Ice-Dammed Lake drainages were observed by a downstream mooring located just below the intertidal zone. The release of freshwater occurred at the fjord subsurface at a tidewater outlet glacier. The downstream in-water sequence of property changes in relation to these drainage events was observed as an almost immediate decrease in surface layer temperature (~2°C) followed within a week by the arrival of a high-saline pulse (~ +5 units) with elevated salinity lasting for several days during the passage. During Lake drainages, large amounts of relatively warm and saline intermediate water are brought to the near-surface layers by entrainment processes near the glacier front, and this influences the hydrography of the fjord but also impacts the ecosystem through upwelling of nutrient-rich intermediate water.
A.j. Russell - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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jokulhlaup ice dammed Lake outburst flood impact within a valley confined sandur subject to backwater conditions kangerlussuaq west greenland
Sedimentary Geology, 2009Co-Authors: A.j. RussellAbstract:Abstract This paper examines the controls on the morphology and sedimentology of a valley-confined proglacial outwash plain or ‘sandur’ in West Greenland subject to glacial outburst floods (jokulhlaups). Jokulhlaup flow conditions observed during a recent (1987) flood are linked to sandur sedimentology and morphological change. Backwater effects over the distal sandur resulted in a reduction of stream power despite increasing discharge. Bar units were typically large. Bar front advance of 60 m during 1987 jokulhlaup occurred prior to waning stage bar dissection by chute channels. Channel change was confined to the distal sandur, due to the greater erodibility of the finer-grained bars. A temporary zone of sediment storage prevailed at the transition between free flowing and ponded flood waters until flood powers increased during waning flood stage as backwater effects were removed. Extension of pre-existing high-relief amplitude bars within the distal sandur records sedimentation related to at least eight jokulhlaups, whilst lower-relief amplitude, proximal sandur sediments provide a composite record of the last high stage jokulhlaup flows. Backwater conditions during jokulhlaups have increased the rapidity of spatial variation of grain sizes and fluvial facies types. Complex, within-event, sediment reworking and routing is generated by the onset and break up of backwater effects. The role of local topography is therefore crucial when interpreting the sedimentary record of former proglacial channels potentially subject to jokulhlaups. This study may prove useful in identifying the presence of flood cycles within palaeo-fluvial systems in both formerly glaciated and non glaciated areas.
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controls on the sedimentology of an ice contact jokulhlaup dominated delta kangerlussuaq west greenland
Sedimentary Geology, 2007Co-Authors: A.j. RussellAbstract:Abstract This paper characterises the sedimentary impact of a glacial outburst flood or ‘jokulhlaup’ on an ice-contact delta topset at Russell Glacier, Kangerlussuaq, west Greenland. Rapid drainage of an Ice-Dammed Lake in July 1987 generated a jokulhlaup with a peak discharge of ∼ 1300 m3 s− 1, which drained across a 500-m-wide, 200-m-long, delta top into a proglacial Lake. The delta topset comprises boulder clusters, ice block obstacle marks with relief of up to 4 m, and is graded to Lake levels up to 6 m higher than those during typical non-jokulhlaup conditions. The delta top was dissected by the 1987 jokulhlaup causing a fan-shaped extension of the delta front by 30 m. Surface grain size on the delta decreases rapidly away from the main flood flow direction, reflecting rapid downstream reduction in sediment transport capacity. The 1987 jokulhlaup was predominantly fluidal and turbulent and had peak stream powers of 2846 W m− 2 proximally and
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icelandic jokulhlaup impacts
Developments in Quaternary Science, 2005Co-Authors: A.j. Russell, Philip M Marren, Fiona S. Tweed, Oskar KnudsenAbstract:Iceland contains the worlds largest and best-documented active glacial outwash plains or sandar that have been studied since the 19th century. Vigorous subglacial volcanic activity and the presence of numerous Ice-Dammed Lakes, make Iceland the prime location for the study of glacier outburst floods or jokulhlaups and their geomorphological and sedimentological impact. Increasing attention is being focused on large jokulhlaup channels related to both modem and ancient processes. Jokulhlaup impact within Icelandic bedrock channels has so far received little attention despite the fact that such channels are abundant as sandar in Iceland. Despite clear descriptions within Icelandic literature of jokulhlaup impact on glacier margins, there have been attempts to link jokulhlaup feeder system dynamics with processes and products in the proglacial outwash system. This chapter presents the latest research on the impacts of jokulhlaups generated by three main mechanisms: volcanic, Ice-Dammed Lake drainage, and glacier surge. This chapter identifies and discusses the main advances in the understanding of jokulhlaup impact in Iceland.
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Hydrologic and geomorphic effects of temporary ice‐dammed Lake formation during jökulhlaups
Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 2003Co-Authors: Matthew J Roberts, Oskar Knudsen, A.j. Russell, Fiona S. Tweed, Tim HarrisAbstract:Glacial outburst floods (jokulhlaups) occur frequently in glaciated environments, and the resultant flooding causes geomorphic change and, in some instances, damage to local infrastructure. During some jokulhlaups, floodwater is stored temporarily in ice-marginal locations. In July 1999, a linearly rising jokulhlaup burst from Solheimajokull, Iceland. During this remarkable event, subglacial floodwater pooled transiently in two relict Ice-Dammed Lake basins, before draining suddenly back into Solheimajokull. The significance of such rapid formation and attendant drainage of temporary Ice-Dammed Lakes during jokulhlaups has not been addressed. Consequently, this paper: (i) assesses the hydrologic and geomorphic effects of temporary Ice-Dammed Lake formation caused by Lake-basin ‘retro-filling’; and (ii) discusses the impact and significance of transient retro-filling under jokulhlaup conditions. Pre- and post-flood fieldwork at Solheimajokull enabled the impact and significance of Lake-basin retro-filling to be assessed. Field evidence demonstrates that the July 1999 jokulhlaup had an unusually rapid rise to peak discharge, resulting in subglacial floodwater being purged to ice-marginal locations. The propensity for temporary retro-filling was controlled by rapid expulsion of floodwater from Solheimajokull, coincident with locations suitable for floodwater storage. Floodwater inundated both ice-marginal Lake basins, permitting significant volumes of sediment deposition. Coarse-grained deltas prograding from the ice margin and boulders perched on scoured bedrock provide geomorphic records of sudden retro-filling. The depositional characteristics of Lake-basin deposits at Solheimajokull are similar to jokulhlaup sediments documented in proglacial settings elsewhere; however, their depositional setting and association with ice-marginal landforms is distinctive. Findings suggest that temporary Ice-Dammed Lake formation and drainage has the capacity to alter the shape of the flood hydrograph, especially if drainage of a temporary Lake is superimposed on the original jokulhlaup. Deposits associated with Lake-basin retro-filling have a long-term preservation potential that could help to identify temporary Ice-Dammed Lake formation in modern and ancient glacial environments. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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impact of the july 1999 jokulhlaup on the proximal river jokulsa a solheimasandi myrdalsjokull glacier southern iceland
IAHS-AISH publication, 2002Co-Authors: A.j. Russell, Oskar Knudsen, Fiona S. Tweed, Tim Harris, Matthew J Roberts, Philip M MarrenAbstract:Few studies have focused on the geomorphic and sedimentary impact of magmatically-generated jokulhlaups released directly into the proglacial zone. This paper characterizes the proglacial geomorphic and sedimentary impact of the 17-18 July 1999 jokulhlaup, Glacier Solheimajokull, Iceland. Jokulhlaup outflow from the glacier margin resulted in temporary water storage within former Ice-Dammed Lake basins, resulting in the deposition of coarse-grained deltas, and more distal sandy bedforms capped by silts. Outflow from the western outlet transported boulders up to 8 m in diameter on the surface of a new outwash fan ranging in thickness from 6 m proximally to 1 m distally. Near-simultaneous deposition of ice blocks, boulders and finer-grained matrix occurred, suggesting that flows were sediment rich during the rising stage of the flood. This unexpected short-lived flood had a distinctive impact on the proglacial zone, providing a record of a precursor to a Mount Katla eruption.
Fiona S. Tweed - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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icelandic jokulhlaup impacts
Developments in Quaternary Science, 2005Co-Authors: A.j. Russell, Philip M Marren, Fiona S. Tweed, Oskar KnudsenAbstract:Iceland contains the worlds largest and best-documented active glacial outwash plains or sandar that have been studied since the 19th century. Vigorous subglacial volcanic activity and the presence of numerous Ice-Dammed Lakes, make Iceland the prime location for the study of glacier outburst floods or jokulhlaups and their geomorphological and sedimentological impact. Increasing attention is being focused on large jokulhlaup channels related to both modem and ancient processes. Jokulhlaup impact within Icelandic bedrock channels has so far received little attention despite the fact that such channels are abundant as sandar in Iceland. Despite clear descriptions within Icelandic literature of jokulhlaup impact on glacier margins, there have been attempts to link jokulhlaup feeder system dynamics with processes and products in the proglacial outwash system. This chapter presents the latest research on the impacts of jokulhlaups generated by three main mechanisms: volcanic, Ice-Dammed Lake drainage, and glacier surge. This chapter identifies and discusses the main advances in the understanding of jokulhlaup impact in Iceland.
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Hydrologic and geomorphic effects of temporary ice‐dammed Lake formation during jökulhlaups
Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 2003Co-Authors: Matthew J Roberts, Oskar Knudsen, A.j. Russell, Fiona S. Tweed, Tim HarrisAbstract:Glacial outburst floods (jokulhlaups) occur frequently in glaciated environments, and the resultant flooding causes geomorphic change and, in some instances, damage to local infrastructure. During some jokulhlaups, floodwater is stored temporarily in ice-marginal locations. In July 1999, a linearly rising jokulhlaup burst from Solheimajokull, Iceland. During this remarkable event, subglacial floodwater pooled transiently in two relict Ice-Dammed Lake basins, before draining suddenly back into Solheimajokull. The significance of such rapid formation and attendant drainage of temporary Ice-Dammed Lakes during jokulhlaups has not been addressed. Consequently, this paper: (i) assesses the hydrologic and geomorphic effects of temporary Ice-Dammed Lake formation caused by Lake-basin ‘retro-filling’; and (ii) discusses the impact and significance of transient retro-filling under jokulhlaup conditions. Pre- and post-flood fieldwork at Solheimajokull enabled the impact and significance of Lake-basin retro-filling to be assessed. Field evidence demonstrates that the July 1999 jokulhlaup had an unusually rapid rise to peak discharge, resulting in subglacial floodwater being purged to ice-marginal locations. The propensity for temporary retro-filling was controlled by rapid expulsion of floodwater from Solheimajokull, coincident with locations suitable for floodwater storage. Floodwater inundated both ice-marginal Lake basins, permitting significant volumes of sediment deposition. Coarse-grained deltas prograding from the ice margin and boulders perched on scoured bedrock provide geomorphic records of sudden retro-filling. The depositional characteristics of Lake-basin deposits at Solheimajokull are similar to jokulhlaup sediments documented in proglacial settings elsewhere; however, their depositional setting and association with ice-marginal landforms is distinctive. Findings suggest that temporary Ice-Dammed Lake formation and drainage has the capacity to alter the shape of the flood hydrograph, especially if drainage of a temporary Lake is superimposed on the original jokulhlaup. Deposits associated with Lake-basin retro-filling have a long-term preservation potential that could help to identify temporary Ice-Dammed Lake formation in modern and ancient glacial environments. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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High-energy sedimentation, Creag Aoil, Spean Bridge, Scotland: implications for meltwater movement and storage during Loch Lomond Stadial (Younger Dryas) ice retreat
Journal of Quaternary Science, 2003Co-Authors: Andrew J. Russell, Fiona S. Tweed, T. D. HarrisAbstract:This paper examines the origin and significance of Loch Lomond Stadial (Younger Dryas) gravel deposits at Creag Aoil, Spean Bridge, Scotland. Sedimentation into Ice-Dammed Lakes in Glen Roy and Glen Spean associated with shorelines at 260 m, 325 m and 350 m is well-documented, yet little is known about later, lower level Lakes near Spean Bridge. Excavations on the northern flanks of the Lundy Channel revealed exposures into a 35–40 m thickness of sand and gravel. These sediments reflect deposition in a subaqueous environment experiencing repeated short-lived periods of high-energy subaerial deposition. Deformation structures within subaqueous deposits are associated with at least two ice-push events. This study presents new evidence for the existence of Ice-Dammed Lakes at elevations between 260 m and 113 m and for periodic jokulhlaups draining southwest via the Lundy Channel. Active glacier ice associated with the deposits flowed northwest to southeast, driving meltwater across the Great Glen to the Lundy Channel. Glacier retreat was punctuated by periodic minor readvances. Progressive ice retreat was accompanied by ice thinning, and changes in ice-flow direction and subglacial meltwater routing. These findings add to knowledge of Loch Lomond Stadial deglaciation around Spean Bridge and have implications for our understanding of lacustrine glacier margins during deglaciation. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Keywords: Ice-Dammed Lake; subaqueous outwash; jokulhlaups; ice-push structures; Scotland
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impact of the july 1999 jokulhlaup on the proximal river jokulsa a solheimasandi myrdalsjokull glacier southern iceland
IAHS-AISH publication, 2002Co-Authors: A.j. Russell, Oskar Knudsen, Fiona S. Tweed, Tim Harris, Matthew J Roberts, Philip M MarrenAbstract:Few studies have focused on the geomorphic and sedimentary impact of magmatically-generated jokulhlaups released directly into the proglacial zone. This paper characterizes the proglacial geomorphic and sedimentary impact of the 17-18 July 1999 jokulhlaup, Glacier Solheimajokull, Iceland. Jokulhlaup outflow from the glacier margin resulted in temporary water storage within former Ice-Dammed Lake basins, resulting in the deposition of coarse-grained deltas, and more distal sandy bedforms capped by silts. Outflow from the western outlet transported boulders up to 8 m in diameter on the surface of a new outwash fan ranging in thickness from 6 m proximally to 1 m distally. Near-simultaneous deposition of ice blocks, boulders and finer-grained matrix occurred, suggesting that flows were sediment rich during the rising stage of the flood. This unexpected short-lived flood had a distinctive impact on the proglacial zone, providing a record of a precursor to a Mount Katla eruption.
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the geomorphic impact and sedimentary characteristics of the july 1999 jokulhlaup on the jokulsa a solheimasandi mýrdalsjokull southern iceland
2002Co-Authors: A.j. Russell, Oskar Knudsen, Matthew James Roberts, Fiona S. Tweed, Tim Harris, Philip M MarrenAbstract:Few studies have focused on the geomorphic and sedimentary impact of magmatically-generated jokulhlaups released directly into the proglacial zone. This paper characterizes the proglacial geomorphic and sedimentary impact of the 17-18 July 1999 jokulhlaup, Glacier Solheimajokull, Iceland. Jokulhlaup outflow from the glacier margin resulted in temporary water storage within former Ice-Dammed Lake basins, resulting in the deposition of coarsegrained deltas, and more distal sandy bedforms capped by silts. Outflow from the western outlet transported boulders up to 8 m in diameter on the surface of a new outwash fan ranging in thickness from 6 m proximally to 1 m distally. Near-simultaneous deposition of ice blocks, boulders and finer-grained matrix occurred, suggesting that flows were sediment rich during the rising stage of the flood. This unexpected short-lived flood had a distinctive impact on the proglacial zone, providing a record of a precursor to a Mount Katla eruption. Key words: Jokulsâ â Solheimasandi; Myrdalsjokull; Iceland; geomorphological impact; ice blocks; temporary storage; outwash fan; proglacial; Katla; boulders
Michele Citterio - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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seismic characterization of a rapidly rising jokulhlaup cycle at the a p olsen ice cap ne greenland
Journal of Glaciology, 2020Co-Authors: Michael Behm, D Binder, Kirsty Langley, Phillipe Limpach, Stefan Mertl, Jacob I. Walter, Bernd Kulessa, Michele Citterio, Feng Cheng, Wolfgang SchonerAbstract:Rapidly-rising jokulhlaups, or glacial outburst floods, are a phenomenon with a high potential for damage. The initiation and propagation processes of a rapidly-rising jokulhlaup are still not fully understood. Seismic monitoring can contribute to an improved process understanding, but comprehensive long-term seismic monitoring campaigns capturing the dynamics of a rapidly-rising jokulhlaup have not been reported so far. To fill this gap, we installed a seismic network at the marginal, Ice-Dammed Lake of the A.P. Olsen Ice Cap (APO) in NE-Greenland. Episodic outbursts from the Lake cause flood waves in the Zackenberg river, characterized by a rapid discharge increase within a few hours. Our 6 months long seismic dataset comprises the whole fill-and-drain cycle of the Ice-Dammed Lake in 2012 and includes one of the most destructive floods recorded so far for the Zackenberg river. Seismic event detection and localization reveals abundant surface crevassing and correlates with changes of the river discharge. Seismic interferometry suggests the existence of a thin basal sedimentary layer. We show that the ballistic part of the first surface waves can potentially be used to infer medium changes in both the ice body and the basal layer. Interpretation of time-lapse interferograms is challenged by a varying ambient noise source distribution.
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The Ice-Dammed Lake Isvand, West Greenland, has lost its water
Journal of Glaciology, 2011Co-Authors: Anker Weidick, Michele CitterioAbstract:AbstractIsvand is an Ice-Dammed Lake situated on the western flank of Kangiata Nunaata Sermia, a large ice stream from the Inland Ice, producing calf ice into Kangersuneq fjord at the head of Godtha˚bsfjord (Nuup Kangerlua), West Greenland (Fig. 1). This outlet of the Inland Ice is the only significant calving outlet of the ice sheet met with between 628 and 698 N.
