The Experts below are selected from a list of 276 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Andrea I. Woody - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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How is the Ideal Gas Law Explanatory?
Science & Education, 2013Co-Authors: Andrea I. WoodyAbstract:Using the Ideal Gas Law as a comparative example, this essay reviews contemporary research in philosophy of science concerning scientific explanation. It outlines the inferential, causal, unification, and erotetic conceptions of explanation and discusses an alternative project, the functional perspective. In each case, the aim is to highlight insights from these investigations that are salient for pedagogical concerns. Perhaps most importantly, this essay argues that science teachers should be mindful of the normative and prescriptive components of explanatory discourse both in the classroom and in science more generally. Giving attention to this dimension of explanation not only will do justice to the nature of explanatory activity in science but also will support the development of robust reasoning skills in science students while helping them understand an important respect in which science is more than a straightforward collection of empirical facts, and consequently, science education involves more than simply learning them.
T Xu - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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a laboratory scale study of the aqueous mineral carbonation of coal fly ash for co2 sequestration
Journal of Cleaner Production, 2015Co-Authors: N L Ukwattage, Pathegama Gamage Ranjith, Mohan Yellishetty, T XuAbstract:Abstract Mineral sequestration of waste materials provides a promising method for CO 2 sequestration, due to its potential as a finishing step in industries which produce CO 2 and alkaline solid by-products. However, a number of challenges in mineral carbonation that remain to be resolved, including overcoming the slow kinetics of mineral–fluid reactions, dealing with the large volume of source material required, and reducing the energy needed to hasten the carbonation process. In order to overcome the slow reaction kinetics, experiments on accelerated carbonation are being conducted worldwide. As a result, studies of the operational parameters of the carbonation reaction are progressing. The present study examined the effect of two operational parameters on the mineralization of Australian coal fly ashes for CO 2 sequestration at laboratory scale. In this study, carbonation tests were carried out for three Australian coal fly ash samples (S1, S2, S3) inside a continuously stirred reaction chamber. Different water-to-solid ratios (from 0.1 to 1) and reaction temperatures (20–80 °C) were tested under a moderate initial CO 2 Gas pressure of 3 MPa, and the pressure drop due to carbonation with time was recorded until a constant pressure was achieved at the end of each test. The quantity of CO 2 stored in each test was estimated by applying Ideal Gas Law to the test conditions. The formation of carbonates during testing was confirmed by performing micro-structural analysis using scanning electron microscopy. According to the results, a 0.2–0.3 water-to-solid mix ratio recorded the highest sequestration potential for all three fly ashes, and was identified as the optimum for mineralization. The increase of reaction temperature resulted in a faster rate of initial CO 2 transfer into the fly ash material but did not have a significant impact on the overall sequestration. Of the three tested ashes, S3 ash sample showed the highest sequestration potential of 27.05 kg of CO 2 per ton of fly ash under test conditions. The results confirm the possibility of manipulating the water-to-solid mix ratio and the reaction temperature to enhance the carbonation reaction for mineral CO 2 sequestration.
Robert Ia Holmes - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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thermal enhancement on planetary bodies and the relevance of the molar mass version of the Ideal Gas Law to the null hypothesis of climate change
Eearth, 2018Co-Authors: Robert Ia HolmesAbstract:Presented here is a simple and reliable method of accurately calculating the average near surface atmospheric temperature on all planetary bodies which possess a surface atmospheric pressure of over 0.69kPa, by the use of the molar mass version of the Ideal Gas Law. This method requires a Gas constant and the near-surface averages of only three Gas parameters; the atmospheric pressure, the atmospheric density and the mean molar mass. The accuracy of this method proves that all information on the effective plus the residual near-surface atmospheric temperature on planetary bodies with thick atmospheres, is automatically ‘baked-in’ to the three mentioned Gas parameters. It is also known that whenever an atmospheric pressure exceeds 10kPa, convection and other modes of energy transfer will totally dominate over radiative interactions in the transfer of energy, and that a rising thermal gradient always forms from that level. This rising thermal gradient continues down to the surface, and even below it if there is a depression or a mine-shaft present. This measured thermodynamic situation, coupled with other empirical science presented herein, mean that it is very likely that no one Gas has an anomalous effect on atmospheric temperatures that is significantly more than any other Gas. In short; there is unlikely to be any significant net warming from the greenhouse effect on any planetary body in the parts of atmospheres which are >10kPa. Instead, it is proposed that the residual temperature difference between the effective temperature and the measured near-surface temperature, is a thermal enhancement caused by gravitationally-induced adiabatic auto-compression, powered by convection. A new null hypothesis of global warming or climate change is therefore proposed and argued for; one which does not include any anomalous or net warming from greenhouse Gases in the tropospheric atmospheres of any planetary body.
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molar mass version of the Ideal Gas Law points to a very low climate sensitivity
Eearth, 2017Co-Authors: Robert Ia HolmesAbstract:It has always been complicated mathematically, to calculate the average near surface atmospheric temperature on planetary bodies with a thick atmosphere. Usually, the Stefan Boltzmann (S-B) black body Law is used to provide the effective temperature, then debate arises about the size or relevance of additional factors, including the ‘greenhouse effect’. Presented here is a simple and reliable method of accurately calculating the average near surface atmospheric temperature on planetary bodies which possess a surface atmospheric pressure of over 10kPa. This method requires a Gas constant and the knowledge of only three Gas parameters; the average near-surface atmospheric pressure, the average near surface atmospheric density and the average mean molar mass of the near-surface atmosphere. The formula used is the molar version of the Ideal Gas Law. It is here demonstrated that the information contained in just these three Gas parameters alone is an extremely accurate predictor of atmospheric temperatures on planets with atmospheres >10kPa. This indicates that all information on the effective plus the residual near-surface atmospheric temperature on planetary bodies with thick atmospheres, is automatically ‘baked-in’ to the three mentioned Gas parameters. Given this, it is shown that no one Gas has an anomalous effect on atmospheric temperatures that is significantly more than any other Gas. In short; there can be no 33°C ‘greenhouse effect’ on Earth, or any significant ‘greenhouse effect’ on any other planetary body with an atmosphere of >10kPa. Instead, it is a postulate of this hypothesis that the residual temperature difference of 33°C between the S-B effective temperature and the measured near-surface temperature is actually caused by adiabatic auto-compression.
N L Ukwattage - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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steel making slag for mineral sequestration of carbon dioxide by accelerated carbonation
Measurement, 2017Co-Authors: N L Ukwattage, Pathegama Gamage Ranjith, X LiAbstract:Abstract Mineral sequestration of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) in alkaline waste materials is an innovative carbon capture and storage (sequestration) technology that can potentially be introduced as a finishing step for industries those generate alkaline solid by-products and emit flue Gas CO 2. For example, steel making industry can capture its Gaseous CO 2 emissions with the solid by-product steel slag, which is a rich source of alkaline oxides such as CaO and MgO. These oxides can be converted into stable carbonates at the presence of CO 2 through a series of reactions called mineral carbonation. However, mineral carbonation is not widely practised as a carbon capture and storage technique due to some of the barriers including slow kinetics of carbonation and the cost involved. Therefore, a growing number of research is currently focused on investigating ways and means to overcome the slow reaction kinetics while decreasing the associated costs in order to achieve industrial-level and economical sequestration. As a result, optimization of the operational parameters of carbonation reaction of alkaline wastes such as coal fly ash, municipal solid waste incinerator ash and steel-making slag are progressing rapidly. The present study examines the effect of three operational parameters (CO 2 pressure, temperature and water-to-solid ratio) on the rate and efficiency of the mineral carbonation reaction of steel-making slag at laboratory-scale. Carbonation tests for commercially available steel making slag samples were carried out at different initial CO 2 pressures from 1 MPa to 6 MPa, reaction temperatures from 20 °C to 80 °C, and water to slag mixing ratios from 0.25:1 to 3:1. Each test was allowed to run for 48 h in a continuously stirred tank reactor under CO 2 rich environment. The drop of initial CO 2 pressure with time was recorded until a constant pressure was achieved at the equilibrium. The results were analysed to estimate the quantity of CO 2 stored as carbonates within steel slag in each case. According to the results, the increased initial CO 2 pressure inside the chamber could shorten the time required to complete the carbonation reaction, but the effect on the overall stored CO 2 quantity was negligible. In contrast, with the increase of water-to-solid ratio, the overall carbonation continued to increase significantly. Of the tested reaction temperatures 50 °C was the most favourable for the carbonation to proceed at its optimum. Application of Ideal Gas Law under optimum test conditions revealed a sequestration potential of 29.47 kg of CO 2 per tonne of steel slag. X-ray diffraction analysis and scanning electron microscopic imaging confirmed the formation of carbonate crystals in the slag samples during the carbonation reactions. The study confirmed the possibility of manipulating the reaction parameters to enhance the carbonation reaction for mineral CO 2 sequestration in alkaline solid by products.
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a laboratory scale study of the aqueous mineral carbonation of coal fly ash for co2 sequestration
Journal of Cleaner Production, 2015Co-Authors: N L Ukwattage, Pathegama Gamage Ranjith, Mohan Yellishetty, T XuAbstract:Abstract Mineral sequestration of waste materials provides a promising method for CO 2 sequestration, due to its potential as a finishing step in industries which produce CO 2 and alkaline solid by-products. However, a number of challenges in mineral carbonation that remain to be resolved, including overcoming the slow kinetics of mineral–fluid reactions, dealing with the large volume of source material required, and reducing the energy needed to hasten the carbonation process. In order to overcome the slow reaction kinetics, experiments on accelerated carbonation are being conducted worldwide. As a result, studies of the operational parameters of the carbonation reaction are progressing. The present study examined the effect of two operational parameters on the mineralization of Australian coal fly ashes for CO 2 sequestration at laboratory scale. In this study, carbonation tests were carried out for three Australian coal fly ash samples (S1, S2, S3) inside a continuously stirred reaction chamber. Different water-to-solid ratios (from 0.1 to 1) and reaction temperatures (20–80 °C) were tested under a moderate initial CO 2 Gas pressure of 3 MPa, and the pressure drop due to carbonation with time was recorded until a constant pressure was achieved at the end of each test. The quantity of CO 2 stored in each test was estimated by applying Ideal Gas Law to the test conditions. The formation of carbonates during testing was confirmed by performing micro-structural analysis using scanning electron microscopy. According to the results, a 0.2–0.3 water-to-solid mix ratio recorded the highest sequestration potential for all three fly ashes, and was identified as the optimum for mineralization. The increase of reaction temperature resulted in a faster rate of initial CO 2 transfer into the fly ash material but did not have a significant impact on the overall sequestration. Of the three tested ashes, S3 ash sample showed the highest sequestration potential of 27.05 kg of CO 2 per ton of fly ash under test conditions. The results confirm the possibility of manipulating the water-to-solid mix ratio and the reaction temperature to enhance the carbonation reaction for mineral CO 2 sequestration.
Siavash H Sohrab - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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some implications of a scale invariant model of statistical mechanics to classical and black hole thermodynamics
Bulletin of the American Physical Society, 2016Co-Authors: Siavash H SohrabAbstract:Some implications of a scale invariant model of statistical mechanics to the mechanical theory of heat of Helmholtz and Clausius are described. Modified invariant definitions of heat and entropy are presented closing the gap between radiation and Gas theory. Modified relativistic transformations of pressure, Boltzmann constant, entropy, and density are introduced leading to transformation of Ideal Gas Law. Following Helmholtz, the total thermal energy of thermodynamic system is decomposed into free heat U and latent heat p V and identified as modified form of the first Law of thermodynamics Q = H = U + p V. Subjective versus objective aspects of Boltzmann thermodynamic entropy versus Shannon information entropy are discussed. Also, modified thermodynamic properties of Ideal Gas are presented. The relativistic thermodynamics being described is in accordance with Poincare - Lorentz dynamic theory of relativity as opposed to Einstein kinematic theory of relativity since the former theory that is based on compressible ether of Planck is causal as was emphasized by Pauli.
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some implications of a scale invariant model of statistical mechanics to classical and relativistic thermodynamics
International Journal of Thermodynamics, 2014Co-Authors: Siavash H SohrabAbstract:Some implications of a scale invariant model of statistical mechanics to the mechanical theory of heat of Helmholtz and Clausius are described. Modified invariant definitions of heat and entropy are presented closing the gap between radiation and Gas theory. Modified relativistic transformations of pressure, Boltzmann constant, entropy, and density are introduced leading to transformation of Ideal Gas Law. Following Helmholtz the total thermal energy of thermodynamic system is decomposed into free heat U and latent heat p V and identified as modified form of the first Law of thermodynamics Q = H = U + p V. Subjective versus objective aspects of Boltzmann thermodynamic entropy versus Shannon information entropy are discussed. Also, modified thermodynamic properties of Ideal Gas are presented. The relativistic thermodynamics being described is in accordance with Poincare - Lorentz dynamic theory of relativity as opposed to Einstein kinematic theory of relativity since the former theory that is based on compressible ether of Planck is causal as was emphasized by Pauli.