The Experts below are selected from a list of 318 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Akiyoshi Kitaoka - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Illusory Motion Reproduced by Deep Neural Networks Trained for Prediction
Frontiers Media S.A., 2018Co-Authors: Akiyoshi Kitaoka, Eiji Watanabe, Kiwako Sakamoto, Masaki Yasugi, Kenta TanakaAbstract:The cerebral cortex predicts visual Motion to adapt human behavior to surrounding objects moving in real time. Although the underlying mechanisms are still unknown, predictive coding is one of the leading theories. Predictive coding assumes that the brain's internal models (which are acquired through learning) predict the visual world at all times and that errors between the prediction and the actual sensory input further refine the internal models. In the past year, deep neural networks based on predictive coding were reported for a video prediction machine called PredNet. If the theory substantially reproduces the visual information processing of the cerebral cortex, then PredNet can be expected to represent the human visual perception of Motion. In this study, PredNet was trained with natural scene videos of the self-Motion of the viewer, and the Motion prediction ability of the obtained computer model was verified using unlearned videos. We found that the computer model accurately predicted the magnitude and direction of Motion of a rotating propeller in unlearned videos. Surprisingly, it also represented the rotational Motion for illusion images that were not moving physically, much like human visual perception. While the trained network accurately reproduced the direction of Illusory rotation, it did not detect Motion components in negative control pictures wherein people do not perceive Illusory Motion. This research supports the exciting idea that the mechanism assumed by the predictive coding theory is one of basis of Motion illusion generation. Using sensory illusions as indicators of human perception, deep neural networks are expected to contribute significantly to the development of brain research
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Cats and Illusory Motion
Psychology, 2014Co-Authors: Rasmus Bååth, Takeharu Seno, Akiyoshi KitaokaAbstract:We present the first evidence that cats experience visual illusions and that a non-human animal can see Illusory Motion. In three videos we show cats reacting with hunting behavior when watching the Rotating Snakes illusion. This is taken to mean that cats see Illusory Motion in this image due to the propensity of cats to pursue movement. This is further supported by a survey where 29% of the respondents answered that their cat reacted to the illusion. A number of preferential looking experiments were also indicative of cats experiencing the illusion, but not conclusively so.
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Color-dependent Motion illusions in stationary images and their phenomenal dimorphism.
Perception, 2014Co-Authors: Akiyoshi KitaokaAbstract:The color-dependent Motion illusion in stationary images—a special type of the Fraser–Wilcox illusion—is introduced and discussed. The direction of Illusory Motion changes depending on whether the ...
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Infants See Illusory Motion in Static Figures
Perception, 2013Co-Authors: So Kanazawa, Akiyoshi Kitaoka, Masami K. YamaguchiAbstract:We investigated Illusory Motion perception in 6-to-8-month-old infants using a static figure which produces strong Illusory Motion. In experiment 1 we prepared a control figure, which was physically similar to the Illusory Motion figure but which did not produce Illusory Motion. We presented the Illusory figure and the control figure side-by-side, and measured infants' looking time at the target Illusory figure. Results showed that the infants' looking time at the Illusory figure was significantly longer than that for the control. In experiment 2 we made another set of stimuli consisting of the same local pattern used in experiment 1, but which did not produce Illusory Motion. The results showed that no preferences were observed in experiment 2. These results suggest that 6-to-8-month-old infants perceive Illusory Motion in static figures.
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Anomalous Motion illusion contributes to visual preference
Frontiers in psychology, 2012Co-Authors: Jasmina Stevanov, Branka Spehar, Hiroshi Ashida, Akiyoshi KitaokaAbstract:This study investigated the relationship between the magnitude of Illusory Motion in the variants of the ‘Rotating Snakes’ pattern and the visual preference among such patterns. In Experiment 1 we manipulated the outer contour and the internal geometrical structure of the figure to test for corresponding modulations in the perceived illusion magnitude. The strength of Illusory Motion was estimated by the method of adjustment where the speed of a standard moving figure was matched to the speed of the perceived Illusory Motion in test figures. We observed modulation of the perceived strength of Illusory Motion congruent with our geometrical manipulations. In Experiment 2, we directly compared the magnitude of the perceived Illusory Motion and the preference for these patterns by a method of paired comparison. Images differing in illusion magnitude showed corresponding differences in the reported preference for these patterns. Further analysis revealed that the geometry of the images and the perceived illusion magnitude were the major determinants of preference judgments, which substantially contributed to the observed preference ratings. These results support the idea that presence of Illusory effect increases affective preference for images, as they may be regarded as more interesting, surprising or fascinating.
Ian S. Curthoys - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Eye movements cannot explain vibration-induced visual Motion and Motion aftereffect
Experimental brain research, 2006Co-Authors: Tatjana Seizova-cajic, Æ W. L. Ben Sachtler, Ian S. CurthoysAbstract:Eye movements are thought to account for a number of visual Motion illusions involving stationary objects presented against a featureless background or apparent Motion of the whole visual field. We tested two different versions of the eye movement account: (a) the retinal slip explanation and (b) the nystagmus-suppression explanation, in particular their ability to account for visual Motion experienced during vibration of the neck muscles, and for the visual Motion aftereffect following vibration. We vibrated the neck (ventral sternocleidomastoid muscles, bilaterally, or right dorsal muscles) and measured eye movements in conjunction with perceived Illusory displacement of an LED presented in complete darkness (N=10). To test the retinal-slip explanation, we compared the direction of slow eye movements to the direction of Illusory Motion of the visual target. To test the suppression explanation, we estimated the direction of suppressed slow-phase eye movements and compared it to the direction of Illusory Motion. Two main findings show that neither actual nor suppressed eye movements cause the Illusory Motion and Motion aftereffect. Firstly, eye movements do not reverse direction when the Illusory Motion reverses after vibration stops. Secondly, there are large individual differences with regards to the direction of eye movements in observers who all experience a similar visual illusion. We conclude that, rather than eye movements, a more global spatial constancy mechanism that takes into account head movement is responsible for the illusion. The results also argue against the notion of a single central signal that determines both perceptual experience and oculomotor behaviour.
Simone Gori - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Do rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) perceive Illusory Motion?
Animal Cognition, 2015Co-Authors: Christian Agrillo, Simone Gori, Michael J. BeranAbstract:During the last decade, visual illusions have been used repeatedly to understand similarities and differences in visual perception of human and non-human animals. However, nearly all studies have focused only on illusions not related to Motion perception, and to date, it is unknown whether non-human primates perceive any kind of Motion illusion. In the present study, we investigated whether rhesus monkeys ( Macaca mulatta ) perceived one of the most popular Motion illusions in humans, the Rotating Snake illusion (RSI). To this purpose, we set up four experiments. In Experiment 1, subjects initially were trained to discriminate static versus dynamic arrays. Once reaching the learning criterion, they underwent probe trials in which we presented the RSI and a control stimulus identical in overall configuration with the exception that the order of the luminance sequence was changed in a way that no apparent Motion is perceived by humans. The overall performance of monkeys indicated that they spontaneously classified RSI as a dynamic array. Subsequently, we tested adult humans in the same task with the aim of directly comparing the performance of human and non-human primates (Experiment 2). In Experiment 3, we found that monkeys can be successfully trained to discriminate between the RSI and a control stimulus. Experiment 4 showed that a simple change in luminance sequence in the two arrays could not explain the performance reported in Experiment 3. These results suggest that some rhesus monkeys display a human-like perception of this Motion illusion, raising the possibility that the neurocognitive systems underlying Motion perception may be similar between human and non-human primates.
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the dcdc2 intron 2 deletion impairs Illusory Motion perception unveiling the selective role of magnocellular dorsal stream in reading dis ability
Cerebral Cortex, 2015Co-Authors: Simone Gori, Sara Mascheretti, Enrico Giora, Luca Ronconi, Milena Ruffino, Ermanno Quadrelli, Andrea Facoetti, Cecilia MarinoAbstract:Developmental dyslexia (DD) is a heritable neurodevelopmental reading disorder that could arise from auditory, visual, and cross-modal integration deficits. A deletion in intron 2 of the DCDC2 gene (hereafter DCDC2d) increases the risk for DD and related phenotypes. In this study, first we report that Illusory visual Motion perception - specifically processed by the magnocellular-dorsal (M-D) stream - is impaired in children with DD compared with age-matched and reading-level controls. Second, we test for the specificity of the DCDC2d effects on the M-D stream. Children with DD and DCDC2d need significantly more contrast to process Illusory Motion relative to their counterpart without DCDC2d and to age-matched and reading-level controls. Irrespective of the genetic variant, children with DD perform normally in the parvocellular-ventral task. Finally, we find that DCDC2d is associated with the Illusory Motion perception also in adult normal readers, showing that the M-D deficit is a potential neurobiological risk factor of DD rather than a simple effect of reading disorder. Our findings demonstrate, for the first time, that a specific neurocognitive dysfunction tapping the M-D stream is linked with a well-defined genetic susceptibility.
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Do Fish Perceive Illusory Motion
Scientific reports, 2014Co-Authors: Simone Gori, Christian Agrillo, Marco Dadda, Angelo BisazzaAbstract:Motion illusion refers to a perception of Motion that is absent or different in the physical stimulus. These illusions are a powerful non-invasive tool for understanding the neurobiology of vision because they tell us, indirectly, how we process Motion. There is general agreement in ascribing Motion illusion to higher-level processing in the visual cortex, but debate remains about the exact role of eye movements and cortical networks in triggering it. Surprisingly, there have been no studies investigating global Illusory Motion evoked by static patterns in animal species other than humans. Herein, we show that fish perceive one of the most studied Motion illusions, the Rotating Snakes. Fish responded similarly to real and Illusory Motion. The demonstration that complex global Illusory Motion is not restricted to humans and can be found even in species that do not have a cortex paves the way to develop animal models to study the neurobiological bases of Motion perception.
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The neural basis of the Enigma illusion: a transcranial magnetic stimulation study.
Neuropsychologia, 2011Co-Authors: Manuela Ruzzoli, Simone Gori, Andrea Pavan, Cornelia Pirulli, Carlo Alberto Marzi, Carlo MiniussiAbstract:The aim of this study was to test the role of the visual primary (V1) and the middle temporal area (V5/MT) in the Illusory Motion perception evoked by the Enigma figure. The Enigma figure induces a visual illusion that is characterized by apparent rotatory Motion in the presence of a static figure. By means of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) we show that V5/MT is causally linked to the Illusory perception of Motion. When rTMS was applied bilaterally over V5/MT just prior to presentation of the Enigma figure, the perception of Illusory Motion was disrupted for approximately 400 ms resulting in a delayed illusion onset. In contrast, rTMS applied over V1 did not have any effect on the Illusory perception of Motion. These results show that V5/MT, a visual cortical area associated with real Motion perception, is also important for the perception of Illusory Motion, while V1 appears not to be functionally involved in Illusory Motion perception.
Frans A. J. Verstraten - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Illusory Motion of the Motion Aftereffect Induces Postural Sway
Psychological science, 2014Co-Authors: Vivian Holten, Maarten J. Van Der Smagt, Stella F. Donker, Frans A. J. VerstratenAbstract:It remains an open question, however, whether this perception-action cycle is the result of direct visual stimulation only, or whether postural adjustments also occur when the Motion of the visual stimulus is Illusory. Here, we show that the latter is the case. Prolonged viewing of visual Motion results in neural adaptation, and subsequent viewing of a stationary stimulus normally results in Illusory Motion in the opposite direction, a famous phenomenon known as the Motion aftereffect (MAE; Anstis, Verstraten, & Mather, 1998). Surprisingly, this sequence of stimulation also causes postural sway in the direction consistent with the perceived Illusory Motion. Control test patterns that do not generate an MAE after identical adaptation do not induce sway. This suggests that the visuo-vestibular interactions that govern postural control are not influenced by visual stimulation per se, but can be modulated by an Illusory Motion signal (e.g., the internal neural signal responsible for the MAE).
Ulrich Ettinger - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The perception of real and Illusory Motion in schizophrenia.
Neuropsychologia, 2010Co-Authors: Trevor J. Crawford, Jeff P. Hamm, Matthew Kean, Anne Schmechtig, Veena Kumari, Ananthapadmanabha Anilkumar, Ulrich EttingerAbstract:An illusion of rapid movement is normally perceived when an attentional cue (such as a peripheral flash) preceeds the onset of a line. The movement is perceived as receding away from the cue. This study investigated how this illusion was perceived by people with schizophrenia. Nineteen participants with schizophrenia and 26 healthy matched controls were presented with a series of real, Illusory, no Motion or combined real and Illusory Motion stimuli at various target speeds. Detection thresholds were measured to determine the reliability of Motion perception. The participants with schizophrenia were not distinguished from the control group in the perception of real Motion. However, the Motion detection curves for the schizophrenia group revealed a reduction in the perceptual effect of Illusory Motion in comparison to controls. The findings revealed that people with schizophrenia may be less easily deceived by Illusory Motion in comparison to healthy participants.
