Imperial Chemical Industries

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Viviane Quirke - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Imperial Chemical Industries and Craig Jordan, "the First Tamoxifen Consultant," 1960s-1990s.
    Ambix, 2020
    Co-Authors: Viviane Quirke
    Abstract:

    This paper examines the relationship between Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI), the company that discovered tamoxifen, and Dr Craig Jordan, who played a major part in its success as a breast cance...

  • Thalidomide, Drug Safety Regulation, and the British Pharmaceutical Industry: The Case of Imperial Chemical Industries
    Ways of Regulating Drugs in the 19th and 20th Centuries, 2013
    Co-Authors: Viviane Quirke
    Abstract:

    Since World War II, the pharmaceutical industry has become one of the most heavily regulated sectors of the economy, often to the despair of company managers, who have sometimes blamed the current dearth of new drugs on the increasingly complex and costly procedures involved in complying with the regulations imposed on them. As well as patenting, these have included pricing, and — most importantly — drug safety regulations. Indeed, as Gaudilliere and Hess note in their introduction to this volume, the products of the pharmaceutical industry are not like those of the car or electrical Industries: they require special control and surveillance in order to protect the health of the public. It is well known that, in the wake of the thalidomide tragedy, drug safety regulation became more stringent, and that this would have a profound effect on the trajectory of drugs from their invention in the laboratory to their application in the clinic. It is also generally agreed that the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), which had helped to avoid the disaster in America, became the reference point for regulatory bodies elsewhere. However, the manner in which this form of state administration became associated with, or superimposed on, other kinds of collective management, in particular within the industry, has rarely been studied. In another volume, I have written about the standardization and codification of pharmaceutical R&D practices that was associated with the tightening of drug safety regulation in the second half of the twentieth century (Quirke, in Bonah et al., 2009).

  • The Material Culture of British Pharmaceutical Laboratories in the Golden Age of Drug Discovery (c. 1935–75)
    The International Journal for the History of Engineering & Technology, 2009
    Co-Authors: Viviane Quirke
    Abstract:

    AbstractAt a time when pharmaceuticals were becoming one of the most successful science-based sectors in Britain and the British pharmaceutical industry was beginning to rank among the world's most innovative, c. 1945–1975, physical methods and electronic instrumentation revolutionised structural organic chemistry. Their introduction is described in three companies (Burroughs Wellcome Co., Glaxo, and Imperial Chemical Industries); when, how and why British pharmaceutical laboratories adopted these methods is examined. The impact they had on pharmaceutical innovation at that time is explored, and what this tells us about and, in turn, what can we learn from the material culture of British pharmaceutical laboratories in the Golden Age of Drug Discovery is discussed.

Gérard Jazottes - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

Jazottes Gérard - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

Quirke Viviane - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Imperial Chemical Industries and Craig Jordan, “the first Tamoxifen consultant,” 1960s-1990s
    2020
    Co-Authors: Quirke Viviane
    Abstract:

    This paper examines the relationship between Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI), the company that discovered tamoxifen, and Dr Craig Jordan, who played a major part in its success as a breast cancer drug, and who worked as a consultant for the company, but without ever being paid a consultancy fee. Instead, ICI funded junior staff working in his laboratory on topics of his choice. They later paid his expenses as an expert witness in patent-litigation cases, as a result of which the US became a major lucrative market for tamoxifen, and ICI’s other anti-cancer drugs. This case study illustrates that, like consultants, drugs play an important part at the boundary between the academic and industrial spheres. However, even if it is blurred, the boundary remains. Owing to the secrecy that often surrounds industrial research, this boundary may lead to a different understanding of what constitutes innovation, and to different narratives with regard to respective contributions