The Experts below are selected from a list of 17268 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Louis Hickman - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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accessing Implicit Meaning towards computational ability to reconstruct textual omissions
Systems Man and Cybernetics, 2016Co-Authors: Julia M Taylor, Victor Raskin, Louis HickmanAbstract:This paper describes an early step in approaching Implicit Meaning computationally. It outlines various types of Implicit Meanings and then presents a method of finding the so called defaults - omissions that are universally reconstructable and, of course, interpretible without much additional reasoning. The defaults are analyzed on the example of the 1000 instances of TerminateLife events, and a small illustrative experiment is described, where defaults of the event and its children are computationally recovered.
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SMC - Accessing Implicit Meaning: Towards computational ability to reconstruct textual omissions
2016 IEEE International Conference on Systems Man and Cybernetics (SMC), 2016Co-Authors: Julia M Taylor, Victor Raskin, Louis HickmanAbstract:This paper describes an early step in approaching Implicit Meaning computationally. It outlines various types of Implicit Meanings and then presents a method of finding the so called defaults - omissions that are universally reconstructable and, of course, interpretible without much additional reasoning. The defaults are analyzed on the example of the 1000 instances of TerminateLife events, and a small illustrative experiment is described, where defaults of the event and its children are computationally recovered.
Konstantinos P. Tsagarakis - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Assessment of Implicit Meaning in the Design of Graphic Symbols for the Control of Recycled Water Use
Environment and Behavior, 2006Co-Authors: Robert C. Mellon, Konstantinos P. TsagarakisAbstract:This article describes the empirical development and validation of graphic symbols to be affixed to sources of recycled water. The symbols are intended to encourage the use of recycled water in ways that do not endanger the environment or public health. The current identification system does not provide specific information concerning levels of quality (pollution levels) of recycled water, nor does it provide positive comparative information. In the design and validation of more effective symbols, cognitive elicitation techniques were used to assess the normative Implicit Meaning of stimulus values of hue and brightness with respect to five levels of water quality. Although both hue and brightness choices were systematically related to water qualities, the Implicit Meaning of brightness values was clearer. A validity assessment of the untrained Meanings of symbols based on brightness and supplemented by hue supported both their Implicit comprehensibility and the empirical strategy employed in their design.
Michael Kardas - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The Implicit Meaning of (my) change.
Journal of personality and social psychology, 2016Co-Authors: Ed O'brien, Michael KardasAbstract:The concept of change simply entails the totality of ways in which a particular entity has grown better and grown worse. Five studies suggest that this is not how people actually understand it for themselves. Rather, when asked to assess how they have “changed” over time, people bring to mind only how they have improved and neglect other trajectories (e.g., decline) that they have also experienced; global change is specifically translated as directional change for the better. This tendency emerged across many populations, time frames, measures, and methodologies (Studies 1–3), and led to important downstream effects: people who reflected on “change” from their pasts experienced enhanced mood, Meaning, and satisfaction in their presents, precisely because they had assumed to only think about personal improvement (Study 4). A final study shed light on mechanisms: people evaluated the word change in a speeded response task as more positive when they were instructed to interpret the word in relation to themselves versus a friend, while no differences emerged between conditions for nonchange control words (Study 5). This suggests that the basic pattern across studies stems (at least partly) from traditional self-enhancement motives—our own change spontaneously brings to mind only the ways in which we have improved, whereas change in someone else is not so immediately and uniformly associated with improvement. Taken together, these findings reveal novel insights into the content and consequences of change perception, and they more broadly highlight unforeseen biases in when and why people might subjectively (mis)interpret otherwise objective constructs. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
Julia M Taylor - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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accessing Implicit Meaning towards computational ability to reconstruct textual omissions
Systems Man and Cybernetics, 2016Co-Authors: Julia M Taylor, Victor Raskin, Louis HickmanAbstract:This paper describes an early step in approaching Implicit Meaning computationally. It outlines various types of Implicit Meanings and then presents a method of finding the so called defaults - omissions that are universally reconstructable and, of course, interpretible without much additional reasoning. The defaults are analyzed on the example of the 1000 instances of TerminateLife events, and a small illustrative experiment is described, where defaults of the event and its children are computationally recovered.
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SMC - Accessing Implicit Meaning: Towards computational ability to reconstruct textual omissions
2016 IEEE International Conference on Systems Man and Cybernetics (SMC), 2016Co-Authors: Julia M Taylor, Victor Raskin, Louis HickmanAbstract:This paper describes an early step in approaching Implicit Meaning computationally. It outlines various types of Implicit Meanings and then presents a method of finding the so called defaults - omissions that are universally reconstructable and, of course, interpretible without much additional reasoning. The defaults are analyzed on the example of the 1000 instances of TerminateLife events, and a small illustrative experiment is described, where defaults of the event and its children are computationally recovered.
Ira Noveck - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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When children are more logical than adults: Experimental investigations of scalar implicature
Cognition, 2016Co-Authors: Ira NoveckAbstract:A conversational implicature is an inference that consists in attributing to a speaker an Implicit Meaning that goes beyond the explicit linguistic Meaning of an utterance. This paper experimentallyinvestigates scalar implicature, a paradigmatic case of implicature in which a speaker's use of a term like Some indicates that the speaker had reasons not to use a more informative one from the samescale, e.g. All; thus, Some implicates Not all. Pragmatic theorists like Grice would predict that a pragmatic interpretation is determined only after its explicit, logical Meaning is incorporated (e.g. whereSome means at least one). The present work aims to developmentally unpack this prediction by showing how younger, albeit competent, reasoners initially treat a relatively weak term logically beforebecoming aware of its pragmatic potential. Three experiments are presented. Experiment 1 presents a modal reasoning scenario offering an exhaustive set of conclusions; critical among these isparticipants' evaluation of a statement expressing Might be x when the context indicates that the stronger Must be x is true. The conversationally-infelicitous Might be x can be understood logically(e.g. as compatible with Must) or pragmatically (as exclusive to must). Results from five-, seven-, and nine-year-olds as well as adults revealed that a) seven-year-olds are the youngest to demonstratemodal competence overall and that; b) seven- and nine-year-olds treat the infelicitous Might logically significantly more often than adults do. Experiment 2 showed how training with the modal taskcan suspend the implicatures for adults. Experiment 3 provides converging evidence of the developmental pragmatic effect with the French existential quantifier Certains (Some). Whilelinguistically-sophisticated children (eight- and ten-year-olds olds) typically treat Certains as compatible with Tous (All), adults are equivocal. These results, which are consistent with unanticipatedfindings in classic developmental papers, reveal a consistent ordering in which representations of weak scalar terms tend to be treated logically by young competent participants and morepragmatically by older ones. This work is also relevant to the treatment of scalar implicatures in the reasoning literature.
