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Adam P Harvey - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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a sustainable integrated in Situ Transesterification of microalgae for biodiesel production and associated co product a review
Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2016Co-Authors: Kamoru A Salam, S B Velasquezorta, Adam P HarveyAbstract:Microalgae has large scale cultivation history particularly in aquaculture, pigments and nutraceutical production. Despite the advantages of microalgal oil as feedstock for biodiesel production, algal biodiesel is still at laboratory scale due to technical challenges required to be overcome to make it economical and sustainable. indeed, complete drying of microalgae is energy intensive and significantly increases the cost of algae pre-treatment. in Situ Transesterification is more water tolerant due to excess methanol to oil molar ratio required by such production route. However, the need to remove unreacted methanol (>94% of it) from the product streams certainly requires distillation heat load which increases the operating cost. This article reviews the key process variables affecting efficiency of in Situ Transesterification. These include alcohol to oil molar ratio, moisture, stirring rate, reaction time, temperature, microalgal cell wall and catalyst type. Potential solutions of improving the efficiency/economy are discussed. Overall, an integrated approach of in Situ dimethyl ether (DME) production along with the desired biodiesel synthesis during in Situ Transesterification would substantially reduce the volume of unreacted methanol thereby reduces operating cost. Use of resulting microalgal residue for biogas (methane) production can provide energy for biomass production/separation from the dilute algae˗water mixture. Use of bio˗digestate as nutrients for supporting microalgal growth is among the probable solutions suggested for reducing the production cost of in Situ Transesterification.
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surfactant assisted direct biodiesel production from wet nannochloropsis occulata by in Situ Transesterification reactive extraction
Biofuel Research Journal, 2016Co-Authors: Kamoru A Salam, S B Velasquezorta, Adam P HarveyAbstract:This article reports an in Situ Transesterification/reactive extraction of Nannochloropsis occulata for fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) production using H2SO4, sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) plus H2SO4 and zirconium dodecyl sulphate (ZDS). A maximum 67 % FAME yield was produced by ZDS. Effect of inclusion of sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) in H2SO4 for FAME enhancement and water tolerance was also studied by hydrating the algae with 10 % - 30 % distilled water (w/w) dry algae. Treatment with SDS in H2SO4 increases the FAME production rate and water tolerance of the process. inclusion of SDS in H2SO4 produced a maximum 98.3 % FAME yield at 20 % moisture in the algae. The FAME concentration began to diminish only at 30 % moisture in the algae. Furthermore, the presence of a small amount of water in the biomass or methanol increased the lipid extraction efficiency, improving the FAME yield, rather than inhibiting the reaction.
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kinetics of reactive extraction in Situ Transesterification of rapeseed oil
Fuel Processing Technology, 2014Co-Authors: Rabitah Zakaria, Adam P HarveyAbstract:The kinetics of “reactive extraction” or “in Situ Transesterification” of rapeseed with methanol to produce biodiesel were investigated. It is hypothesised that in Situ Transesterification occurs through the reaction of triglyceride and methanol inside the seed particles followed by diffusion of mono and diglycerides, esters and glycerol into the bulk solvent. A model was developed based on this reaction/extraction mechanism and was found to be generally consistent with experimental results. The effective diffusion coefficient of esters in methanol was found to be 3.5 × 10− 12 m2/s. The model reveals that at catalyst concentrations below 0.1 mol/kg-solvent, the reactive extraction rate was controlled by the reaction of triglycerides to esters. However, at higher catalyst concentrations (> 0.1 mol/kg-solvent), the process was controlled by the rate of diffusion of the products. The diffusion coefficient increases linearly with increasing temperature and the temperature dependence of the reaction rate constants can be described by an Arrhenius relationship. External mass transfer does not influence the extraction rate at the conditions used in these experiments.
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evaluation of fame production from wet marine and freshwater microalgae by in Situ Transesterification
Biochemical Engineering Journal, 2013Co-Authors: S B Velasquezorta, Adam P HarveyAbstract:Abstract in Situ Transesterification of lipids in algal biomass reduces the number of unit operations by producing alkyl esters (biodiesel) directly from the lipid phase. The production of alkyl esters by in Situ Transesterification from marine microalgae Nannochloropsis oculata and freshwater microalgae Chlorella sp. was evaluated using different catalysts and biomass moistures. Three homogenous catalysts (sulphuric acid, sodium hydroxide and sodium methoxide), and one heterogeneous catalyst (molecular sieve A) were used in microalgae dried at 0%, 1.5%, and 10% moisture. Maximum lipid conversion was obtained for both, marine and freshwater dried microalgae using sulphuric acid as catalyst. A FAME yield of 73 ± 5% was achieved from N. oculata at a catalyst:lipid molar ratio of 0.8:1; while 92 ± 2% was obtained from Chlorella sp. at a catalyst:lipid molar ratio of 0.35:1. Differences in FAME yield among microalgae were analysed in terms of overall cell structure and biomass salinity. It was observed that cells of N. oculata were not as easily disrupted as those of Chlorella sp. and that salts present in N. oculata biomass did not affect the acidic Transesterification reaction. in conclusion, the acidic in Situ Transesterification of dried marine or freshwater microalgae produced the highest conversion; however the yield of alkyl esters was potentially affected by the microalgae cell structure and not the salinity of the biomass.
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direct production of biodiesel from rapeseed by reactive extraction in Situ Transesterification
Fuel Processing Technology, 2012Co-Authors: Rabitah Zakaria, Adam P HarveyAbstract:Abstract Biodiesel is a fuel derived from renewable resources such as edible and inedible oil-bearing seed, algae, and waste cooking oil. The conventional biodiesel process involves oil extraction, refining and Transesterification. Alternatively, Transesterification can actually be performed directly from the oil-bearing materials without prior extraction. This route which is often termed “reactive extraction” or “ in Situ Transesterification” has the advantages of simplifying the biodiesel production process as well as potentially reducing production cost. in this study, the reactive extraction of rapeseed with methanol has been characterised. The effects of process parameters on the yield, conversion and reaction rate differ substantially from conventional Transesterification due to the dependence on both extraction and reaction. The rate of ester formation is mainly affected by the catalyst concentration, temperature and particle size while the equilibrium yield largely depends on the solvent to oil molar ratio. A high yield of ester (> 85%) can only be achieved at high solvent to oil molar ratios (> 475:1). Parametric studies and light microscope images of reactively extracted seed suggested that reactive extraction occurs by Transesterification of the oil inside the seed, followed by diffusion of the products into the bulk solvent.
Jeongseok Park - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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wet in Situ Transesterification of spent coffee grounds with supercritical methanol for the production of biodiesel
Bioresource Technology, 2018Co-Authors: Jeongseok Park, Jeongwoo YangAbstract:Abstract This work introduces biodiesel production from wet spent coffee grounds (SCGs) with supercritical methanol without any pre-drying process. Supercritical methanol and subcritical water effectively produced biodiesel via in Situ Transesterification by inducing more porous SCG and enhancing the efficiency of lipid extraction and conversion. It was also found that space loading was one of the critical factors for biodiesel production. An optimal biodiesel yield of 10.17 wt% of dry SCG mass (86.33 w/w% of esterifiable lipids in SCG) was obtained at reaction conditions of 270 °C, 90 bars, methanol to wet SCG ratio 5:1, space loading 58.4 ml/g and reaction time 20 min. Direct use of wet SCG waste as feedstock for supercritical biodiesel production eliminates the conventional dying process and the need of catalyst and also reduces environmental problems caused by landfill accumulation.
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solvo thermal in Situ Transesterification of wet spent coffee grounds for the production of biodiesel
Bioresource Technology, 2018Co-Authors: Jeongseok ParkAbstract:Abstract This work addresses non-catalytic biodiesel production from spent coffee ground (SCG) by integrating solvo-thermal effect of 1,2-dichloroethane (DCE) with in Situ Transesterification over 160 °C. The SCG water content has a positive effect on the DCE hydrolysis up to 60 wt% due to the bimolecular substitution mechanism. The hydrolysis gives an acidic environment favorable for cellulose decomposition, SCG particle size reduction and lipid conversion. The optimal fatty acid ethyl ester yield was 11.8 wt% based on the mass of dried SCG with 3.36 ml ethanol and 3.16 ml DCE at 196.8 °C through the response surface methodology. Using the solvo-thermal effect, direct utilization of wet SCG as a biodiesel feedstock provides not only economic feasibility without using drying process and additional acid catalyst but also environmental advantage of recycling the municipal waste.
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catalyst free production of alkyl esters from microalgae via combined wet in Situ Transesterification and hydrothermal liquefaction ithl
Bioresource Technology, 2017Co-Authors: Jeongseok ParkAbstract:Abstract This study introduces a process combining wet in Situ Transesterification and hydrothermal liquefaction (iTHL) for fatty acid ethyl ester (FAEE) production from intact microalgae, Nannochloropsis gaditana without catalyst at temperatures higher than 160 °C. It is found that the chlorinated hydrocarbon solvents, SolvCl (dichloromethane, chloroform, and dichloroethane (DCE)), enhances the FAEE production by providing hydrogen chloride in an ionized form that can act as an acid catalyst. The SolvCl effect on iTHL is compared to acid catalyst assisted wet in Situ Transesterification. The most effective solvent is DCE with the FAEE selectivity in biocrude equal to 91.85% (maximum transesterifiable lipid basis). The optimum point for maximizing the FAEE yield is 185.08 °C with 4.69 mL ethanol and 1.98 mL DCE/g of dry algal cells based on the response surface methodology. iTHL with both Nannochloropsis and Chlorella species provides a possibility of the process applicable to the other algal species.
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wet in Situ Transesterification of microalgae using ethyl acetate as a co solvent and reactant
Bioresource Technology, 2017Co-Authors: Jeongseok Park, Yong Keun ChangAbstract:Abstract This study addresses wet in Situ Transesterification of microalgae for the production of biodiesel by introducing ethyl acetate as both reactant and co-solvent. Ethyl acetate and acid catalyst are mixed with wet microalgae in one pot and the mixture is heated for simultaneous lipid extraction and Transesterification. As a single reactant and co-solvent, ethyl acetate can provide higher FAEE yield and more saccharification of carbohydrates than the case of binary ethanol and chloroform as a reactant and a co-solvent. The optimal yield was 97.8 wt% at 114 °C and 4.06 M catalyst with 6.67 ml EtOAC/g dried algae based on experimental results and response surface methodology (RSM). This wet in Situ Transesterification of microalgae using ethyl acetate doesn’t require an additional co-solvent and it also promises more economic benefit as combining extraction and Transesterification in a single process.
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in Situ Transesterification of wet spent coffee grounds for sustainable biodiesel production
Bioresource Technology, 2016Co-Authors: Jeongseok ParkAbstract:Abstract This work addresses in-Situ Transesterification of wet spent coffee grounds (SCGs) for the production of biodiesel. For in-Situ Transesterification process, the methanol, organic solvent and acid catalyst were mixed with wet SCG in one pot and the mixture was heated for simultaneous lipid extraction and Transesterification. Maximum yield of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) was 16.75 wt.% based on the weight of dry SCG at 95 °C. Comprehensive experiments were conducted with varying temperatures and various amounts of moisture, methanol, co-solvent and acid catalyst. Moderate polar and alcohol-miscible organic solvent is suitable for the high FAME yield. Unsaturated FAMEs are subject to oxidative cleavage by nitric acid and shorter chain (C6 and C10) FAMEs were mainly produced while sulfuric acid yielded long chain unsaturated FAMEs (C16 and C18). Utilization of wet SCGs as a biodiesel feedstock gives economic and environmental benefits by recycling the municipal waste.
Mina Sung - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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ultrasound assisted in Situ Transesterification of wet aurantiochytrium sp krs 101 using potassium carbonate
Bioresource Technology, 2018Co-Authors: Mina SungAbstract:Abstract A new in-Situ Transesterification method was developed for wet biomass: K2CO3 was used as an alkaline catalyst and, Aurantiochytrium sp. KRS 101 as oleaginous DHA-producing microalgae. It was found that the presence of water greatly impaired the overall efficiency even with the powerful catalyst that had worked surpassingly well with dry biomass, and thus a mechanical aid like ultrasonication was needed to make advantage of full potential of the alkaline catalyst. The total fatty acid ethyl ester (FAEE) recovery yield of 94.6% was achieved with sonication at 100 g/L of biomass (40% moisture), 3% of K2CO3, 70 °C and 30 min. All these suggest that the ultrasound assisted in-Situ Transesterification can offer a feasible means for FAEE recovery and it was so by way of overcoming the physical limitation of mass transfer caused the presence of water and providing effective contacts between reactants.
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alkaline in Situ Transesterification of aurantiochytrium sp krs 101 using potassium carbonate
Bioresource Technology, 2016Co-Authors: Mina SungAbstract:Abstract The aims of this work were to evaluate K 2 CO 3 as a potent alkaline catalyst for in Situ Transesterification of Aurantiochytrium sp. KRS 101, one step process in which oil extraction and conversion take place together. This K 2 CO 3 -based in Situ Transesterification was optimized in terms of recovery yield of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) by way of varying biomass concentration, reaction temperature, reaction time, and catalyst concentration. The optimal condition was achieved at 50 g/L of biomass concentration and 1% of K 2 CO 3 in the methanol, 25 °C of reaction temperature, and 5 min of reaction time, resulting in the FAME recovery yield over 90%. It was found that K 2 CO 3 performed better than any other tested catalysts including acids, supporting the notion that K 2 CO 3 is a promising catalyst, especially for in Situ Transesterification.
S B Velasquezorta - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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a sustainable integrated in Situ Transesterification of microalgae for biodiesel production and associated co product a review
Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2016Co-Authors: Kamoru A Salam, S B Velasquezorta, Adam P HarveyAbstract:Microalgae has large scale cultivation history particularly in aquaculture, pigments and nutraceutical production. Despite the advantages of microalgal oil as feedstock for biodiesel production, algal biodiesel is still at laboratory scale due to technical challenges required to be overcome to make it economical and sustainable. indeed, complete drying of microalgae is energy intensive and significantly increases the cost of algae pre-treatment. in Situ Transesterification is more water tolerant due to excess methanol to oil molar ratio required by such production route. However, the need to remove unreacted methanol (>94% of it) from the product streams certainly requires distillation heat load which increases the operating cost. This article reviews the key process variables affecting efficiency of in Situ Transesterification. These include alcohol to oil molar ratio, moisture, stirring rate, reaction time, temperature, microalgal cell wall and catalyst type. Potential solutions of improving the efficiency/economy are discussed. Overall, an integrated approach of in Situ dimethyl ether (DME) production along with the desired biodiesel synthesis during in Situ Transesterification would substantially reduce the volume of unreacted methanol thereby reduces operating cost. Use of resulting microalgal residue for biogas (methane) production can provide energy for biomass production/separation from the dilute algae˗water mixture. Use of bio˗digestate as nutrients for supporting microalgal growth is among the probable solutions suggested for reducing the production cost of in Situ Transesterification.
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surfactant assisted direct biodiesel production from wet nannochloropsis occulata by in Situ Transesterification reactive extraction
Biofuel Research Journal, 2016Co-Authors: Kamoru A Salam, S B Velasquezorta, Adam P HarveyAbstract:This article reports an in Situ Transesterification/reactive extraction of Nannochloropsis occulata for fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) production using H2SO4, sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) plus H2SO4 and zirconium dodecyl sulphate (ZDS). A maximum 67 % FAME yield was produced by ZDS. Effect of inclusion of sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) in H2SO4 for FAME enhancement and water tolerance was also studied by hydrating the algae with 10 % - 30 % distilled water (w/w) dry algae. Treatment with SDS in H2SO4 increases the FAME production rate and water tolerance of the process. inclusion of SDS in H2SO4 produced a maximum 98.3 % FAME yield at 20 % moisture in the algae. The FAME concentration began to diminish only at 30 % moisture in the algae. Furthermore, the presence of a small amount of water in the biomass or methanol increased the lipid extraction efficiency, improving the FAME yield, rather than inhibiting the reaction.
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evaluation of fame production from wet marine and freshwater microalgae by in Situ Transesterification
Biochemical Engineering Journal, 2013Co-Authors: S B Velasquezorta, Adam P HarveyAbstract:Abstract in Situ Transesterification of lipids in algal biomass reduces the number of unit operations by producing alkyl esters (biodiesel) directly from the lipid phase. The production of alkyl esters by in Situ Transesterification from marine microalgae Nannochloropsis oculata and freshwater microalgae Chlorella sp. was evaluated using different catalysts and biomass moistures. Three homogenous catalysts (sulphuric acid, sodium hydroxide and sodium methoxide), and one heterogeneous catalyst (molecular sieve A) were used in microalgae dried at 0%, 1.5%, and 10% moisture. Maximum lipid conversion was obtained for both, marine and freshwater dried microalgae using sulphuric acid as catalyst. A FAME yield of 73 ± 5% was achieved from N. oculata at a catalyst:lipid molar ratio of 0.8:1; while 92 ± 2% was obtained from Chlorella sp. at a catalyst:lipid molar ratio of 0.35:1. Differences in FAME yield among microalgae were analysed in terms of overall cell structure and biomass salinity. It was observed that cells of N. oculata were not as easily disrupted as those of Chlorella sp. and that salts present in N. oculata biomass did not affect the acidic Transesterification reaction. in conclusion, the acidic in Situ Transesterification of dried marine or freshwater microalgae produced the highest conversion; however the yield of alkyl esters was potentially affected by the microalgae cell structure and not the salinity of the biomass.
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alkaline in Situ Transesterification of chlorella vulgaris
Fuel, 2012Co-Authors: S B Velasquezorta, Adam P HarveyAbstract:Abstract in Situ Transesterification, or “reactive extraction”, of lipids in algal biomass has the potential to greatly simplify and reduce costs of the production of algal biodiesel, as it reduces the number of unit operations by contacting the biomass directly with the alcohol and catalyst required to convert lipids to their alkyl esters (biodiesel). A design of experiments was conducted to understand the impact of process variables in the production of Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME) from Chlorella vulgaris microalgae. Three process variables (catalyst ratio, solvent ratio and reaction time) were studied, based on their process significance. The maximum FAME recovery of 77.6 ± 2.3 wt% was obtained at a reaction time of 75 min, using a catalyst:lipid (NaOH) molar ratio of 0.15:1 and a methanol:lipid molar ratio of 600:1. Additional experiments were performed at the optimum methanol ratio (600:1) to compare results obtained using an alkaline catalyst with an acid catalyst. in terms of time, the alkaline catalyst (sodium hydroxide) outperformed the acid catalyst (sulphuric acid) obtaining higher conversions at lower reaction times. Nevertheless, using an acid catalyst ratio of 0.35:1 for longer reaction times resulted in higher conversions, up to 96.8 ± 6.3 wt%, and may have facilitated the breakage of microalgae cell walls. in conclusion, the alkaline in Situ Transesterification of algal biomass can achieve high conversion in less time than an acid catalyst, using a lower ratio of catalyst. The final selection of the type of catalyst will depend on the characteristics (batch vs continuous) and cost of the in Situ Transesterification including catalyst and methanol costs, and the downstream processes required to obtain a saleable biodiesel.
Kamoru A Salam - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Effect of Soaking Pre-Treatment on Reactive Extraction/ in Situ Transesterification of Nannochloropsis occulata for Biodiesel Production
Journal of Sustainable Bioenergy Systems, 2017Co-Authors: Kamoru A Salam, Sharon B. Velasquez-orta, Adam HarveyAbstract:Microalgal phospholipid bilayer contributes to the molar excesses of methanol and high acid concentration required in reactive extraction to achieve high fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) yield. This study reports an investigation into the effects of pre-soaking Nannochloropsis occulata in methanol at 600:1 and 1000:1 methanol to oil molar ratios prior to acid-catalyzed in Situ Transesterification at 8.5:1 and 15:1 H2SO4 to oil molar ratios on the FAME yield. The results showed that the pre-soaked Nannochloropsis occulata produced a higher FAME yield at the two tested methanol to oil molar ratios and acid concentrations than the un-soaked, resulting in a reduction in methanol volume and acid concentration. A maximum FAME yield of 98.4% ± 1.3% was obtained for the pre-soaked Nannochloropsis occulata at 1000:1 methanol to oil molar ratio and 15:1 H2SO4 to oil molar ratio. Both the phosphorus mass balance and conversion of the isolated phospholipids into FAME revealed that pre-soaking solubilizes the phospholipid bilayer to some degree, and contributes to an increased FAME yield.
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a sustainable integrated in Situ Transesterification of microalgae for biodiesel production and associated co product a review
Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2016Co-Authors: Kamoru A Salam, S B Velasquezorta, Adam P HarveyAbstract:Microalgae has large scale cultivation history particularly in aquaculture, pigments and nutraceutical production. Despite the advantages of microalgal oil as feedstock for biodiesel production, algal biodiesel is still at laboratory scale due to technical challenges required to be overcome to make it economical and sustainable. indeed, complete drying of microalgae is energy intensive and significantly increases the cost of algae pre-treatment. in Situ Transesterification is more water tolerant due to excess methanol to oil molar ratio required by such production route. However, the need to remove unreacted methanol (>94% of it) from the product streams certainly requires distillation heat load which increases the operating cost. This article reviews the key process variables affecting efficiency of in Situ Transesterification. These include alcohol to oil molar ratio, moisture, stirring rate, reaction time, temperature, microalgal cell wall and catalyst type. Potential solutions of improving the efficiency/economy are discussed. Overall, an integrated approach of in Situ dimethyl ether (DME) production along with the desired biodiesel synthesis during in Situ Transesterification would substantially reduce the volume of unreacted methanol thereby reduces operating cost. Use of resulting microalgal residue for biogas (methane) production can provide energy for biomass production/separation from the dilute algae˗water mixture. Use of bio˗digestate as nutrients for supporting microalgal growth is among the probable solutions suggested for reducing the production cost of in Situ Transesterification.
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in Situ Transesterification of Wet Marine and Fresh Water Microalgae for Biodiesel Production and Its Effect on the Algal Residue
Journal of Sustainable Bioenergy Systems, 2016Co-Authors: Kamoru A Salam, Sharon B. Velasquez-orta, Adam HarveyAbstract:This article reports a high yielding technique of synthesizing zirconium dodecyl sulphate (“ZDS”) for in Situ Transesterification of Nannochloropsis occulata and Chlorella vulgaris for fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) production. ZDS produced a significantly higher FAME yield in N. occulata than in C. vulgaris (p = 0.008). The varying performance of ZDS in the two species could be due to their different cell wall chemistries. Sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) in H2SO4 for FAME enhancement from the two species was also studied. Treatment with SDS in H2SO4 increased the FAME production rate in both species. Residual protein content after the in Situ Transesterification in C. vulgaris and N. occulata reduced respectively by 6.5% and 10%. The carbohydrate content was reduced by 71% in C. vulgaris and 65% in N. occulata. The water tolerance of the process when using H2SO4, with or without SDS, was evaluated by hydrating the two species with 10% - 30% distilled water (w/w dry algae). The FAME concentration began to diminish only at 30% water content in both species. Furthermore, the presence of a small amount of water in the biomass or methanol increased the lipid extraction efficiency, improving the FAME yield, rather than inhibiting the reaction.
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surfactant assisted direct biodiesel production from wet nannochloropsis occulata by in Situ Transesterification reactive extraction
Biofuel Research Journal, 2016Co-Authors: Kamoru A Salam, S B Velasquezorta, Adam P HarveyAbstract:This article reports an in Situ Transesterification/reactive extraction of Nannochloropsis occulata for fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) production using H2SO4, sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) plus H2SO4 and zirconium dodecyl sulphate (ZDS). A maximum 67 % FAME yield was produced by ZDS. Effect of inclusion of sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) in H2SO4 for FAME enhancement and water tolerance was also studied by hydrating the algae with 10 % - 30 % distilled water (w/w) dry algae. Treatment with SDS in H2SO4 increases the FAME production rate and water tolerance of the process. inclusion of SDS in H2SO4 produced a maximum 98.3 % FAME yield at 20 % moisture in the algae. The FAME concentration began to diminish only at 30 % moisture in the algae. Furthermore, the presence of a small amount of water in the biomass or methanol increased the lipid extraction efficiency, improving the FAME yield, rather than inhibiting the reaction.
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Surfactant-assisted direct biodiesel production from wet Nannochloropsis occulata by in Situ Transesterification/reactive extraction
Biofuel Research Journal, 2016Co-Authors: Kamoru A Salam, Sharon B. Velasquez-orta, Adam HarveyAbstract:This article reports an in Situ Transesterification/reactive extraction of Nannochloropsis occulata for fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) production using H2SO4, sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) plus H2SO4 and zirconium dodecyl sulphate (ZDS). A maximum 67 % FAME yield was produced by ZDS. Effect of inclusion of sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) in H2SO4 for FAME enhancement and water tolerance was also studied by hydrating the algae with 10 % - 30 % distilled water (w/w) dry algae. Treatment with SDS in H2SO4 increases the FAME production rate and water tolerance of the process. inclusion of SDS in H2SO4 produced a maximum 98.3 % FAME yield at 20 % moisture in the algae. The FAME concentration began to diminish only at 30 % moisture in the algae. Furthermore, the presence of a small amount of water in the biomass or methanol increased the lipid extraction efficiency, improving the FAME yield, rather than inhibiting the reaction.
