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Richard B Devereux - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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relation of various degrees of body mass index in patients with systemic hypertension to left ventricular mass cardiac output and peripheral resistance the hypertension genetic epidemiology network study
American Journal of Cardiology, 2001Co-Authors: Vittorio Palmieri, Giovanni De Simone, Donna K Arnett, Jonathan N Bella, Dalane W Kitzman, Albert Oberman, Paul N Hopkins, Michael A Province, Richard B DevereuxAbstract:Abstract The impact of different methods of Indexation of left ventricular (LV) mass and systemic hemodynamic variables on prevalences and correlates of cardiovascular abnormalities in relation to level of obesity in populations remains unclear. We evaluated 1,672 participants in the Hypertension Genetic Epidemiology Network Study to investigate the relations of overweight and level of obesity to LV mass and prevalences of LV hypertrophy, abnormal cardiac output, and peripheral resistance detected using different Indexations for body size. In our study population, 1,577 subjects were clinically healthy nondiabetic hypertensive and 95 were normotensive normal-weight nondiabetic reference subjects. Fat-free mass (FFM) did not differ between the reference group and the normal-weight hypertensive subjects, and increased with overweight. In hypertensive subjects, LV mass and cardiac output increased and total peripheral resistance decreased with overweight. Indexation of LV mass for FFM or body surface area (BSA) resulted in no difference or even lower prevalence of LV hypertrophy in severely obese compared with normal-weight hypertensive subjects. In contrast, Indexation of LV mass for height2.7 identified an increased prevalence of LV hypertrophy with overweight and obesity. Absolute cardiac output increased and total peripheral resistance decreased with overweight. Prevalence of elevated cardiac output indexed for height1.83 increased and for elevated total peripheral resistance-height1.83 index decreased with greater overweight, whereas opposite trends were seen when cardiac output and total peripheral resistance were indexed for BSA or FFM. Thus, in hypertensive subjects, FFM increases with overweight and is directly related to LV mass, stroke volume, and cardiac output, and inversely related to total peripheral resistance. Indexations of LV mass and systemic hemodynamics for FFM or BSA obscured associations of LV hypertrophy and abnormal cardiac and total peripheral resistance indexes with overweight, whereas LV mass/height2,7, cardiac output/height1.83, and total peripheral resistance-height1.83 detected significant preclinical cardiovascular abnormalities with obesity.
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relation of various degrees of body mass index in patients with systemic hypertension to left ventricular mass cardiac output and peripheral resistance the hypertension genetic epidemiology network study
American Journal of Cardiology, 2001Co-Authors: Vittorio Palmieri, Giovanni De Simone, Donna K Arnett, Jonathan N Bella, Dalane W Kitzman, Albert Oberman, Paul N Hopkins, Michael A Province, Richard B DevereuxAbstract:The impact of different methods of Indexation of left ventricular (LV) mass and systemic hemodynamic variables on prevalences and correlates of cardiovascular abnormalities in relation to level of obesity in populations remains unclear. We evaluated 1,672 participants in the Hypertension Genetic Epidemiology Network Study to investigate the relations of overweight and level of obesity to LV mass and prevalences of LV hypertrophy, abnormal cardiac output, and peripheral resistance detected using different Indexations for body size. In our study population, 1,577 subjects were clinically healthy nondiabetic hypertensive and 95 were normotensive normal-weight nondiabetic reference subjects. Fat-free mass (FFM) did not differ between the reference group and the normal-weight hypertensive subjects, and increased with overweight. In hypertensive subjects, LV mass and cardiac output increased and total peripheral resistance decreased with overweight. Indexation of LV mass for FFM or body surface area (BSA) resulted in no difference or even lower prevalence of LV hypertrophy in severely obese compared with normal-weight hypertensive subjects. In contrast, Indexation of LV mass for height(2.7) identified an increased prevalence of LV hypertrophy with overweight and obesity. Absolute cardiac output increased and total peripheral resistance decreased with overweight. Prevalence of elevated cardiac output indexed for height(1.83) increased and for elevated total peripheral resistance-height(1.83) index decreased with greater overweight, whereas opposite trends were seen when cardiac output and total peripheral resistance were indexed for BSA or FFM. Thus, in hypertensive subjects, FFM increases with overweight and is directly related to LV mass, stroke volume, and cardiac output, and inversely related to total peripheral resistance. Indexations of LV mass and systemic hemodynamics for FFM or BSA obscured associations of LV hypertrophy and abnormal cardiac and total peripheral resistance indexes with overweight, whereas LV mass/height(2,7), cardiac output/height(1.83), and total peripheral resistance-height(1.83) detected significant preclinical cardiovascular abnormalities with obesity.
Vittorio Palmieri - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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relation of various degrees of body mass index in patients with systemic hypertension to left ventricular mass cardiac output and peripheral resistance the hypertension genetic epidemiology network study
American Journal of Cardiology, 2001Co-Authors: Vittorio Palmieri, Giovanni De Simone, Donna K Arnett, Jonathan N Bella, Dalane W Kitzman, Albert Oberman, Paul N Hopkins, Michael A Province, Richard B DevereuxAbstract:Abstract The impact of different methods of Indexation of left ventricular (LV) mass and systemic hemodynamic variables on prevalences and correlates of cardiovascular abnormalities in relation to level of obesity in populations remains unclear. We evaluated 1,672 participants in the Hypertension Genetic Epidemiology Network Study to investigate the relations of overweight and level of obesity to LV mass and prevalences of LV hypertrophy, abnormal cardiac output, and peripheral resistance detected using different Indexations for body size. In our study population, 1,577 subjects were clinically healthy nondiabetic hypertensive and 95 were normotensive normal-weight nondiabetic reference subjects. Fat-free mass (FFM) did not differ between the reference group and the normal-weight hypertensive subjects, and increased with overweight. In hypertensive subjects, LV mass and cardiac output increased and total peripheral resistance decreased with overweight. Indexation of LV mass for FFM or body surface area (BSA) resulted in no difference or even lower prevalence of LV hypertrophy in severely obese compared with normal-weight hypertensive subjects. In contrast, Indexation of LV mass for height2.7 identified an increased prevalence of LV hypertrophy with overweight and obesity. Absolute cardiac output increased and total peripheral resistance decreased with overweight. Prevalence of elevated cardiac output indexed for height1.83 increased and for elevated total peripheral resistance-height1.83 index decreased with greater overweight, whereas opposite trends were seen when cardiac output and total peripheral resistance were indexed for BSA or FFM. Thus, in hypertensive subjects, FFM increases with overweight and is directly related to LV mass, stroke volume, and cardiac output, and inversely related to total peripheral resistance. Indexations of LV mass and systemic hemodynamics for FFM or BSA obscured associations of LV hypertrophy and abnormal cardiac and total peripheral resistance indexes with overweight, whereas LV mass/height2,7, cardiac output/height1.83, and total peripheral resistance-height1.83 detected significant preclinical cardiovascular abnormalities with obesity.
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relation of various degrees of body mass index in patients with systemic hypertension to left ventricular mass cardiac output and peripheral resistance the hypertension genetic epidemiology network study
American Journal of Cardiology, 2001Co-Authors: Vittorio Palmieri, Giovanni De Simone, Donna K Arnett, Jonathan N Bella, Dalane W Kitzman, Albert Oberman, Paul N Hopkins, Michael A Province, Richard B DevereuxAbstract:The impact of different methods of Indexation of left ventricular (LV) mass and systemic hemodynamic variables on prevalences and correlates of cardiovascular abnormalities in relation to level of obesity in populations remains unclear. We evaluated 1,672 participants in the Hypertension Genetic Epidemiology Network Study to investigate the relations of overweight and level of obesity to LV mass and prevalences of LV hypertrophy, abnormal cardiac output, and peripheral resistance detected using different Indexations for body size. In our study population, 1,577 subjects were clinically healthy nondiabetic hypertensive and 95 were normotensive normal-weight nondiabetic reference subjects. Fat-free mass (FFM) did not differ between the reference group and the normal-weight hypertensive subjects, and increased with overweight. In hypertensive subjects, LV mass and cardiac output increased and total peripheral resistance decreased with overweight. Indexation of LV mass for FFM or body surface area (BSA) resulted in no difference or even lower prevalence of LV hypertrophy in severely obese compared with normal-weight hypertensive subjects. In contrast, Indexation of LV mass for height(2.7) identified an increased prevalence of LV hypertrophy with overweight and obesity. Absolute cardiac output increased and total peripheral resistance decreased with overweight. Prevalence of elevated cardiac output indexed for height(1.83) increased and for elevated total peripheral resistance-height(1.83) index decreased with greater overweight, whereas opposite trends were seen when cardiac output and total peripheral resistance were indexed for BSA or FFM. Thus, in hypertensive subjects, FFM increases with overweight and is directly related to LV mass, stroke volume, and cardiac output, and inversely related to total peripheral resistance. Indexations of LV mass and systemic hemodynamics for FFM or BSA obscured associations of LV hypertrophy and abnormal cardiac and total peripheral resistance indexes with overweight, whereas LV mass/height(2,7), cardiac output/height(1.83), and total peripheral resistance-height(1.83) detected significant preclinical cardiovascular abnormalities with obesity.
Martin Uribe - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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staggered price Indexation
National Bureau of Economic Research, 2020Co-Authors: Martin UribeAbstract:Empirical studies using micro data find that about two thirds of all product prices do not change in a given quarter. This evidence has been interpreted as indicating the absence of price Indexation. Further, models of staggered price setting without Indexation interpret all price changes as optimal. However, the empirical evidence is mute with regard to whether price changes are optimal or not. To reconcile the possibility of price Indexation with the micro evidence on the frequency of price changes, I modify the Calvo sticky price model by allowing each period a fraction of randomly picked prices to change optimally, another fraction of randomly picked prices to change due to Indexation, and the remaining prices to be constant. The paper presents five main findings: (1) with staggered price Indexation the Phillips curve includes a state variable that carries information about all past inflation rates; (2) as the degree of staggered price Indexation increases, the Phillips curve becomes flatter; (3) staggered Indexation dampens the short-run effect of monetary policy on inflation and amplifies its effect on output; (4) fixing the probability of a price change to 33% per quarter (in accordance with the empirical evidence), a small-scale new-Keynesian model estimated on U.S. data yields a probability of Indexation of 19\% per quarter (and therefore a probability of an optimal price change of 14% per quarter); and (5) according to the estimated model, staggered Indexation explains more than half of the observed persistence of inflation in the United States.
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staggered price Indexation
Social Science Research Network, 2020Co-Authors: Martin UribeAbstract:Empirical studies using micro data find that about two thirds of all product prices do not change in a given quarter. This evidence has been interpreted as indicating the absence of price Indexation. Further, models of staggered price setting without Indexation interpret all price changes as optimal. However, the empirical evidence is mute with regard to whether price changes are optimal or not. To reconcile the possibility of price Indexation with the micro evidence on the frequency of price changes, I modify the Calvo sticky price model by allowing each period a fraction of randomly picked prices to change optimally, another fraction of randomly picked prices to change due to Indexation, and the remaining prices to be constant. The paper presents five main findings: (1) with staggered price Indexation the Phillips curve includes a state variable that carries information about all past inflation rates; (2) as the degree of staggered price Indexation increases, the Phillips curve becomes flatter; (3) staggered Indexation dampens the short-run effect of monetary policy on inflation and amplifies its effect on output; (4) fixing the probability of a price change to 33% per quarter (in accordance with the empirical evidence), a small-scale new-Keynesian model estimated on U.S. data yields a probability of Indexation of 19% per quarter (and therefore a probability of an optimal price change of 14% per quarter); and (5) according to the estimated model, staggered Indexation explains more than half of the observed persistence of inflation in the United States. Institutional subscribers to the NBER working paper series, and residents of developing countries may download this paper without additional charge at www.nber.org.
David Henriques - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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access prices indexed to geographical coverage of innovative telecom services
LSE Research Online Documents on Economics, 2020Co-Authors: David HenriquesAbstract:The literature on access prices and investment has suggested that firms under-invest when subject to an access provision obligation combined with a fixed access price per consumer. In this paper, I study an access price per consumer for an innovative service such as super- fast broadband provided by a regulated firm that is a function of its geographical coverage (Indexation approach). The Indexation approach can enhance economic efficiency beyond what is achieved with a fixed access price under a set of standard assumptions. In particular, it can simultaneously induce the firms to set lower retail prices, lead to wider geographi- cal coverage of innovative services and higher social welfare level compared with a fixed access price. Moreover, in the model, the Indexation may be used to achieve approximately the Ramsey outcome, or the first-best coverage level. I address how a regulator can set the access price Indexation optimally, based on the coverage cost plus an incentive. I highlight the potential role of Indexation as a tool to reduce the need for public subsidies and the associated tax distortions when compared with a fixed access price.
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can access price Indexation promote efficient investment in next generation networks
Social Science Research Network, 2011Co-Authors: David HenriquesAbstract:The existing literature on access price and investment has pointed out that networks underinvest under a regime of mandatory access provision with a fixed access price per end-user. In this paper we propose a new access pricing rule, the Indexation approach, i.e., the access price, per end-user, that network i pays to network j is function of the investment levels set by both networks. We show that the Indexation can enhance economic efficiency beyond what is achieved with a fixed access price. In particular, the access price Indexation can simultaneously induce lower retail prices and higher investment and social welfare as compared to both the fixed access pricing and the regulatory holidays. Furthermore, we show that the Indexation can implement the socially efficient investment, which would be impossible to obtain under a fixed access pricing. Our results contradict the notion that investment efficiency must be sacrificed for gains in pricing efficiency.
Asa Johansson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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nominal wage flexibility wage Indexation and monetary union
The Economic Journal, 2006Co-Authors: Lars Calmfors, Asa JohanssonAbstract:Membership in a monetary union implies stronger incentives for nominal wage flexibility in the form of wage Indexation and shorter contract length than non-membership. This counteracts the stabilisation policy cost of giving up monetary independence. But more wage flexibility is only an imperfect substitute for an individual monetary policy. It is possible that an increase in wage flexibility is welfare-decreasing because of the accompanying rise in price variability. The interaction between wage setting and central bank behaviour may result in either multiple equilibria or a unique full-Indexation equilibrium.
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nominal wage flexibility wage Indexation and monetary union
2002Co-Authors: Lars Calmfors, Asa JohanssonAbstract:Membership in a monetary union implies stronger incentives for nominal wage flexibility in the form of wage Indexation and shorter contract length than nonmembership. For example, entry into a monetary union may cause a move from a non-Indexation to an Indexation equilibrium. But more wage flexibility is only an imperfect substitute for an own monetary policy. It is possible that an increase in wage flexibility is welfare-decreasing because of the accompanying rise in price variability. The interaction between wage setting and central bank behaviour may result in either multiple equilibria or a unique full-Indexation equilibrium.
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nominal wage flexibility wage Indexation and monetary union
Seminar Papers, 2002Co-Authors: Lars Calmfors, Asa JohanssonAbstract:Membership in a monetary union (EMU) is likely to imply stronger incentives for nominal wage flexibility in the form of wage Indexation and shorter contract length than non-membership. For example, EMU entry may cause a move from a nonIndexation to an Indexation equilibrium. But more wage flexibility is only an imperfect substitute for an own monetary policy. It is possible that an increase in wage flexibility is welfare-decreasing, because of the accompanying rise in price variability. If Indexation occurs outside the EMU, either multiple equilibria or full-Indexation equilibria may occur.
