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Ashley Coutts - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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climate change non Indigenous Species and shipping assessing the risk of Species introduction to a high arctic archipelago
Diversity and Distributions, 2014Co-Authors: Oliver Floerl, Ashley Coutts, Anders Jelmert, Chris Ware, Jorgen Berge, Jan H Sundet, J B Kirkpatrick, Steffen M Olsen, Mary S WiszAbstract:Aim Anticipated changes in the global ocean climate will affect the vulnerability of marine ecosystems to the negative effects of non-Indigenous Species (NIS). In the Arctic, there is a need to better characterize present and future marine biological introduction patterns and processes. We use a vector-based assessment to estimate changes in the vulnerability of a high-Arctic archipelago to marine NIS introduction and establishment. Location Global, with a case study of Svalbard, Norway. Methods We base our assessment on the level of connectedness to global NIS pools through the regional shipping network and predicted changes in ocean climates. Environmental match of ports connected to Svalbard was evaluated under present and future environmental conditions (2050 and 2100 predicted under the RCP8.5 emissions scenario). Risk of NIS introduction was then estimated based on the potential for known NIS to be transported (in ballast water or as biofouling), environmental match, and a qualitative estimate of propagule pressure.
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Potential ramifications of the global economic crisis on human-mediated dispersal of marine non-Indigenous Species.
Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2009Co-Authors: Oliver Floerl, Ashley CouttsAbstract:Abstract The global economy is currently experiencing one of its biggest contractions on record. A sharp decline in global imports and exports since 2008 has affected global merchant vessel traffic, the principal mode of bulk commodity transport around the world. During the first quarter of 2009, 10% and 25% of global container and refrigerated vessels, respectively, were reported to be unemployed. A large proportion of these vessels are lying idle at anchor in the coastal waters of South East Asia, sometimes for periods of greater than 3 months. Whilst at anchor, the hulls of such vessels will develop diverse and extensive assemblages of marine biofouling Species. Once back in service, these vessels are at risk of transporting higher-than-normal quantities of marine organisms between their respective global trading ports. We discuss the potential ramifications of the global economic crisis on the spread of marine non-Indigenous Species via global commercial shipping.
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Potential ramifications of the global economic crisis on human-mediated dispersal of marine non-Indigenous Species
Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2009Co-Authors: Oliver Floerl, Ashley CouttsAbstract:The global economy is currently experiencing one of its biggest contractions on record. A sharp decline in global imports and exports since 2008 has affected global merchant vessel traffic, the principal mode of bulk commodity transport around the world. During the first quarter of 2009, 10% and 25% of global container and refrigerated vessels, respectively, were reported to be unemployed. A large proportion of these vessels are lying idle at anchor in the coastal waters of South East Asia, sometimes for periods of greater than 3 months. Whilst at anchor, the hulls of such vessels will develop diverse and extensive assemblages of marine biofouling Species. Once back in service, these vessels are at risk of transporting higher-than-normal quantities of marine organisms between their respective global trading ports. We discuss the potential ramifications of the global economic crisis on the spread of marine non-Indigenous Species via global commercial shipping. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Bella S. Galil - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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43 The Spread of Non-Indigenous Species in the Mediterranean – A Threat to Cold-Water Corals?
Mediterranean Cold-Water Corals: Past Present and Future, 2020Co-Authors: Bella S. GalilAbstract:Only few live records of cold-water corals are known from the Aegean and Levant seas, though antipatharians, ceriantharians, zoantharians, gorgonians and pennatulaceans have been recorded from their continental shelf and upper slope. These mesophotic coral communities, including the Corallium rubrum (Linnaeus, 1758) colonies in Crete and southeast Turkey, are already within the depth range of disruptive carnivorous and omnivorous non-Indigenous Species introduced though the Suez Canal. The recent enlargement of the Suez Canal has raised concern over increasing propagule pressure of deeper living Species. In fact, the recently observed “descent” of Erythraean non-Indigenous Species from the upper to lower continental shelf and upper slope may be also a harbinger of temperature-dependent range expansion, both horizontal and vertical. As mesophotic coral communities in the easternmost Mediterranean have barely been documented, it is impossible to predict the possibility of degradation and loss of native populations, habitats and ecosystem services. However, preliminary studies on impacts of the invasive Indo-Pacific lionfish on Caribbean mesophotic reef communities suggested a shift in community structure. The spread of non-Indigenous Species to mesophotic depths requires a concerted effort to map these habitats and study their communities.
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the enlargement of the suez canal and introduction of non Indigenous Species to the mediterranean sea
Limnology and Oceanography Bulletin, 2015Co-Authors: Bella S. Galil, James T. Carlton, Marnie L Campbell, Chad L Hewitt, Anders Jelmert, Ferdinando Boero, Simona Fraschetti, Stefano Piraino, Elizebeth J Cook, Enrique MacphersonAbstract:The Suez Canal is one of the most important waterways in the world – during the last year 17,148 ships passed through the Canal – reducing emissions, saving time, and operating costs to shippers. The rapid increase in ship size from the “Post-Suezmax” (> 12,000 TEU) to the latest container vessels (> 19,000 TEU) now requires enlargements of port facilities and canals. A project of this magnitude, and with potentially negative environmental outcomes, requires a transparent and scientifically sound “Environmental Impact Assessment” (EIA). An explicit obligation on Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (https://www.cbd.int/doc/ legal/cbd-en.pdf) was made to consider transboundary impacts on biodiversity, particularly those associated with invasive non-Indigenous Species. Although a nonbinding instrument, the “Rio Declaration on Environment and Development” sets forth important principles of international environmental law (UN 1992): States are responsible for ensuring that activities within their jurisdiction do not damage the environment of other States, and EIA, as a national instrument, shall be undertaken for proposed activities that are likely to have a significant adverse impact on the environment. To our knowledge, no Environmental Impact Assessment has been
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The Enlargement of the Suez Canal and Introduction of Non‐Indigenous Species to the Mediterranean Sea
Limnology and Oceanography Bulletin, 2015Co-Authors: Bella S. Galil, James T. Carlton, Marnie L Campbell, Chad L Hewitt, Anders Jelmert, Ferdinando Boero, Simona Fraschetti, Stefano Piraino, Elizebeth J Cook, Enrique MacphersonAbstract:The Suez Canal is one of the most important waterways in the world – during the last year 17,148 ships passed through the Canal – reducing emissions, saving time, and operating costs to shippers. The rapid increase in ship size from the “Post-Suezmax” (> 12,000 TEU) to the latest container vessels (> 19,000 TEU) now requires enlargements of port facilities and canals. A project of this magnitude, and with potentially negative environmental outcomes, requires a transparent and scientifically sound “Environmental Impact Assessment” (EIA). An explicit obligation on Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (https://www.cbd.int/doc/ legal/cbd-en.pdf) was made to consider transboundary impacts on biodiversity, particularly those associated with invasive non-Indigenous Species. Although a nonbinding instrument, the “Rio Declaration on Environment and Development” sets forth important principles of international environmental law (UN 1992): States are responsible for ensuring that activities within their jurisdiction do not damage the environment of other States, and EIA, as a national instrument, shall be undertaken for proposed activities that are likely to have a significant adverse impact on the environment. To our knowledge, no Environmental Impact Assessment has been
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classification of non Indigenous Species based on their impacts considerations for application in marine management
PLOS Biology, 2015Co-Authors: Henn Ojaveer, James T. Carlton, Bella S. Galil, Marnie L Campbell, Joao Canningclode, Elizabeth Cook, Alisha D Davidson, Chad L Hewitt, Anders JelmertAbstract:Assessment of the ecological and economic/societal impacts of the introduction of non-Indigenous Species (NIS) is one of the primary focus areas of bioinvasion science in terrestrial and aquatic environments, and is considered essential to management. A classification system of NIS, based on the magnitude of their environmental impacts, was recently proposed to assist management. Here, we consider the potential application of this classification scheme to the marine environment, and offer a complementary framework focussing on value sets in order to explicitly address marine management concerns. Since existing data on marine NIS impacts are scarce and successful marine removals are rare, we propose that management of marine NIS adopt a precautionary approach, which not only would emphasise preventing new incursions through pre-border and at-border controls but also should influence the categorisation of impacts. The study of marine invasion impacts requires urgent attention and significant investment, since we lack the luxury of waiting for the knowledge base to be acquired before the window of opportunity closes for feasible management.
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dose of truth monitoring marine non Indigenous Species to serve legislative requirements
Marine Policy, 2015Co-Authors: Maiju Lehtiniemi, Bella S. Galil, Sergej Olenin, Stephan Gollasch, Henn Ojaveer, Matej David, Cynthia H Mckenzie, D Minchin, Anna Occhipintiambrogi, Judith PedersonAbstract:Non-Indigenous Species (NIS) are recognized as a global threat to biodiversity and monitoring their presence and impacts is considered a prerequisite for marine environmental management and sustainable development. However, monitoring for NIS seldom takes place except for a few baseline surveys. With the goal of serving the requirements of the EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive and the EU Regulation on the prevention and management of the introduction and spread of invasive alien Species, the paper highlights the importance of early detection of NIS in dispersal hubs for a rapid management response, and of long-term monitoring for tracking the effects of NIS within recipient ecosystems, including coastal systems especially vulnerable to introductions. The conceptual framework also demonstrates the need for port monitoring, which should serve the above mentioned requirements but also provide the required information for implementation of the International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships Ballast Water and Sediments. Large scale monitoring of native, cryptogenic and NIS in natural and man-made habitats will collectively lead to meeting international requirements. Cost-efficient rapid assessments of target Species may provide timely information for managers and policy-advisers focusing on particular NIS at particular localities, but this cannot replace long-term monitoring. To support legislative requirements, collected data should be verified and stored in a publicly accessible and routinely updated database/information system. Public involvement should be encouraged as part of monitoring programs where feasible.
Oliver Floerl - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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climate change non Indigenous Species and shipping assessing the risk of Species introduction to a high arctic archipelago
Diversity and Distributions, 2014Co-Authors: Oliver Floerl, Ashley Coutts, Anders Jelmert, Chris Ware, Jorgen Berge, Jan H Sundet, J B Kirkpatrick, Steffen M Olsen, Mary S WiszAbstract:Aim Anticipated changes in the global ocean climate will affect the vulnerability of marine ecosystems to the negative effects of non-Indigenous Species (NIS). In the Arctic, there is a need to better characterize present and future marine biological introduction patterns and processes. We use a vector-based assessment to estimate changes in the vulnerability of a high-Arctic archipelago to marine NIS introduction and establishment. Location Global, with a case study of Svalbard, Norway. Methods We base our assessment on the level of connectedness to global NIS pools through the regional shipping network and predicted changes in ocean climates. Environmental match of ports connected to Svalbard was evaluated under present and future environmental conditions (2050 and 2100 predicted under the RCP8.5 emissions scenario). Risk of NIS introduction was then estimated based on the potential for known NIS to be transported (in ballast water or as biofouling), environmental match, and a qualitative estimate of propagule pressure.
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Potential ramifications of the global economic crisis on human-mediated dispersal of marine non-Indigenous Species.
Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2009Co-Authors: Oliver Floerl, Ashley CouttsAbstract:Abstract The global economy is currently experiencing one of its biggest contractions on record. A sharp decline in global imports and exports since 2008 has affected global merchant vessel traffic, the principal mode of bulk commodity transport around the world. During the first quarter of 2009, 10% and 25% of global container and refrigerated vessels, respectively, were reported to be unemployed. A large proportion of these vessels are lying idle at anchor in the coastal waters of South East Asia, sometimes for periods of greater than 3 months. Whilst at anchor, the hulls of such vessels will develop diverse and extensive assemblages of marine biofouling Species. Once back in service, these vessels are at risk of transporting higher-than-normal quantities of marine organisms between their respective global trading ports. We discuss the potential ramifications of the global economic crisis on the spread of marine non-Indigenous Species via global commercial shipping.
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Potential ramifications of the global economic crisis on human-mediated dispersal of marine non-Indigenous Species
Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2009Co-Authors: Oliver Floerl, Ashley CouttsAbstract:The global economy is currently experiencing one of its biggest contractions on record. A sharp decline in global imports and exports since 2008 has affected global merchant vessel traffic, the principal mode of bulk commodity transport around the world. During the first quarter of 2009, 10% and 25% of global container and refrigerated vessels, respectively, were reported to be unemployed. A large proportion of these vessels are lying idle at anchor in the coastal waters of South East Asia, sometimes for periods of greater than 3 months. Whilst at anchor, the hulls of such vessels will develop diverse and extensive assemblages of marine biofouling Species. Once back in service, these vessels are at risk of transporting higher-than-normal quantities of marine organisms between their respective global trading ports. We discuss the potential ramifications of the global economic crisis on the spread of marine non-Indigenous Species via global commercial shipping. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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Selectivity in vector management: an investigation of the effectiveness of measures used to prevent transport of non-Indigenous Species
Biological Invasions, 2005Co-Authors: Oliver Floerl, Graeme J. Inglis, Helene M. MarshAbstract:Measures taken to control the spread of non-Indigenous Species by human vectors may act selectively by providing effective protection against some (but not all) Species. Toxic ‘antifouling paints’ are used by boat owners to prevent the development of ‘fouling assemblages’ on the hulls of their boats, which reduce vessel speed and maneuverability. By reducing fouling, these paints also prevent transport of non-Indigenous Species. Using experimental surfaces mimicking boat hulls, we evaluated the effectiveness and selectivity of (1) antifouling paints, and (2) manual, in-water hull cleaning for preventing the transport of marine sessile invertebrates by recreational vessels. Different types of antifouling paints provided effective protection only against barnacles and bivalves. Other fouling taxa occurred on experimental surfaces after a period of only 2 months. Manual hull cleaning did not remove fouling completely, and even enhanced the risk of subsequent recruitment by some fouling organisms. Up to six times more individuals and colonies recruited to boat surfaces from which the existing fouling organisms had been removed manually than to surfaces that had been sterilized or contained intact fouling assemblages. Bivalves, colonial and solitary ascidians, encrusting bryozoans, hydroids, tubiculous polychaetes, and sponges consistently recruited in greatest abundance to manually cleaned surfaces. Individual taxa responded in complex, but predictable ways to the biogenic cues left by manual cleaning, so that different suites of organisms colonized surfaces that had originally contained fouling assemblages of local or non-local origin. Our study shows that widely adopted measures to control the spread of non-Indigenous Species by human vectors are often highly selective and, while effective for some taxa, do not prevent the transport of others.
Hugh J. Macisaac - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Higher colonization pressure increases the risk of sustaining invasion by invasive non-Indigenous Species
Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management, 2017Co-Authors: Hugh J. Macisaac, Mattias L. JohanssonAbstract:Considerable attention has been focused on the concept of Propagule Pressure (number of individuals introduced and introduction events) as a predictor of invasion success (975 papers). Much less well studied is the role of Colonization Pressure (number of Species introduced; 24 studies), the complement of propagule pressure. Here we review the invasion history of the Laurentian Great Lakes to predict the risk of a future invasive (i.e. producing adverse ecological effects on other Species) non-Indigenous Species based upon the number of Species introduced (colonization pressure), using the recorded history of invasions in this system as our starting point. Historically, 52% of the fishes that were introduced and became established in the Great Lakes were subsequently identified in the literature as invasive, whereas the value for invertebrates (16%) was much lower. Assuming future invaders have similar invasion attributes as those already present, the risk of getting at least one high impact Species is po...
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Are genetic databases sufficiently populated to detect non-Indigenous Species?
Biological Invasions, 2016Co-Authors: Elizabeta Briski, Sara Ghabooli, Sarah A. Bailey, Hugh J. MacisaacAbstract:Correct Species identifications are of tremendous importance for invasion ecology, as mistakes could lead to misdirecting limited resources against harmless Species or inaction against problematic ones. DNA barcoding is becoming a promising and reliable tool for Species identifications, however the efficacy of such molecular taxonomy depends on gene region(s) that provide a unique sequence to differentiate among Species and on availability of reference sequences in existing genetic databases. Here, we assembled a list of aquatic and terrestrial non-Indigenous Species (NIS) and checked two leading genetic databases for corresponding sequences of six genome regions used for DNA barcoding. The genetic databases were checked in 2010, 2012, and 2016. All four aquatic kingdoms (Animalia, Chromista, Plantae and Protozoa) were initially equally represented in the genetic databases, with 64, 65, 69, and 61 % of NIS included, respectively. Sequences for terrestrial NIS were present at rates of 58 and 78 % for Animalia and Plantae, respectively. Six years later, the number of sequences for aquatic NIS increased to 75, 75, 74, and 63 % respectively, while those for terrestrial NIS increased to 74 and 88 % respectively. Genetic databases are marginally better populated with sequences of terrestrial NIS of plants compared to aquatic NIS and terrestrial NIS of animals. The rate at which sequences are added to databases is not equal among taxa. Though some groups of NIS are not detectable at all based on available data—mostly aquatic ones—encouragingly, current availability of sequences of taxa with environmental and/or economic impact is relatively good and continues to increase with time.
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Detection of a colonizing, aquatic, non-Indigenous Species
Diversity and Distributions, 2009Co-Authors: Chad T. Harvey, Samir A. Qureshi, Hugh J. MacisaacAbstract:Detecting the presence of rare Species has interested ecologists and conservation biologists for many years. A particularly daunting application of this problem pertains to the detection of non-Indigenous Species (NIS) as they colonize new ecosystems. Ethical issues prevent experimental additions of NIS to most natural systems to explore the relationship between sampling intensity and the detection probability of a colonizing NIS. Here we examine this question using a recently introduced water flea, Cercopagis pengoi, in Lake Ontario. The Species has biphasic population development, with sexually-produced ‘spring morphs’ developing prior to parthenogenetically-produced ‘typical’ morphs. Thus, this biphasic morphology allows distinction between new colonists (spring morphs) from subsequent generations. We repeatedly sampled Hamilton Harbour, Lake Ontario for the presence of both spring and typical morphs. Probability of detection was positively related to both the number of samples taken and animal density in the lake; however, even highly intensive sampling (100 samples) failed to detect the Species in early spring when densities were very low. Spatial variation was greatest when densities of Cercopagis were intermediate to low. Sub-sampling, which increased space between adjacent samples, significantly decreased the number of samples required to reach greater, calculated detection probabilities on these dates. Typical sampling protocols for zooplankton have a low probability (
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detection of a colonizing aquatic non Indigenous Species
Diversity and Distributions, 2009Co-Authors: Chad T. Harvey, Samir A. Qureshi, Hugh J. MacisaacAbstract:Detecting the presence of rare Species has interested ecologists and conservation biologists for many years. A particularly daunting application of this problem pertains to the detection of non-Indigenous Species (NIS) as they colonize new ecosystems. Ethical issues prevent experimental additions of NIS to most natural systems to explore the relationship between sampling intensity and the detection probability of a colonizing NIS. Here we examine this question using a recently introduced water flea, Cercopagis pengoi, in Lake Ontario. The Species has biphasic population development, with sexually-produced ‘spring morphs’ developing prior to parthenogenetically-produced ‘typical’ morphs. Thus, this biphasic morphology allows distinction between new colonists (spring morphs) from subsequent generations. We repeatedly sampled Hamilton Harbour, Lake Ontario for the presence of both spring and typical morphs. Probability of detection was positively related to both the number of samples taken and animal density in the lake; however, even highly intensive sampling (100 samples) failed to detect the Species in early spring when densities were very low. Spatial variation was greatest when densities of Cercopagis were intermediate to low. Sub-sampling, which increased space between adjacent samples, significantly decreased the number of samples required to reach greater, calculated detection probabilities on these dates. Typical sampling protocols for zooplankton have a low probability (< 0.2) of detecting the Species unless population density is high. Results of this study suggest that early detection of colonizing, aquatic NIS may be optimized through use of a risk-based sampling design, combined with high sampling intensity in areas deemed most vulnerable to invasion, rather than less intensive sampling at a wider array of sites.
Serge Planes - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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rapid assessment of non Indigenous Species in the era of the edna barcoding a mediterranean case study
Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science, 2017Co-Authors: Alba Ardura, Serge PlanesAbstract:Abstract With only a narrow opening through the Gibraltar and Suez Canals, the Mediterranean Sea is one of the largest semi-enclosed seas. The marine flora and fauna are some of the richest in the world, relative to its size, particularly in the coastal habitats, which are also characterized by numerous endemic Species although the introduction of non-Indigenous Species threatens its rich and unique biodiversity. Following the opening of the Suez Canal, and in combination with shipping and aquaculture activities, non-Indigenous Species (NIS) introduction has had measurable impacts on the Mediterranean. Lagoon ecosystems along the French coastline, with approx. 100 NIS identified, are considered hot-spot areas for these Species. Rapid assessment sampling for sessile benthic Species together with DNA barcoding is a rapid, easy and cheap method to detect non-Indigenous Species. Two nearby and different ecosystems were sampled for invertebrate Species: Saint-Nazaire lagoon, a Special Protection Area within the Natura 2000 Network and Canet port, a marina in a small village. The DNA barcoding tool for Species identification was used for confirming the taxonomy. This showed that, despite the Saint-Nazaire Lagoon classification within the Natura 2000 network, it is already contaminated with a single NIS that was found in high densities and is clearly beginning to dominate the system. It is proposed that a rapid assessment of the sampled environment and the DNA barcode approach are efficient and can provide sufficient information on the new target Species to be used in conservation planning and ongoing management efforts.