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Mahmoud M Elhalwagi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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a synthesis approach for Industrial City water reuse networks considering central and distributed treatment systems
Journal of Cleaner Production, 2015Co-Authors: Patrick Linke, Sabla Y Alnouri, Mahmoud M ElhalwagiAbstract:This paper presents an optimization approach to the development of macroscopic networks for water integration within Industrial cities. The methodology considers various strategies for Industrial wastewater reuse amongst different processing facilities that operate within the City. Two different scenarios for the placement of intermediate water treatment interceptors are considered: (1) on-site ‘decentralized’ water treatment within each plant, and (2) off-site ‘centralized’ water treatment that can be shared amongst a cluster of existing Industrial plants. The overall objective is to develop cost-efficient water networks that can attain effective interplant water integration scenarios, whilst considerably reducing freshwater consumption and wastewater discharge where appropriate. The optimization model has been formulated as a Mixed Integer Non-Linear Program (MINLP), and accounts for pressure drops associated with piping across all individual source-interceptor-sink allocations. Additionally, a representation that accounts for constrained water transport was adopted, in which designated corridor regions within an Industrial City are utilized for the planning of economical pipeline networks that achieve desirable water allocation strategies. In doing so, shortest routing options were obtained between water sources, sinks, and treatment interceptors, according to a given Industrial City layout. A case study that considers various different scenarios in terms of contaminant information and piping connectivity is presented to illustrate the proposed approach.
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multiperiod planning of optimal Industrial City direct water reuse networks
Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2014Co-Authors: Sumit K Bishnu, Patrick Linke, Sabla Y Alnouri, Mahmoud M ElhalwagiAbstract:The minimization of the water footprint of Industrial cities or parks requires the development of efficient water reuse strategies. Current methods for water integration do not consider Industrial City planning horizons in the development of optimal water reuse and recycle strategies. This article presents a multiperiod planning approach for water integration within Industrial cities. The initial formulation considers direct reuse of water between plants and involves water streams with several pollutants. A source–sink water mapping model was implemented such that available water sources can be either allocated to water sinks or discharged as wastewater streams. Freshwater streams were made available to mix with water sinks as necessary, to enable reuse between plants. The work presents two optimization models to determine the minimum freshwater use in the Industrial City through maximum direct water reuse regardless of cost (model 1) and the lowest-cost design for direct water reuse (model 2). Several il...
Sabla Y Alnouri - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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a synthesis approach for Industrial City water reuse networks considering central and distributed treatment systems
Journal of Cleaner Production, 2015Co-Authors: Patrick Linke, Sabla Y Alnouri, Mahmoud M ElhalwagiAbstract:This paper presents an optimization approach to the development of macroscopic networks for water integration within Industrial cities. The methodology considers various strategies for Industrial wastewater reuse amongst different processing facilities that operate within the City. Two different scenarios for the placement of intermediate water treatment interceptors are considered: (1) on-site ‘decentralized’ water treatment within each plant, and (2) off-site ‘centralized’ water treatment that can be shared amongst a cluster of existing Industrial plants. The overall objective is to develop cost-efficient water networks that can attain effective interplant water integration scenarios, whilst considerably reducing freshwater consumption and wastewater discharge where appropriate. The optimization model has been formulated as a Mixed Integer Non-Linear Program (MINLP), and accounts for pressure drops associated with piping across all individual source-interceptor-sink allocations. Additionally, a representation that accounts for constrained water transport was adopted, in which designated corridor regions within an Industrial City are utilized for the planning of economical pipeline networks that achieve desirable water allocation strategies. In doing so, shortest routing options were obtained between water sources, sinks, and treatment interceptors, according to a given Industrial City layout. A case study that considers various different scenarios in terms of contaminant information and piping connectivity is presented to illustrate the proposed approach.
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multiperiod planning of optimal Industrial City direct water reuse networks
Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2014Co-Authors: Sumit K Bishnu, Patrick Linke, Sabla Y Alnouri, Mahmoud M ElhalwagiAbstract:The minimization of the water footprint of Industrial cities or parks requires the development of efficient water reuse strategies. Current methods for water integration do not consider Industrial City planning horizons in the development of optimal water reuse and recycle strategies. This article presents a multiperiod planning approach for water integration within Industrial cities. The initial formulation considers direct reuse of water between plants and involves water streams with several pollutants. A source–sink water mapping model was implemented such that available water sources can be either allocated to water sinks or discharged as wastewater streams. Freshwater streams were made available to mix with water sinks as necessary, to enable reuse between plants. The work presents two optimization models to determine the minimum freshwater use in the Industrial City through maximum direct water reuse regardless of cost (model 1) and the lowest-cost design for direct water reuse (model 2). Several il...
Patrick Linke - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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a synthesis approach for Industrial City water reuse networks considering central and distributed treatment systems
Journal of Cleaner Production, 2015Co-Authors: Patrick Linke, Sabla Y Alnouri, Mahmoud M ElhalwagiAbstract:This paper presents an optimization approach to the development of macroscopic networks for water integration within Industrial cities. The methodology considers various strategies for Industrial wastewater reuse amongst different processing facilities that operate within the City. Two different scenarios for the placement of intermediate water treatment interceptors are considered: (1) on-site ‘decentralized’ water treatment within each plant, and (2) off-site ‘centralized’ water treatment that can be shared amongst a cluster of existing Industrial plants. The overall objective is to develop cost-efficient water networks that can attain effective interplant water integration scenarios, whilst considerably reducing freshwater consumption and wastewater discharge where appropriate. The optimization model has been formulated as a Mixed Integer Non-Linear Program (MINLP), and accounts for pressure drops associated with piping across all individual source-interceptor-sink allocations. Additionally, a representation that accounts for constrained water transport was adopted, in which designated corridor regions within an Industrial City are utilized for the planning of economical pipeline networks that achieve desirable water allocation strategies. In doing so, shortest routing options were obtained between water sources, sinks, and treatment interceptors, according to a given Industrial City layout. A case study that considers various different scenarios in terms of contaminant information and piping connectivity is presented to illustrate the proposed approach.
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multiperiod planning of optimal Industrial City direct water reuse networks
Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2014Co-Authors: Sumit K Bishnu, Patrick Linke, Sabla Y Alnouri, Mahmoud M ElhalwagiAbstract:The minimization of the water footprint of Industrial cities or parks requires the development of efficient water reuse strategies. Current methods for water integration do not consider Industrial City planning horizons in the development of optimal water reuse and recycle strategies. This article presents a multiperiod planning approach for water integration within Industrial cities. The initial formulation considers direct reuse of water between plants and involves water streams with several pollutants. A source–sink water mapping model was implemented such that available water sources can be either allocated to water sinks or discharged as wastewater streams. Freshwater streams were made available to mix with water sinks as necessary, to enable reuse between plants. The work presents two optimization models to determine the minimum freshwater use in the Industrial City through maximum direct water reuse regardless of cost (model 1) and the lowest-cost design for direct water reuse (model 2). Several il...
Junji Cao - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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characterization of carbonaceous fractions in pm2 5 and pm10 over a typical Industrial City in central china
Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2019Co-Authors: Changlin Zhan, Jiaquan Zhang, Jingru Zheng, Ruizhen Yao, Ping Wang, Hongxia Liu, Wensheng Xiao, Xianli Liu, Junji CaoAbstract:Aerosol samples of PM2.5 and PM10 were collected every 6 days from March 2012 to February 2013 in Huangshi, a typical Industrial City in central China, to investigate the characteristics, relationships, and sources of carbonaceous species. The PM2.5 and PM10 samples were analyzed for organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), char, and soot using the thermal/optical reflectance (TOR) method following the IMPROVE_A protocol. PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations ranged from 29.37 to 501.43 μg m-3 and from 50.42 to 330.07 μg m-3, with average levels of 104.90 and 151.23 μg m-3, respectively. The 24-h average level of PM2.5 was about three times the US EPA standard of 35 μg m-3, and significantly exceeds the Class II National Air Quality Standard of China of 75 μg m-3. The seasonal cycles of PM mass and OC concentrations were higher during winter than in summer. EC and char concentrations were generally highest during winter but lowest in spring, while higher soot concentrations occurred in summer. This seasonal variation could be attributed to different seasonal meteorological conditions and changes in source contributions. Strong correlations between OC and EC were found for both PM2.5 and PM10 in winter and fall, while char and soot showed a moderate correlation in summer and winter. The average OC/EC ratios were 5.11 and 4.46 for PM2.5 and PM10, respectively, with individual OC/EC ratios nearly always exceeding 2.0. Higher char/soot ratios during the four seasons indicated that coal combustion and biomass burning were the major sources for carbonaceous aerosol in Huangshi. Contrary to expectations, secondary organic carbon (SOC) which is estimated using the EC tracer method exhibited spring maximum and summer minimum, suggesting that photochemical activity is not a leading factor in the formation of secondary organic aerosols in the study area. The contribution of SOC to OC concentration for PM2.5 and PM10 were 47.33 and 45.38%, respectively, implying that SOC was an important component of OC mass. The serious air pollution in haze-fog episode was strongly correlated with the emissions of pollutants from biomass burning and the meteorological conditions.
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seasonal variation and health risk assessment of atmospheric pm 2 5 bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a classic agglomeration Industrial City central china
Air Quality Atmosphere & Health, 2018Co-Authors: Jiaquan Zhang, Changlin Zhan, Jingru Zheng, Ruizhen Yao, Hongxia Liu, Xinli Xing, Li Zhang, Ting Liu, Junji CaoAbstract:Sixty atmospheric sample concentrations of PM2.5 and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in PM2.5 were analyzed in distinct seasonal variations from a classic agglomeration Industrial City. The concentrations of PM2.5 ranged from 6.96 to 260.06 μg/m3 with an average of 177.05 μg/m3. Only 38% of the sampling days were superior to the 24-h limit value (75 μg/m3) of ambient air quality standards (AAQs), and the samples from autumn and winter exceeded the limit value. The total PAHs ranged from 1.51 to 44.51 ng/m3 with an average of 10.65 ng/m3. The highest and lowest concentrations of total PAHs appeared in winter and summer with averages of 22.56 and 4.03 ng/m3, respectively. Correlation analysis revealed that high-molecular-weight PAHs (HMW-PAHs) (4-, 5-, 6-ring PAHs) were significantly and negatively correlated with temperature and water-soluble total organic carbon (WTOC), and significantly correlated with water-soluble total nitrogen (WTN). The 4-, 5- and 6-ring PAHs were dominant, especially those of 4-ring PAHs, which were above 30% of the total PAHs in each season. Source apportionment indicated that PM2.5-bound PAHs in Huangshi were mainly derived from pyrogenic source, vehicle exhaust, coal combustion, and biomass burning. Incremental lifetime cancer risks (ILCRs) showed no potential carcinogenic risk from the PM2.5-bound BaP-eq. ILCRs in winter were the highest, and the risks for adults were approximately an order of magnitude higher than those for children.
Byeongkyu Lee - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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size distribution of airborne particulate matter and associated metallic elements in an urban area of an Industrial City in korea
Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 2011Co-Authors: Byeongkyu LeeAbstract:This study analyzed the size distribution of airborne particulate matter (PM) and 13 metallic elements associated with it. PM samples were collected using an eight-stage cascade impactor in a busy urban area of an Industrial City, Korea during four seasons. Most of the fine and coarse particle mass was concentrated in the size range of 0.7–1.1 µm and 9–10 µm, respectively. PM mass showed two peaks in spring: The first peak was observed for the smallest particles (< 0.7 µm) and the second one was found in the coarse particles (2.1–10 µm). However, fine particles (0.7–2.1 µm) showed the highest PM concentrations in winter. In the distribution analysis of 13 metals in PM, three main groups were determined: (i) heavy metals (Cd, Zn, Mn, Ni and Cr) which were present in high concentrations in fine particles (< 2.1 µm) particularly at the size of 0.4–0.7 µm, (ii) light metals (Na, Ca, K, Al) and Fe which had high concentrations in coarse particles, and (iii) other heavy metals (Pb, Mg and Cu) showing high concentrations at sizes larger than 5.8 µm. The concentrations of Cd, Mn and Ni in the size range of 0.4–0.7 µm of the airborne particles and their total levels obtained by summing up the concentrations of the 8 classified size groups were exceeded the proposed thresholds or tolerance levels of the toxic heavy metals. The mass concentrations of Cd, Mn and Ni decreased with increasing particle size, except the size range of 9–10 µm, in PM10. The levels of Pb in PM10 did not show the size characteristics shown in Cd, Mn and Ni and also was below its tolerance level. Principal sources of 13 metallic elements in PM included natural sources and local anthropogenic sources such as non-ferrous metal smelting, oil combustion, welding, vehicular traffic and road dust.
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analysis of potential rdf resources from solid waste and their energy values in the largest Industrial City of korea
Waste Management, 2009Co-Authors: Trang T T Dong, Byeongkyu LeeAbstract:Abstract The production potential of refuse derived fuel (RDF) in the largest Industrial City of Korea is discussed. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the energy potential of the RDF obtained from utilizing combustible solid waste as a fuel resource. The total amount of generated solid waste in the Industrial City was more than 3.3 million tonnes, which is equivalent to 3.0 tonnes per capita in a single year. The highest amount of solid waste was generated in the City district with the largest population and the biggest petrochemical Industrial complex (IC) in Korea. Industrial waste accounted for 89% of the total amount of the solid waste in the City. Potential RDF resources based on combustible solid wastes including wastepaper, wood, rubber, plastic, synthetic resins and Industrial sludge were identified. The amount of combustible solid waste that can be used to produce RDF was 635,552 tonnes/yr, consisting of three types of RDF: 116,083 tonnes/yr of RDF-MS (RDF from municipal solid waste); 146,621 tonnes/yr of RDF-IMC (RDF from Industrial, municipal and construction wastes); and 372,848 tonnes/yr of RDF-IS (RDF from Industrial sludge). The total obtainable energy value from the RDF resources in the Industrial City was more than 2,240,000 × 10 6 kcal/yr, with the following proportions: RDF-MS of 25.6%, RDF-IMC of 43.5%, and RDF-IS of 30.9%. If 50% or 100% of the RDF resources are utilized as fuel resources, the Industrial City can save approximately 17.6% and 35.2%, respectively, of the current total disposal costs.
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Risk Analysis of Volatile Organic Compounds Through Daily Life Cycle in the Industrial City in Korea
Water Air and Soil Pollution: Focus, 2002Co-Authors: Byeongkyu Lee, Jungbum ChoAbstract:This study analyzed the risk of exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) through a study of activity patterns in the Korean Industrial City, Ulsan. The daily life cycle patterns(LCPs) of 331 people in Ulsan were surveyed and the average LCPs in Ulsan were obtained by statistical analysis. Nine to twelve personal air samples of VOC exposure at the breathing zones were collected at each LCP. This included hours for sleeping,cooking and eating, going to and from work, working, participating in field or outdoor activities, reading, watchingTV, and shopping. The components and concentrations of the collected VOCs were identified by a Gas Chromatography-MassDetector (GC-MS). The overall reproducibility of all GC analytical procedures of the simultaneously collected duplicatesample pairs represented a mean of percent differences rangingfrom about 9 to 13%. For the general population of Ulsan, thecarcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk of exposure to theVOCs during the LCPs was evaluated. The carcinogenic riskwas analyzed using both the chronic daily exposure orlifetime average daily exposure (CDI) and the cancerpotency factor. The non-carcinogenic risk was analyzedusing both the CDI and the chronic reference dose.The major chemical forms of the identified VOCs were oxidized forms (43%), aliphatic alkanes (29%) and aromatics (15%). Even though the highest total exposure strength per unit time of each activity was observed during shopping, the highest totalamount of exposure to VOCs was identified as the exposure duringwork. The total carcinogenic risk of exposure to the carcinogenicVOCs through daily life cycle in Ulsan was 2.0 × 10^-4which is substantially exceeding the permissible carcinogenicrisk level, 10^-5 ∼10^-6. The carcinogenic riskduring most of the life cycle activities, except forreading, mainly performed indoors, was higher than that ofthe activities performed outdoors. The carcinogenic risk bybenzene exposure was about 56% (time weighted average) ofthe total carcinogenic risk by the exposure to thecarcinogenic VOCs. During cooking and eating, shopping andout door activities, however, the carcinogenic risk by theexposure to chlorinated compounds like chloroform exceededthe exposure to benzene. The overall hazard index (non-carcinogenic risk) by a chronic exposure to carcinogenicand non-carcinogenic VOCs through daily life cycle in Ulsanwas evaluated as 3.91 × 10^-1, which is much less than1.0 considered as a hazard level to human health, and thusit seems likely not to produce a severe health hazard.