The Experts below are selected from a list of 360 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform

Peter G. Judge - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Inference by Exclusion in Lion-Tailed Macaques (Macaca silenus), a Hamadryas Baboon (Papio hamadryas), Capuchins (Sapajus apella), and Squirrel Monkeys (Saimiri sciureus)
    Journal of Comparative Psychology, 2015
    Co-Authors: Heidi L. Marsh, Alexander Q. Vining, Emma K. Levendoski, Peter G. Judge
    Abstract:

    Previous research has suggested that several primate species may be capable of reasoning by exclusion based on the finding that they can locate a hidden object when given information about where the object is not. The present research replicated and extended the literature by testing 2 Old World monkey species, lion-tailed macaques (Macaca silenus) and a hamadryas baboon (Papio hamadryas), and 2 New World species, capuchin monkeys (Sapajus apella) and squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus). The New World monkeys were tested on the traditional 2-way object choice Task, and all 4 species were also tested on a more complex 3-way object choice Task. In addition, the squirrel monkeys were tested on a 2-way object choice Task with auditory information. The results showed that, whereas the Old World species were able to infer by exclusion on the 3-object Task, some of the capuchin monkeys had difficulty on each of the 2- and 3-cup Tasks. All but 1 of the squirrel monkeys failed to infer successfully, and their strategies appeared to differ between the visual and auditory versions of the Task. Taken together, this research suggests that the ability to succeed on this Inference Task may be present throughout Old World monkey species, but is fragile in the New World species tested thus far. (PsycINFO Database Record

Timothy T Rogers - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • sleep benefits memory for semantic category structure while preserving exemplar specific information
    Scientific Reports, 2017
    Co-Authors: Anna C Schapiro, Elizabeth A Mcdevitt, Lang Chen, Kenneth A Norman, Sara C Mednick, Timothy T Rogers
    Abstract:

    Semantic memory encompasses knowledge about both the properties that typify concepts (e.g. robins, like all birds, have wings) as well as the properties that individuate conceptually related items (e.g. robins, in particular, have red breasts). We investigate the impact of sleep on new semantic learning using a property Inference Task in which both kinds of information are initially acquired equally well. Participants learned about three categories of novel objects possessing some properties that were shared among category exemplars and others that were unique to an exemplar, with exposure frequency varying across categories. In Experiment 1, memory for shared properties improved and memory for unique properties was preserved across a night of sleep, while memory for both feature types declined over a day awake. In Experiment 2, memory for shared properties improved across a nap, but only for the lower-frequency category, suggesting a prioritization of weakly learned information early in a sleep period. The increase was significantly correlated with amount of REM, but was also observed in participants who did not enter REM, suggesting involvement of both REM and NREM sleep. The results provide the first evidence that sleep improves memory for the shared structure of object categories, while simultaneously preserving object-unique information.

  • sleep benefits memory for semantic category structure while preserving exemplar specific information
    bioRxiv, 2017
    Co-Authors: Anna C Schapiro, Elizabeth A Mcdevitt, Lang Chen, Kenneth A Norman, Sara C Mednick, Timothy T Rogers
    Abstract:

    Semantic memory encompasses knowledge about both the properties that typify concepts (e.g. robins, like all birds, have wings) as well as the properties that individuate conceptually related items (e.g. robins, in particular, have red breasts). We investigate the impact of sleep on new semantic learning using a property Inference Task in which both kinds of information are initially acquired equally well. Participants learned about three categories of novel objects possessing some properties that were shared among category exemplars and others that were unique to an exemplar, with exposure frequency varying across categories. In Experiment 1, memory for shared properties improved and memory for unique properties was preserved across a night of sleep, while memory for both feature types declined over a day awake. In Experiment 2, memory for shared properties improved across a nap, but only for the lower-frequency category, suggesting a prioritization of weakly learned information early in a sleep period. The increase was significantly correlated with amount of REM, but was also observed in participants who did not enter REM, suggesting involvement of both sleep stages. The results provide the first evidence that sleep improves memory for the shared structure of object categories, while simultaneously preserving object-unique information.

Heidi L. Marsh - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Inference by Exclusion in Lion-Tailed Macaques (Macaca silenus), a Hamadryas Baboon (Papio hamadryas), Capuchins (Sapajus apella), and Squirrel Monkeys (Saimiri sciureus)
    Journal of Comparative Psychology, 2015
    Co-Authors: Heidi L. Marsh, Alexander Q. Vining, Emma K. Levendoski, Peter G. Judge
    Abstract:

    Previous research has suggested that several primate species may be capable of reasoning by exclusion based on the finding that they can locate a hidden object when given information about where the object is not. The present research replicated and extended the literature by testing 2 Old World monkey species, lion-tailed macaques (Macaca silenus) and a hamadryas baboon (Papio hamadryas), and 2 New World species, capuchin monkeys (Sapajus apella) and squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus). The New World monkeys were tested on the traditional 2-way object choice Task, and all 4 species were also tested on a more complex 3-way object choice Task. In addition, the squirrel monkeys were tested on a 2-way object choice Task with auditory information. The results showed that, whereas the Old World species were able to infer by exclusion on the 3-object Task, some of the capuchin monkeys had difficulty on each of the 2- and 3-cup Tasks. All but 1 of the squirrel monkeys failed to infer successfully, and their strategies appeared to differ between the visual and auditory versions of the Task. Taken together, this research suggests that the ability to succeed on this Inference Task may be present throughout Old World monkey species, but is fragile in the New World species tested thus far. (PsycINFO Database Record

Anna C Schapiro - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • sleep benefits memory for semantic category structure while preserving exemplar specific information
    Scientific Reports, 2017
    Co-Authors: Anna C Schapiro, Elizabeth A Mcdevitt, Lang Chen, Kenneth A Norman, Sara C Mednick, Timothy T Rogers
    Abstract:

    Semantic memory encompasses knowledge about both the properties that typify concepts (e.g. robins, like all birds, have wings) as well as the properties that individuate conceptually related items (e.g. robins, in particular, have red breasts). We investigate the impact of sleep on new semantic learning using a property Inference Task in which both kinds of information are initially acquired equally well. Participants learned about three categories of novel objects possessing some properties that were shared among category exemplars and others that were unique to an exemplar, with exposure frequency varying across categories. In Experiment 1, memory for shared properties improved and memory for unique properties was preserved across a night of sleep, while memory for both feature types declined over a day awake. In Experiment 2, memory for shared properties improved across a nap, but only for the lower-frequency category, suggesting a prioritization of weakly learned information early in a sleep period. The increase was significantly correlated with amount of REM, but was also observed in participants who did not enter REM, suggesting involvement of both REM and NREM sleep. The results provide the first evidence that sleep improves memory for the shared structure of object categories, while simultaneously preserving object-unique information.

  • sleep benefits memory for semantic category structure while preserving exemplar specific information
    bioRxiv, 2017
    Co-Authors: Anna C Schapiro, Elizabeth A Mcdevitt, Lang Chen, Kenneth A Norman, Sara C Mednick, Timothy T Rogers
    Abstract:

    Semantic memory encompasses knowledge about both the properties that typify concepts (e.g. robins, like all birds, have wings) as well as the properties that individuate conceptually related items (e.g. robins, in particular, have red breasts). We investigate the impact of sleep on new semantic learning using a property Inference Task in which both kinds of information are initially acquired equally well. Participants learned about three categories of novel objects possessing some properties that were shared among category exemplars and others that were unique to an exemplar, with exposure frequency varying across categories. In Experiment 1, memory for shared properties improved and memory for unique properties was preserved across a night of sleep, while memory for both feature types declined over a day awake. In Experiment 2, memory for shared properties improved across a nap, but only for the lower-frequency category, suggesting a prioritization of weakly learned information early in a sleep period. The increase was significantly correlated with amount of REM, but was also observed in participants who did not enter REM, suggesting involvement of both sleep stages. The results provide the first evidence that sleep improves memory for the shared structure of object categories, while simultaneously preserving object-unique information.

Vinod Goel - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • a role for right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex in reasoning about indeterminate relations
    Neuropsychologia, 2009
    Co-Authors: Melanie Stollstorff, Kris Knutson, Marina Nakic, Vinod Goel, Jordan Grafman
    Abstract:

    While the role of left prefrontal cortex in reasoning Tasks has long been recognized, the role of right prefrontal cortex remains unclear. One patient study [Goel, V., Tierney, M., Sheesley, L., Bartolo, A., Vartanian, O., & Grafman, J. (2007). Hemispheric specialization in human prefrontal cortex for resolving certain and uncertain Inferences. Cerebral Cortex, 17(10), 2245-2250] has suggested that right prefrontal cortex plays an essential role in resolving indeterminate relations. To test this hypothesis, and to identify the involvement of specific regions within right prefrontal cortex we scanned 17 normal volunteers with fMRI while they engaged in a transitive Inference Task involving determinate and indeterminate relations. The results show a nice crossover interaction such that, right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (BA 47) is selectively activated by the processing of indeterminate trials with no belief-bias cues, while left lateral prefrontal cortex (BA 45) is selectively activated by the processing of indeterminate trials containing belief-bias cues. These results are not only consistent with, but also amplify, the lesion data by identifying specific regions within right and left prefrontal cortex.

  • Anatomical Segregation of Component Processes in an Inductive Inference Task
    Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 2000
    Co-Authors: Vinod Goel, Raymond J Dolan
    Abstract:

    Inductive Inference underlies much of human cognition. The essential component of induction is hypothesis selection based on some criterion of relevance. The purpose of this study was to determine the neural substrate of inductive Inference, particularly hypothesis selection, using fMRI. Ten volunteers were shown stimuli consisting of novel animals under two Task conditions, and asked to judge whether all the animals in the set were the same type of animal. In one condition, subjects were given a rule that specified the criteria for “same type of animal.” In the other condition, subjects had to infer the rule without instruction. The two conditions were further factored into easy and difficult components. Rule Inference was specifically associated with bilateral hippocampal activation while the Task by difficulty interaction was associated with activation in right lateral orbital prefrontal cortex. We interpret the former in terms of semantic encoding of novel stimuli, and the latter in terms of hypothesis selection. Thus, we show an anatomical dissociation between Task implementation and Task difficulty that may correspond to a critical psychological distinction in the processes necessary for inductive Inference.