The Experts below are selected from a list of 15765 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Cathy J. Price - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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structural plasticity in the bilingual brain proficiency in a second language and age at acquisition affect grey matter density
Nature, 2004Co-Authors: Andrea Mechelli, Jenny Crinion, Uta Noppeney, John Ashburner, Richard S. J. Frackowiak, John P Odoherty, Cathy J. PriceAbstract:umans have a unique ability to learn more than one language — a skill that is thought to be mediated by functional (rather than structural) plastic changes in the brain 1 .H ere we show that learning a second language increases the density of grey matter in the left Inferior Parietal Cortex and that the degree of structural reorganization in this region is modulated by the proficiency attained and the age at acquisition. This relation between grey-matter density and performance may represent a general principle of brain organization. We used a whole-brain unbiased objective technique, known as voxel-based morphometry (VBM) 2,3 ,t o investigate structural plasticity in healthy right-handed English and Italian bilinguals. To t est for differences in the density of grey and white matter between bilinguals and monolinguals, we recruited 25 monolinguals who had had little or no exposure to a second language; 25 ‘early’ bilinguals, who had learned a second European language before the age of 5 years and who had practised it regularly since; and 33 ‘late’ bilinguals, who
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structural plasticity in the bilingual brain proficiency in a second language and age at acquisition affect grey matter density
Nature, 2004Co-Authors: Andrea Mechelli, Jenny Crinion, Uta Noppeney, John Ashburner, Richard S. J. Frackowiak, John P Odoherty, Cathy J. PriceAbstract:umans have a unique ability to learn more than one language — a skill that is thought to be mediated by functional (rather than structural) plastic changes in the brain 1 .H ere we show that learning a second language increases the density of grey matter in the left Inferior Parietal Cortex and that the degree of structural reorganization in this region is modulated by the proficiency attained and the age at acquisition. This relation between grey-matter density and performance may represent a general principle of brain organization. We used a whole-brain unbiased objective technique, known as voxel-based morphometry (VBM) 2,3 ,t o investigate structural plasticity in healthy right-handed English and Italian bilinguals. To t est for differences in the density of grey and white matter between bilinguals and monolinguals, we recruited 25 monolinguals who had had little or no exposure to a second language; 25 ‘early’ bilinguals, who had learned a second European language before the age of 5 years and who had practised it regularly since; and 33 ‘late’ bilinguals, who
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Neurolinguistics: structural plasticity in the bilingual brain.
Nature, 2004Co-Authors: Andrea Mechelli, Jenny Crinion, Uta Noppeney, John P. O'doherty, John Ashburner, Richard S. J. Frackowiak, Cathy J. PriceAbstract:Humans have a unique ability to learn more than one language--a skill that is thought to be mediated by functional (rather than structural) plastic changes in the brain. Here we show that learning a second language increases the density of grey matter in the left Inferior Parietal Cortex and that the degree of structural reorganization in this region is modulated by the proficiency attained and the age at acquisition. This relation between grey-matter density and performance may represent a general principle of brain organization.
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The functional anatomy of word comprehension and production
Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 1998Co-Authors: Cathy J. PriceAbstract:This review describes the functional anatomy of word comprehension and production. Data from functional neuroimaging studies of normal subjects are used to determine the distributed set of brain regions that are engaged during particular language tasks and data from studies of patients with neurological damage are used to determine which of these regions are necessary for task performance. This combination of techniques indicates that the left Inferior temporal and left posterior Inferior Parietal cortices are required for accessing semantic knowledge; the left posterior basal temporal lobe and the left frontal operculum are required for translating semantics into phonological output and the left anterior Inferior Parietal Cortex is required for translating orthography to phonology. Further studies are required to establish the specific functions of the different regions and how these functions interact to provide our sophisticated language system.
Vinod Menon - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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functional heterogeneity of Inferior Parietal Cortex during mathematical cognition assessed with cytoarchitectonic probability maps
Cerebral Cortex, 2009Co-Authors: Sarah S Wu, Tingting Chang, A Majid, Svenja Caspers, Simon B Eickhoff, Vinod MenonAbstract:Although the Inferior Parietal Cortex (IPC) has been consistently implicated in mathematical cognition, the functional roles of its subdivisions are poorly understood. We address this problem using probabilistic cytoarchitectonic maps of IPC subdivisions intraParietal sulcus (IPS), angular gyrus (AG), and supramarginal gyrus. We quantified IPC responses relative to task difficulty and individual differences in task proficiency during mental arithmetic (MA) tasks performed with Arabic (MA-A) and Roman (MA-R) numerals. The 2 tasks showed similar levels of activation in 3 distinct IPS areas, hIP1, hIP2, and hIP3, suggesting their obligatory role in MA. Both AG areas, PGa and PGp, were strongly deactivated in both tasks, with stronger deactivations in posterior area PGp. Compared with the more difficult MA-R task, the MA-A task showed greater responses in both AG areas, but this effect was driven by less deactivation in the MA-A task. AG deactivations showed prominent overlap with lateral Parietal nodes of the default mode network, suggesting a nonspecific role in MA. In both tasks, greater bilateral AG deactivation was associated with poorer performance. Our findings suggest a close link between IPC structure and function and they provide new evidence for behaviorally salient functional heterogeneity within the IPC during mathematical cognition.
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developmental changes in mental arithmetic evidence for increased functional specialization in the left Inferior Parietal Cortex
Cerebral Cortex, 2005Co-Authors: S. M. Rivera, A. L. Reiss, M. A. Eckert, Vinod MenonAbstract:Arithmetic reasoning is arguably one of the most important cognitive skills a child must master. Here we examine neurodevelopmental changes in mental arithmetic. Subjects (ages 8–19 years) viewed arithmetic equations and were asked to judge whether the results were correct or incorrect. During two-operand addition or subtraction trials, for which accuracy was comparable across age, older subjects showed greater activation in the left Parietal Cortex, along the supramarginal gyrus and adjoining anterior intra-Parietal sulcus as well as the left lateral occipital temporal Cortex. These age-related changes were not associated with alterations in gray matter density, and provide novel evidence for increased functional maturation with age. By contrast, younger subjects showed greater activation in the prefrontal Cortex, including the dorsolateral and ventrolateral prefrontal Cortex and the anterior cingulate Cortex, suggesting that they require comparatively more working memory and attentional resources to achieve similar levels of mental arithmetic performance. Younger subjects also showed greater activation of the hippocampus and dorsal basal ganglia, reflecting the greater demands placed on both declarative and procedural memory systems. Our findings provide evidence for a process of increased functional specialization of the left Inferior Parietal Cortex in mental arithmetic, a process that is accompanied by decreased dependence on memory and attentional resources with development.
Alexandra Reis - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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literacy a cultural influence on functional left right differences in the Inferior Parietal Cortex
European Journal of Neuroscience, 2007Co-Authors: Karl Magnus Petersson, Alexandre Castrocaldas, Alexandra Reis, Martin Ingvar, Carla SilvaAbstract:The current understanding of hemispheric interaction is limited. Functional hemispheric specialization is likely to depend on both genetic and environmental factors. In the present study we investigated the importance of one factor, literacy, for the functional lateralization in the Inferior Parietal Cortex in two independent samples of literate and illiterate subjects. The results show that the illiterate group are consistently more right-lateralized than their literate controls. In contrast, the two groups showed a similar degree of left‐right differences in early speech-related regions of the superior temporal Cortex. These results provide evidence suggesting that a cultural factor, literacy, influences the functional hemispheric balance in reading and verbal working memory-related regions. In a third sample, we investigated grey and white matter with voxel-based morphometry. The results showed differences between literacy groups in white matter intensities related to the mid-body region of the corpus callosum and the Inferior Parietal and parietotemporal regions (literate > illiterate). There were no corresponding differences in the grey matter. This suggests that the influence of literacy on brain structure related to reading and verbal working memory is affecting large-scale brain connectivity more than grey matter per se.
Martin Ingvar - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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literacy a cultural influence on functional left right differences in the Inferior Parietal Cortex
European Journal of Neuroscience, 2007Co-Authors: Karl Magnus Petersson, Alexandre Castrocaldas, Alexandra Reis, Martin Ingvar, Carla SilvaAbstract:The current understanding of hemispheric interaction is limited. Functional hemispheric specialization is likely to depend on both genetic and environmental factors. In the present study we investigated the importance of one factor, literacy, for the functional lateralization in the Inferior Parietal Cortex in two independent samples of literate and illiterate subjects. The results show that the illiterate group are consistently more right-lateralized than their literate controls. In contrast, the two groups showed a similar degree of left‐right differences in early speech-related regions of the superior temporal Cortex. These results provide evidence suggesting that a cultural factor, literacy, influences the functional hemispheric balance in reading and verbal working memory-related regions. In a third sample, we investigated grey and white matter with voxel-based morphometry. The results showed differences between literacy groups in white matter intensities related to the mid-body region of the corpus callosum and the Inferior Parietal and parietotemporal regions (literate > illiterate). There were no corresponding differences in the grey matter. This suggests that the influence of literacy on brain structure related to reading and verbal working memory is affecting large-scale brain connectivity more than grey matter per se.
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reactivation of motor brain areas during explicit memory for actions
NeuroImage, 2001Co-Authors: Lars Nyberg, Karl Magnus Petersson, Larsgoran Nilsson, Johan Sandblom, Carola Aberg, Martin IngvarAbstract:Recent functional brain imaging studies have shown that sensory-specific brain regions that are activated during perception/encoding of sensory-specific information are reactivated during memory retrieval of the same information. Here we used PET to examine whether verbal retrieval of action phrases is associated with reactivation of motor brain regions if the actions were overtly or covertly performed during encoding. Compared to a verbal condition, encoding by means of overt as well as covert activity was associated with differential activity in regions in contralateral somatosensory and motor Cortex. Several of these regions were reactivated during retrieval. Common to both the overt and covert conditions was reactivation of regions in left ventral motor Cortex and left Inferior Parietal Cortex. A direct comparison of the overt and covert activity conditions showed that activation and reactivation of left dorsal Parietal Cortex and right cerebellum was specific to the overt condition. These results support the reactivation hypothesis by showing that verbal-explicit memory of actions involves areas that are engaged during overt and covert motor activity.
Andrea Mechelli - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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structural plasticity in the bilingual brain proficiency in a second language and age at acquisition affect grey matter density
Nature, 2004Co-Authors: Andrea Mechelli, Jenny Crinion, Uta Noppeney, John Ashburner, Richard S. J. Frackowiak, John P Odoherty, Cathy J. PriceAbstract:umans have a unique ability to learn more than one language — a skill that is thought to be mediated by functional (rather than structural) plastic changes in the brain 1 .H ere we show that learning a second language increases the density of grey matter in the left Inferior Parietal Cortex and that the degree of structural reorganization in this region is modulated by the proficiency attained and the age at acquisition. This relation between grey-matter density and performance may represent a general principle of brain organization. We used a whole-brain unbiased objective technique, known as voxel-based morphometry (VBM) 2,3 ,t o investigate structural plasticity in healthy right-handed English and Italian bilinguals. To t est for differences in the density of grey and white matter between bilinguals and monolinguals, we recruited 25 monolinguals who had had little or no exposure to a second language; 25 ‘early’ bilinguals, who had learned a second European language before the age of 5 years and who had practised it regularly since; and 33 ‘late’ bilinguals, who
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structural plasticity in the bilingual brain proficiency in a second language and age at acquisition affect grey matter density
Nature, 2004Co-Authors: Andrea Mechelli, Jenny Crinion, Uta Noppeney, John Ashburner, Richard S. J. Frackowiak, John P Odoherty, Cathy J. PriceAbstract:umans have a unique ability to learn more than one language — a skill that is thought to be mediated by functional (rather than structural) plastic changes in the brain 1 .H ere we show that learning a second language increases the density of grey matter in the left Inferior Parietal Cortex and that the degree of structural reorganization in this region is modulated by the proficiency attained and the age at acquisition. This relation between grey-matter density and performance may represent a general principle of brain organization. We used a whole-brain unbiased objective technique, known as voxel-based morphometry (VBM) 2,3 ,t o investigate structural plasticity in healthy right-handed English and Italian bilinguals. To t est for differences in the density of grey and white matter between bilinguals and monolinguals, we recruited 25 monolinguals who had had little or no exposure to a second language; 25 ‘early’ bilinguals, who had learned a second European language before the age of 5 years and who had practised it regularly since; and 33 ‘late’ bilinguals, who
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Neurolinguistics: structural plasticity in the bilingual brain.
Nature, 2004Co-Authors: Andrea Mechelli, Jenny Crinion, Uta Noppeney, John P. O'doherty, John Ashburner, Richard S. J. Frackowiak, Cathy J. PriceAbstract:Humans have a unique ability to learn more than one language--a skill that is thought to be mediated by functional (rather than structural) plastic changes in the brain. Here we show that learning a second language increases the density of grey matter in the left Inferior Parietal Cortex and that the degree of structural reorganization in this region is modulated by the proficiency attained and the age at acquisition. This relation between grey-matter density and performance may represent a general principle of brain organization.