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Charles G. Gross - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Single neuron studies of Inferior Temporal Cortex
Neuropsychologia, 2007Co-Authors: Charles G. GrossAbstract:This paper reviews our experiments on the response properties of single neurons in Inferior Temporal (IT) Cortex in the monkey that were carried out starting in 1965. It describes situational factors that led us to find neurons sensitive to images of faces and hands and summarizes the basic sensory properties of IT neurons. Subsequent developments on the cognitive properties of IT neurons and on imaging the responses of human Temporal Cortex to facial images are outlined. Finally, this paper summarizes recent results on fMRI imaging of the responses of Temporal Cortex to facial images.
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Processing the facial image: a brief history.
American Psychologist, 2005Co-Authors: Charles G. GrossAbstract:The study of the neural basis of face perception is a major research interest today. This review traces its roots in monkey neuropsychology and neurophysiology beginning with the Kluver-Bucy syndrome and its fractionation and then continuing with lesion and single neuron recording studies of Inferior Temporal Cortex. The context and consequence of the discovery of Inferior Temporal neurons selective for faces is described and current lines of research on Inferior Temporal Cortex and face processing in both monkeys and humans are outlined.
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Contribution of striate Cortex and the superior colliculus to visual function in area MT, the superior Temporal polysensory area and Inferior Temporal Cortex
Neuropsychologia, 2002Co-Authors: Charles G. GrossAbstract:Abstract We studied the visual responses of single neurons in three extra-striate visual areas of the macaque following lesions of striate Cortex, lesions of the tecto-pulvinar system or both. After striate lesions, there was (a) considerable specific activity remaining in area MT including direction selectivity, (b) only non-specific activity in the superior Temporal polysensory area (STP), and (c) no visual responsiveness at all in Inferior Temporal Cortex (IT). In animals with striate lesions, interruption of the tecto-pulvinar pathway eliminated the residual visual activity in MT and STP that survived the striate lesions. Interruption of the tecto-pulvinar pathway alone had little or no effect on visual evoked activity in any of the three areas. These results are related to the relative dependence of visual responsiveness in MT, STP and IT on striate Cortex and the superior colliculus, to differences between the dorsal and ventral cortical processing streams, and to neural mechanisms underlying blind sight.
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Neural ensemble coding in Inferior Temporal Cortex
Journal of Neurophysiology, 1994Co-Authors: Paul M. Gochin, Michael Colombo, G. A. Dorfman, George L. Gerstein, Charles G. GrossAbstract:1. Isolated, single-neuron extracellular potentials were recorded sequentially in area TE of the Inferior Temporal Cortex (IT) of two macaque monkeys (n = 58 and n = 41 neurons). Data were obtained...
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Suppression of visual responses of neurons in Inferior Temporal Cortex of the awake macaque by addition of a second stimulus.
Brain Research, 1993Co-Authors: Earl K. Miller, Paul M. Gochin, Charles G. GrossAbstract:Abstract The responses of neurons, in Inferior Temporal Cortex of the awake macaque, to single stimuli and pairs of stimuli were examined. The responses of most neurons were weaker to pairs of stimuli than to the best single stimulus of that pair presented alone. This ‘suppression by a second stimulus’ did not appear to be stimulus-selective and the suppression was greater than the second stimulus appeared in receptive field locations that exhibited weaker responses. This phenomenon suggests competitive interactions between IT neurons that may be involved in visual attention or learning or both.
Bevil R. Conway - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Color tuning of face-selective neurons in macaque Inferior Temporal Cortex
bioRxiv, 2019Co-Authors: Marianne Duyck, Tessa J Gruen, Lawrence Y Tello, Serena Eastman, Joshua Fuller-deets, Bevil R. ConwayAbstract:How are face-specific color signals encoded by the brain? We addressed this question by measuring color responses of face-selective cells in alert macaque monkey, using fMRI-guided microelectrode recording of the middle and anterior face patches. Many face-selective neurons showed broad color tuning when assessed using images that preserved the luminance contrast relationships of the original face photographs. A Fourier analysis of the color-tuning responses uncovered two components. The first harmonic showed a bias towards the L>M pole of the L-M cardinal axis of cone-opponent color space (appearing reddish), which suggests that face cells encode a prior about the color component of faces that is important for social signaling (blood perfusion). The second harmonic showed a bias for colors that modulate the S-cone cardinal axis, which may relate to the computation of animacy by IT cells. Taken together, these results uncover a putative physiological basis for the role of color in face perception and show that chromatic signatures corresponding to the cardinal chromatic mechanisms are evident not only in subcortical circuits, as previously known, but also far along the visual-processing hierarchy, within Inferior Temporal Cortex. Significance It is not known how the brain processes combined color and face information. The present results fill this gap in knowledge by uncovering the color tuning properties of face-selective neurons. The results further our understanding of the neural mechanisms that make color an informative cue for social communication.
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color tuning of face selective neurons in cells in macaque Inferior Temporal Cortex
bioRxiv, 2019Co-Authors: Marianne Duyck, Tessa J Gruen, Lawrence Y Tello, Serena Eastman, Joshua Fullerdeets, Bevil R. ConwayAbstract:How are face-specific color signals encoded by the brain? We addressed this question by measuring color responses of face-selective cells in alert macaque monkey, using fMRI-guided microelectrode recording of the middle and anterior face patches. Many face-selective neurons showed broad color tuning when assessed using images that preserved the luminance contrast relationships of the original face photographs. A Fourier analysis of the color-tuning responses uncovered two components. The first harmonic showed a bias towards the L>M pole of the L-M cardinal axis of cone-opponent color space (appearing reddish), which suggests that face cells encode a prior about the color component of faces that is important for social signaling (blood perfusion). The second harmonic showed a bias for colors that modulate the S-cone cardinal axis, which may relate to the computation of animacy by IT cells. Taken together, these results uncover a putative physiological basis for the role of color in face perception and show that chromatic signatures corresponding to the cardinal chromatic mechanisms are evident not only in subcortical circuits, as previously known, but also far along the visual processing hierarchy, within Inferior Temporal Cortex.
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The Organization and Operation of Inferior Temporal Cortex
Annual review of vision science, 2018Co-Authors: Bevil R. ConwayAbstract:Inferior Temporal Cortex (IT) is a key part of the ventral visual pathway implicated in object, face, and scene perception. But how does IT work? Here, I describe an organizational scheme that marr...
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Representation of Perceptual Color Space in Macaque Posterior Inferior Temporal Cortex (the V4 Complex)
eNeuro, 2016Co-Authors: K. S. Bohon, Katherine L. Hermann, T Hansen, Bevil R. ConwayAbstract:The lateral geniculate nucleus is thought to represent color using two populations of cone-opponent neurons [L vs M; S vs (L + M)], which establish the cardinal directions in color space (reddish vs cyan; lavender vs lime). How is this representation transformed to bring about color perception? Prior work implicates populations of glob cells in posterior Inferior Temporal Cortex (PIT; the V4 complex), but the correspondence between the neural representation of color in PIT/V4 complex and the organization of perceptual color space is unclear. We compared color-tuning data for populations of glob cells and interglob cells to predictions obtained using models that varied in the color-tuning narrowness of the cells, and the color preference distribution across the populations. Glob cells were best accounted for by simulated neurons that have nonlinear (narrow) tuning and, as a population, represent a color space designed to be perceptually uniform (CIELUV). Multidimensional scaling and representational similarity analyses showed that the color space representations in both glob and interglob populations were correlated with the organization of CIELUV space, but glob cells showed a stronger correlation. Hue could be classified invariant to luminance with high accuracy given glob responses and above-chance accuracy given interglob responses. Luminance could be read out invariant to changes in hue in both populations, but interglob cells tended to prefer stimuli having luminance contrast, regardless of hue, whereas glob cells typically retained hue tuning as luminance contrast was modulated. The combined luminance/hue sensitivity of glob cells is predicted for neurons that can distinguish two colors of the same hue at different luminance levels (orange/brown).
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Functional architecture for disparity in macaque Inferior Temporal Cortex and its relationship to the architecture for faces, color, scenes, and visual field.
The Journal of Neuroscience, 2015Co-Authors: Bram-ernst Verhoef, Kaitlin S. Bohon, Bevil R. ConwayAbstract:Binocular disparity is a powerful depth cue for object perception. The computations for object vision culminate in Inferior Temporal Cortex (IT), but the functional organization for disparity in IT is unknown. Here we addressed this question by measuring fMRI responses in alert monkeys to stimuli that appeared in front of (near), behind (far), or at the fixation plane. We discovered three regions that showed preferential responses for near and far stimuli, relative to zero-disparity stimuli at the fixation plane. These “near/far” disparity-biased regions were located within dorsal IT, as predicted by microelectrode studies, and on the posterior inferoTemporal gyrus. In a second analysis, we instead compared responses to near stimuli with responses to far stimuli and discovered a separate network of “near” disparity-biased regions that extended along the crest of the superior Temporal sulcus. We also measured in the same animals fMRI responses to faces, scenes, color, and checkerboard annuli at different visual field eccentricities. Disparity-biased regions defined in either analysis did not show a color bias, suggesting that disparity and color contribute to different computations within IT. Scene-biased regions responded preferentially to near and far stimuli (compared with stimuli without disparity) and had a peripheral visual field bias, whereas face patches had a marked near bias and a central visual field bias. These results support the idea that IT is organized by a coarse eccentricity map, and show that disparity likely contributes to computations associated with both central (face processing) and peripheral (scene processing) visual field biases, but likely does not contribute much to computations within IT that are implicated in processing color.
Ichiro Fujita - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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2010 Special Issue: Multineuronal vectorization is more efficient than time-segmental vectorization for information extraction from neuronal activities in the Inferior Temporal Cortex
Neural Networks, 2010Co-Authors: Hidekazu Kaneko, Hiroshi Tamura, Shunta Tate, Takahiro Kawashima, Shinya S. Suzuki, Ichiro FujitaAbstract:In order for patients with disabilities to control assistive devices with their own neural activity, multineuronal spike trains must be efficiently decoded because only limited computational resources can be used to generate prosthetic control signals in portable real-time applications. In this study, we compare the abilities of two vectorizing procedures (multineuronal and time-segmental) to extract information from spike trains during the same total neuron-seconds. In the multineuronal vectorizing procedure, we defined a response vector whose components represented the spike counts of one to five neurons. In the time-segmental vectorizing procedure, a response vector consisted of components representing a neuron's spike counts for one to five time-segment(s) of a response period of 1 s. Spike trains were recorded from neurons in the Inferior Temporal Cortex of monkeys presented with visual stimuli. We examined whether the amount of information of the visual stimuli carried by these neurons differed between the two vectorizing procedures. The amount of information calculated with the multineuronal vectorizing procedure, but not the time-segmental vectorizing procedure, significantly increased with the dimensions of the response vector. We conclude that the multineuronal vectorizing procedure is superior to the time-segmental vectorizing procedure in efficiently extracting information from neuronal signals.
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Neural Correlates of Fine Depth Discrimination in Monkey Inferior Temporal Cortex
The Journal of Neuroscience, 2005Co-Authors: Takanori Uka, Seiji Tanabe, Masayuki Watanabe, Ichiro FujitaAbstract:Binocular disparity is an important visual cue that gives rise to the perception of depth. Disparity signals are widely spread across the visual Cortex, but their relative role is poorly understood. Here, we addressed the correlation between the responses of disparity-selective neurons in the occipitoTemporal (ventral) visual pathway and the behavioral discrimination of stereoscopic depth. We recorded activity of disparity-selective neurons in the Inferior Temporal Cortex (IT) while monkeys were engaged in a fine stereoscopic depth discrimination (stereoacuity) task. We found that trial-to-trial fluctuations in neuronal responses correlated with the monkey9s perceptual choice. We suggest that disparity signals in the IT, located in the ventral visual pathway, are functionally linked to the discrimination of fine-grain depth.
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Quantitative analysis of functional clustering of neurons in the macaque Inferior Temporal Cortex
Neuroscience Research, 2005Co-Authors: Hiroshi Tamura, Hidekazu Kaneko, Ichiro FujitaAbstract:Neurons with similar preferences for two-dimensional shapes of intermediate complexity cluster in area TE of the monkey Inferior Temporal Cortex. To further characterize the functional structure of area TE, we quantitatively analyzed various aspects of the visual responses of closely located neurons by applying multiple single-unit recording techniques in anesthetized monkeys. Examination of the visual responses elicited with a large, predetermined set of visual stimuli confirmed previous findings that nearby neurons, on average, exhibited positively correlated preferences for a set of visual stimuli. Nearby neurons also tended to be similar in their receptive-field organization and contrast-polarity preference. In contrast, no correlation was found in the size tuning of neighboring neurons. Pooling or subtraction of activities between a pair of nearby neurons was shown to improve stimulus discriminability, if the neuron pair had positively or negatively correlated stimulus preferences, respectively. These results indicate that nearby TE neurons share some aspects of stimulus preference, but their response selectivity differ in other aspects. Both pooling and subtraction between nearby neurons can reduce across-trial response variability, if these decoding strategies are applied to appropriate neuronal pools.
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Presumed Inhibitory Neurons in the Macaque Inferior Temporal Cortex: Visual Response Properties and Functional Interactions With Adjacent Neurons
Journal of Neurophysiology, 2004Co-Authors: Hiroshi Tamura, Hidekazu Kaneko, Keisuke Kawasaki, Ichiro FujitaAbstract:Neurons in area TE of the monkey Inferior Temporal Cortex respond selectively to images of particular objects or their characteristic visual features. The mechanism of generation of the stimulus selectivity, however, is largely unknown. This study addresses the role of inhibitory TE neurons in this process by examining their visual response properties and interactions with adjacent target neurons. We applied cross-correlation analysis to spike trains simultaneously recorded from pairs of adjacent neurons in anesthetized macaques. Neurons whose activity preceded a decrease in activity from their partner were presumed to be inhibitory neurons. Excitatory neurons were also identified as the source neuron of excitatory linkage as evidenced by a sharp peak displaced from the 0-ms bin in cross-correlograms. Most inhibitory neurons responded to a variety of visual stimuli in our stimulus set, which consisted of several dozen geometrical figures and photographs of objects, with a clear stimulus preference. On average, 10% of the stimuli increased firing rates of the inhibitory neurons. Both excitatory and inhibitory neurons exhibited a similar degree of stimulus selectivity. Although inhibitory neurons occasionally shared the most preferred stimuli with their target neurons, overall stimulus preferences were less similar between adjacent neurons with inhibitory linkages than adjacent neurons with common inputs and/or excitatory linkages. These results suggest that inhibitory neurons in area TE are activated selectively and exert stimulus-specific inhibition on adjacent neurons, contributing to shaping of stimulus selectivity of TE neurons.
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Coding of visual patterns and textures in monkey Inferior Temporal Cortex.
Neuroreport, 2003Co-Authors: Yi Wang, Ichiro Fujita, Yusuke MurayamaAbstract:Neural coding for texture features of visual objects was investigated in monkey Inferior Temporal Cortex by inactivating intrinsic GABAergic inhibition. The inactivation enabled a substantial number of cells to respond to originally ineiective texture pattern that had a particular feature distinct from the originally eiective pattern, or to ineiective texture and non-texture stimuli that possessed a component feature of the originally eiective texture. Cells that showed selectivity changes related to a texture feature were often met along a vertical recording track.We suggest that a texture feature is coded by a group of cells which signal diierent aspects of the texture. The coding occurs at diierent processing levels, from extracting a particular feature within patterns to detecting complex texture features combined with color and shape of natural objects. NeuroReport 14:453^ 457 � c 2003 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
James J. Dicarlo - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The Inferior Temporal Cortex is a potential cortical precursor of orthographic processing in untrained monkeys.
Nature Communications, 2020Co-Authors: Rishi Rajalingham, Kohitij Kar, Sachi Sanghavi, Stanislas Dehaene, James J. DicarloAbstract:The ability to recognize written letter strings is foundational to human reading, but the underlying neuronal mechanisms remain largely unknown. Recent behavioral research in baboons suggests that non-human primates may provide an opportunity to investigate this question. We recorded the activity of hundreds of neurons in V4 and the Inferior Temporal Cortex (IT) while naive macaque monkeys passively viewed images of letters, English words and non-word strings, and tested the capacity of those neuronal representations to support a battery of orthographic processing tasks. We found that simple linear read-outs of IT (but not V4) population responses achieved high performance on all tested tasks, even matching the performance and error patterns of baboons on word classification. These results show that the IT Cortex of untrained primates can serve as a precursor of orthographic processing, suggesting that the acquisition of reading in humans relies on the recycling of a brain network evolved for other visual functions. The neuronal mechanisms underlying recognition of written letters remain unknown. Here, the authors show that populations of neurons in the ventral visual pathway of macaque monkeys encode orthographic stimuli, indicating that this pathway might be a precursor of orthographic processing abilities.
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Neurophysiological Organization of the Middle Face Patch in Macaque Inferior Temporal Cortex
The Journal of Neuroscience, 2016Co-Authors: Paul L. Aparicio, Elias B. Issa, James J. DicarloAbstract:While early cortical visual areas contain fine scale spatial organization of neuronal properties such as orientation preference, the spatial organization of higher-level visual areas is less well understood. The fMRI demonstration of face preferring regions in human ventral Cortex (FFA, OFA) and monkey Inferior Temporal Cortex (“face patches”) raises the question of how neural selectivity for faces is organized. Here, we targeted hundreds of spatially registered neural recordings to the largest fMRI-identified face selective region in monkeys, the middle face patch (MFP) and show that the MFP contains a graded enrichment of face preferring neurons. At its center, as much as 93% of the sites we sampled responded twice as strongly to faces than to non-face objects. We estimate the maximum neurophysiological size of the MFP to be ∼6 mm in diameter, consistent with its previously reported size under fMRI. Importantly, face selectivity in the MFP varied strongly even between neighboring sites. Additionally, extremely face selective sites were ∼50x more likely to be present inside the MFP than outside. These results provide the first direct quantification of the size and neural composition of the MFP by showing that the cortical tissue localized to the fMRI defined region consists of a very high fraction of face preferring sites near its center, and a monotonic decrease in that fraction along any radial spatial axis. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The underlying organization of neurons that give rise to the large spatial regions of activity observed with fMRI is not well understood. Neurophysiological studies that have targeted the fMRI identified face patches in monkeys have observed evidence for both large scale clustering and a heterogeneous spatial organization. Here we used a novel xray imaging system to spatially map the responses of hundreds of sites in and around the middle face patch (MFP). We observed that face selective signal localized to the MFP was characterized by a gradual spatial enrichment. Furthermore, face selective signals localized inside the patch were ∼50 times more selective than similarly defined face selective signals localized outside of the patch.
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unsupervised natural visual experience rapidly reshapes size invariant object representation in Inferior Temporal Cortex
Neuron, 2010Co-Authors: Nuo Li, James J. DicarloAbstract:Summary We easily recognize objects and faces across a myriad of retinal images produced by each object. One hypothesis is that this tolerance (a.k.a. "invariance") is learned by relying on the fact that object identities are Temporally stable. While we previously found neuronal evidence supporting this idea at the top of the nonhuman primate ventral visual stream (Inferior Temporal Cortex, or IT), we here test if this is a general tolerance learning mechanism. First, we found that the same type of unsupervised experience that reshaped IT position tolerance also predictably reshaped IT size tolerance, and the magnitude of reshaping was quantitatively similar. Second, this tolerance reshaping can be induced under naturally occurring dynamic visual experience, even without eye movements. Third, unsupervised Temporal contiguous experience can build new neuronal tolerance. These results suggest that the ventral visual stream uses a general unsupervised tolerance learning algorithm to build its invariant object representation.
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Does learned shape selectivity in Inferior Temporal Cortex automatically generalize across retinal position
The Journal of Neuroscience, 2008Co-Authors: David D. Cox, James J. DicarloAbstract:Biological visual systems have the remarkable ability to recognize objects despite confounding factors such as object position, size, pose, and lighting. In primates, this ability likely results from neuronal responses at the highest stage of the ventral visual stream [Inferior Temporal Cortex (IT)] that signal object identity while tolerating these factors. However, for even the apparently simplest IT tolerance ("invariance"), tolerance to object position on the retina, little is known about how this feat is achieved. One possibility is that IT position tolerance is innate in that discriminatory power for newly learned objects automatically generalizes across position. Alternatively, visual experience plays a role in developing position tolerance. To test these ideas, we trained adult monkeys in a difficult object discrimination task in which their visual experience with novel objects was restricted to a single retinal position. After training, we recorded the spiking activity of an unbiased population of IT neurons and found that it contained significantly greater selectivity among the newly learned objects at the experienced position compared with a carefully matched, non-experienced position. Interleaved testing with other objects shows that this difference cannot be attributed to a bias in spatial attention or neuronal sampling. We conclude from these results that, at least under some conditions, full transfer of IT neuronal selectivity across retinal position is not automatic. This finding raises the possibility that visual experience plays a role in building neuronal tolerance in the ventral visual stream and the recognition abilities it supports.
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Object selectivity of local field potentials and spikes in the macaque Inferior Temporal Cortex
NEURON, 2006Co-Authors: James J. DicarloAbstract:Local field potentials (LFPs) arise largely from dendritic activity over large brain regions and thus provide a measure of the input to and local processing within an area. We characterized LFPs and their relationship to spikes (multi and single unit) in monkey Inferior Temporal Cortex (IT). LFP responses in IT to complex objects showed strong selectivity at 44% of the sites and tolerance to retinal position and size. The LFP preferences were poorly predicted by the spike preferences at the same site but were better explained by averaging spikes within similar to 3 mm. A comparison of separate sites suggests that selectivity is similar on a scale of similar to 800 mu m for spikes and similar to 5 mm for LFPs. These observations imply that inputs to IT neurons convey selectivity for complex shapes and that such input may have an underlying organization spanning several millimeters.
Earl K. Miller - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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A Comparison of Abstract Rules in the Prefrontal Cortex, Premotor Cortex, Inferior Temporal Cortex, and Striatum
Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 2006Co-Authors: Rahmat Muhammad, Jonathan D. Wallis, Earl K. MillerAbstract:The ability to use abstract rules or principles allows behavior to generalize from specific circumstances. We have previously shown that such rules are encoded in the lateral prefrontal Cortex (PFC) and premotor Cortex (PMC). Here, we extend these investigations to two other areas directly connected with the PFC and the PMC, the Inferior Temporal Cortex (ITC) and the dorsal striatum (STR). Monkeys were trained to use two abstract rules: “same” or “different”. They had to either hold or release a lever, depending on whether two successively presented pictures were the same or different, and depending on which rule was in effect. The rules and the behavioral responses were reflected most strongly and, on average, tended to be earlier in the PMC followed by the PFC and then the STR; few neurons in the ITC reflected the rules or the actions. By contrast, perceptual information (the identity of the pictures used as sample and test stimuli) was encoded more strongly and earlier in the ITC, followed by the PFC; they had weak, if any, effects on neural activity in the PMC and STR. These findings are discussed in the context of the anatomy and posited functions of these areas.
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Experience-Dependent Sharpening of Visual Shape Selectivity in Inferior Temporal Cortex
Cerebral Cortex, 2005Co-Authors: David J. Freedman, Tomaso Poggio, Maximilian Riesenhuber, Earl K. MillerAbstract:Whereas much is known about the visual shape selectivity of neurons in the Inferior Temporal Cortex (ITC), less is known about the role of visual learning in the development and refinement of ITC shape selectivity. To address this, we trained monkeys to perform a visual categorization task with a parametric set of highly familiar stimuli. During training, the stimuli were always presented at the same orientation. In this experiment, we recorded from ITC neurons while monkeys viewed the trained stimuli in addition to imageplane rotated versions of those stimuli. We found that, concomitant with the monkeys’ behavioral performance, neuronal stimulus selectivity was stronger for stimuli presented at the trained orientation than for rotated versions of the same stimuli. We also recorded from ITC neurons while monkeys viewed sets of novel and familiar (but not explicitly trained) randomly chosen complex stimuli. We again found that ITC stimulus selectivity was sharper for familiar than novel stimuli, suggesting that enhanced shape tuning in ITC can arise for both passively experienced and explicitly trained stimuli.
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Responses of Neurons in Inferior Temporal Cortex During Memory-Guided Visual Search
Journal of Neurophysiology, 1998Co-Authors: Leonardo Chelazzi, John S. Duncan, Earl K. Miller, Robert DesimoneAbstract:Chelazzi, Leonardo, John Duncan, Earl K. Miller, and Robert Desimone. Responses of neurons in Inferior Temporal Cortex during memory-guided visual search. J. Neurophysiol. 80: 2918–2940, 1998. A ty...
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Suppression of visual responses of neurons in Inferior Temporal Cortex of the awake macaque by addition of a second stimulus.
Brain research, 1993Co-Authors: Earl K. Miller, P M Gochin, C G GrossAbstract:The responses of neurons, in Inferior Temporal Cortex of the awake macaque, to single stimuli and pairs of stimuli were examined. The responses of most neurons were weaker to pairs of stimuli than to the best single stimulus of that pair presented alone. This 'suppression by a second stimulus' did not appear to be stimulus-selective and the suppression was greater when the second stimulus appeared in receptive field locations that exhibited weaker responses. This phenomenon suggests competitive interactions between IT neurons that may be involved in visual attention or learning or both.
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Suppression of visual responses of neurons in Inferior Temporal Cortex of the awake macaque by addition of a second stimulus.
Brain Research, 1993Co-Authors: Earl K. Miller, Paul M. Gochin, Charles G. GrossAbstract:Abstract The responses of neurons, in Inferior Temporal Cortex of the awake macaque, to single stimuli and pairs of stimuli were examined. The responses of most neurons were weaker to pairs of stimuli than to the best single stimulus of that pair presented alone. This ‘suppression by a second stimulus’ did not appear to be stimulus-selective and the suppression was greater than the second stimulus appeared in receptive field locations that exhibited weaker responses. This phenomenon suggests competitive interactions between IT neurons that may be involved in visual attention or learning or both.