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Agnieszka Wykowska - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Repetitive robot behavior negatively impacts perceptions of Intentionality and gaze performance in HRI
    2020
    Co-Authors: Abdulaziz Abubshait, Agnieszka Wykowska
    Abstract:

    Gaze behavior is an important social signal between humans as it communicates locations of interest. People typically orient their attention to where others look, as this informs about others’ intentions and future actions. Studies have shown that humans can engage in similar gaze behavior with robots, but presumably more so when they adopt the Intentional Stance towards them (i.e., believing robot behaviors are Intentional). In laboratory settings, the phenomenon of attending towards the direction of others’ gaze has been examined with the use of the gaze-cueing paradigm. While the gaze-cueing paradigm has been successful in investigating the relationship between adopting the Intentional Stance towards robots and attention orienting to gaze cues, it is unclear if the repetitiveness of the gaze-cueing paradigm influences adopting the Intentional Stance. Here, we examined if the duration of exposure to repetitive robot gaze behavior in a gaze-cueing task has a negative impact on subjective attribution of Intentionality. Participants performed a short, medium, or long face-to-face gaze-cueing paradigm with an embodied robot while subjective ratings were collected pre and post the interaction. Results show that participants in the long exposure condition had the smallest change in their intention attribution scores, if any, while those in the short exposure condition had a positive change in their intention attribution indicating that participants attributed more intention to the robot after short interactions. The results also show that attention orienting to robot gaze-cues was positively related to how much intention was attributed to the robot, but this relationship became more negative as the length of exposure increased. On the contrary of subjective ratings, the gaze cueing effects increased as a function of the duration of exposure to repetitive behavior. The data suggest a tradeoff between the desired number of trials needed for observing various mechanisms of social cognition, such as gaze cueing effects, and the likelihood of adopting the Intentional Stance towards a robot.

  • adopting the Intentional Stance toward natural and artificial agents
    Philosophical Psychology, 2020
    Co-Authors: Jairo Perezosorio, Agnieszka Wykowska
    Abstract:

    ABSTRACTIn our daily lives, we need to predict and understand others’ behavior in order to navigate through our social environment. Predictions concerning other humans’ behavior usually refer to th...

  • More than you expect: priors influence the adoption of Intentional Stance toward humanoid robots
    2019
    Co-Authors: Jairo Pérez-osorio, Serena Marchesi, Davide Ghiglino, Melis Ince, Agnieszka Wykowska
    Abstract:

    Expectations about other’s behavior based on mental states modulate the way we interact with people. On the brink of the introduction of robots in our social environment, the question of whether humans would use the same strategy when interacting with artificial agents gain relevance. Recent research shows that people can adopt the mentalistic statement to explain the behavior of humanoid robots [1]. Adopting such a strategy might be mediated by the expectations that people have about robots and technology, among others. The present study aims to create a questionnaire to evaluate such expectations and to test whether these priors in fact modulate the adoption of the Intentional Stance. We found that people’s expectations directed to a particular robot platform have an influence on the adoption of mental state based explanations regarding an artificial agent. Lower expectations were associated with anxiety during interaction with robots and neuroticism. Meanwhile, high expectations are linked to feeling less discomfort when interacting with robots and a higher degree of openness. Our findings suggest that platform-directed expectations might also play a crucial role in HRI and in the adoption of Intentional Stance toward artificial agents.

  • Intentional mindset towards robots – open questions and methodological challenges
    2019
    Co-Authors: Elef Schellen, Agnieszka Wykowska
    Abstract:

    Natural and effective interaction with humanoid robots should involve social cognitive mechanisms of the human brain that normally facilitate social interaction between humans. Recent research has indicated that the presence and efficiency of these mechanisms in human-robot interaction (HRI) might be contingent on the adoption of a set of attitudes, mindsets and beliefs concerning the robot’s inner machinery. Current research is investigating the factors that influence these mindsets, and how they affect HRI. This review focuses on a specific mindset, namely the “Intentional mindset” in which Intentionality is attributed to another agent. More specifically, we focus on the concept of adopting the Intentional Stance towards robots, i.e., the tendency to predict and explain the robots’ behavior with reference to mental states. We discuss the relationship between adoption of Intentional Stance and lower-level mechanisms of social cognition, and we provide a critical evaluation of research methods currently employed in this field, highlighting common pitfalls in the measurement of attitudes and mindsets.

  • more than you expect priors influence on the adoption of Intentional Stance toward humanoid robots
    International Conference on Social Robotics, 2019
    Co-Authors: Jairo Perezosorio, Serena Marchesi, Davide Ghiglino, Melis Ince, Agnieszka Wykowska
    Abstract:

    Humans predict others’ behavior based on mental state inferences and expectations created on previous interactions. On the brink of the introduction of artificial agents in our social environment, the question of whether humans would use similar cognitive mechanisms to interact with these agents gains relevance. Recent research showed that people could indeed explain the behavior of a robot in mentalistic terms. However, there is scarce evidence regarding how expectations modulate the adoption of these mentalistic explanations. The present study aims at creating a questionnaire that measures expectations regarding the capabilities of the robot and testing whether these priors modulate the adoption of the Intentional Stance toward artificial agents. We found that individual expectations might influence the adoption of mentalistic explanations. After a show period of observation, participants with higher expectations tended to explain iCub’s behavior in mentalistic terms; meanwhile, participants with lower expectations maintained their mechanistic explanations of behavior. Our findings suggest that expectations about capabilities and purpose of the robot might modulate the adoption of Intentional Stance toward artificial agents.

Tadeusz Wieslaw Zawidzki - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Oxford Scholarship Online - The Many Roles of the Intentional Stance
    Oxford Scholarship Online, 2018
    Co-Authors: Tadeusz Wieslaw Zawidzki
    Abstract:

    Can the Intentional Stance play all of the roles Dennett claims that it must play? There is reason for skepticism about the suitability of the Intentional Stance as an analysis of mature, person-level, Intentional concepts. In part this is because of the dynamic and socially situated structure of our interpersonal practices. In part this is because folk-ascriptions of mentality are often guided by regulative concerns with impression management and identity construction. But scientific practice often relies on Intentional states that are characterized in terms of their predictive and explanatory roles; and most humans employ tacit cognitive resources with a similar character when they make quick and efficient behavioral anticipations. In light of these considerations, it is unlikely a single set of explanatory norms will be operative in practices of quotidian interpretation, scientific explanation, and philosophical naturalization.

  • unlikely allies embodied social cognition and the Intentional Stance
    Phenomenology and The Cognitive Sciences, 2012
    Co-Authors: Tadeusz Wieslaw Zawidzki
    Abstract:

    I argue that proponents of embodied social cognition (ESC) can usefully supplement their views if they enlist the help of an unlikely ally: Daniel Dennett. On Dennett’s view, human social cognition involves adopting the Intentional Stance (IS), i.e., assuming that an interpretive target’s behavior is an optimally rational attempt to fulfill some desire relative to her beliefs. Characterized this way, proponents of ESC would reject any alliance with Dennett. However, for Dennett, to attribute mental states from the Intentional Stance is not to attribute concrete, unobservable mental causes of behavior. Once this is appreciated, the kinship between IS—understood as a model of our quotidian interpretive practices—and ESC is apparent: both assume that quotidian interpretation involves tracking abstract, observable, behavioral patterns, not attributing unobservable, concrete, mental causes, i.e., both assume social cognition is possible without metapsychology. I argue that this affinity constitutes an opportunity: proponents of ESC can use IS as a characterization of the subpersonal basis for social cognition. In the process, I make my interpretation of IS more precise and relate it to current empirical literature in developmental psychology.

Tom Ziemke - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

Toyoaki Nishida - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • inducing and maintaining the Intentional Stance by showing interactions between multiple agents
    Intelligent Virtual Agents, 2018
    Co-Authors: Yoshimasa Ohmoto, Junya Karasaki, Toyoaki Nishida
    Abstract:

    In human-computer interaction, it is first necessary for the human to recognize that there is a meaning beyond information provision while interacting with an agent. One of the critical barriers to social human-computer interaction is the mental state of people with respect to agents. Intentional Stance is defined to be an appropriate mental Stance in human-agent interaction. To induce Intentional Stance, we showed interactions between multiple agents in this study. The aim of this study is to investigate whether observing interactions between multiple agents can encourage and maintain the Intentional Stance toward the agents. We conducted experiments in which participants performed a series of tasks to build a house in a virtual world. In this task, two agents helped and interacted with the participants. The participants were divided into two groups; a group that observed the interaction(observation-group) and a group that directly interacted with the agents(direct-group). From the data obtained in the experiment, we investigated whether the participants tried to interact with the agent that analyzed the participant's behavior and questions. As a result, we could confirm that observing the interaction induced the Intentional Stance, but the effect was weakened in some cases.

  • IVA - Inducing and maintaining the Intentional Stance by showing interactions between multiple agents
    Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents, 2018
    Co-Authors: Yoshimasa Ohmoto, Junya Karasaki, Toyoaki Nishida
    Abstract:

    In human-computer interaction, it is first necessary for the human to recognize that there is a meaning beyond information provision while interacting with an agent. One of the critical barriers to social human-computer interaction is the mental state of people with respect to agents. Intentional Stance is defined to be an appropriate mental Stance in human-agent interaction. To induce Intentional Stance, we showed interactions between multiple agents in this study. The aim of this study is to investigate whether observing interactions between multiple agents can encourage and maintain the Intentional Stance toward the agents. We conducted experiments in which participants performed a series of tasks to build a house in a virtual world. In this task, two agents helped and interacted with the participants. The participants were divided into two groups; a group that observed the interaction(observation-group) and a group that directly interacted with the agents(direct-group). From the data obtained in the experiment, we investigated whether the participants tried to interact with the agent that analyzed the participant's behavior and questions. As a result, we could confirm that observing the interaction induced the Intentional Stance, but the effect was weakened in some cases.

  • Effect of Virtual Agent's Contingent Responses and Icebreakers Designed based on Interaction Training Techniques on Inducing Intentional Stance
    2018 IEEE International Conference on Agents (ICA), 2018
    Co-Authors: Yoshimasa Ohmoto, Shunya Ueno, Toyoaki Nishida
    Abstract:

    The human mental Stance towards a virtual agent has an influence on the social relationship that exists between them. In this study, we focus on contingency, which is the behavior that occurs synchronously with the human action, and the icebreaker, which is a facilitation exercise that helps start an interaction. The aim of this study is to investigate whether an agent's contingent responses and icebreakers with the contingent agent are capable of inducing and maintaining an Intentional Stance. We conducted an experiment using an agent which provided contingent responses. In the experiment, participants first interacted with the contingent agent through an icebreaker. Afterwards, all participants performed a collaborative task. As a result, we conclude that the contingent responses and the icebreaker are capable of inducing and partially maintaining the Intentional Stance. In particular, the icebreaker designed based on interaction training techniques was effective to induce the Intentional Stance.

  • HAI - Effect of an Agent's Contingent Responses on Maintaining an Intentional Stance
    Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Human Agent Interaction, 2017
    Co-Authors: Yoshimasa Ohmoto, Shunya Ueno, Toyoaki Nishida
    Abstract:

    To establish social relationships between a human and an artificial agent, the agent has to induce and maintain the Intentional Stance on its human partner. In this study, we focus on contingency, which is the behavior that occurs synchronously with the last action, and the icebreaker, which is a facilitation exercise that helps start an interaction. The aim of this study is to investigate whether an agent that implements contingent responses is capable of inducing and maintaining an Intentional Stance. We conducted an experiment using the contingent agent and a ``subgoal-oriented agent' as a control group. As a result, we conclude that the contingent responses are capable of maintaining the Intentional Stance during the main task from the behavior analysis. On the other hand, we suggested that only the participants who actively joined the icebreaker with the contingent agent be induced into taking an Intentional Stance. From these results, we conclude that the contingent responses could maintain the Intentional Stance but not induce it.

  • effect of an agent s contingent responses on maintaining an Intentional Stance
    Human-Agent Interaction, 2017
    Co-Authors: Yoshimasa Ohmoto, Shunya Ueno, Toyoaki Nishida
    Abstract:

    To establish social relationships between a human and an artificial agent, the agent has to induce and maintain the Intentional Stance on its human partner. In this study, we focus on contingency, which is the behavior that occurs synchronously with the last action, and the icebreaker, which is a facilitation exercise that helps start an interaction. The aim of this study is to investigate whether an agent that implements contingent responses is capable of inducing and maintaining an Intentional Stance. We conducted an experiment using the contingent agent and a ``subgoal-oriented agent' as a control group. As a result, we conclude that the contingent responses are capable of maintaining the Intentional Stance during the main task from the behavior analysis. On the other hand, we suggested that only the participants who actively joined the icebreaker with the contingent agent be induced into taking an Intentional Stance. From these results, we conclude that the contingent responses could maintain the Intentional Stance but not induce it.

Serena Marchesi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • More than you expect: priors influence the adoption of Intentional Stance toward humanoid robots
    2019
    Co-Authors: Jairo Pérez-osorio, Serena Marchesi, Davide Ghiglino, Melis Ince, Agnieszka Wykowska
    Abstract:

    Expectations about other’s behavior based on mental states modulate the way we interact with people. On the brink of the introduction of robots in our social environment, the question of whether humans would use the same strategy when interacting with artificial agents gain relevance. Recent research shows that people can adopt the mentalistic statement to explain the behavior of humanoid robots [1]. Adopting such a strategy might be mediated by the expectations that people have about robots and technology, among others. The present study aims to create a questionnaire to evaluate such expectations and to test whether these priors in fact modulate the adoption of the Intentional Stance. We found that people’s expectations directed to a particular robot platform have an influence on the adoption of mental state based explanations regarding an artificial agent. Lower expectations were associated with anxiety during interaction with robots and neuroticism. Meanwhile, high expectations are linked to feeling less discomfort when interacting with robots and a higher degree of openness. Our findings suggest that platform-directed expectations might also play a crucial role in HRI and in the adoption of Intentional Stance toward artificial agents.

  • more than you expect priors influence on the adoption of Intentional Stance toward humanoid robots
    International Conference on Social Robotics, 2019
    Co-Authors: Jairo Perezosorio, Serena Marchesi, Davide Ghiglino, Melis Ince, Agnieszka Wykowska
    Abstract:

    Humans predict others’ behavior based on mental state inferences and expectations created on previous interactions. On the brink of the introduction of artificial agents in our social environment, the question of whether humans would use similar cognitive mechanisms to interact with these agents gains relevance. Recent research showed that people could indeed explain the behavior of a robot in mentalistic terms. However, there is scarce evidence regarding how expectations modulate the adoption of these mentalistic explanations. The present study aims at creating a questionnaire that measures expectations regarding the capabilities of the robot and testing whether these priors modulate the adoption of the Intentional Stance toward artificial agents. We found that individual expectations might influence the adoption of mentalistic explanations. After a show period of observation, participants with higher expectations tended to explain iCub’s behavior in mentalistic terms; meanwhile, participants with lower expectations maintained their mechanistic explanations of behavior. Our findings suggest that expectations about capabilities and purpose of the robot might modulate the adoption of Intentional Stance toward artificial agents.

  • ICSR - More Than You Expect: Priors Influence on the Adoption of Intentional Stance Toward Humanoid Robots
    Social Robotics, 2019
    Co-Authors: Jairo Pérez-osorio, Serena Marchesi, Davide Ghiglino, Melis Ince, Agnieszka Wykowska
    Abstract:

    Humans predict others’ behavior based on mental state inferences and expectations created on previous interactions. On the brink of the introduction of artificial agents in our social environment, the question of whether humans would use similar cognitive mechanisms to interact with these agents gains relevance. Recent research showed that people could indeed explain the behavior of a robot in mentalistic terms. However, there is scarce evidence regarding how expectations modulate the adoption of these mentalistic explanations. The present study aims at creating a questionnaire that measures expectations regarding the capabilities of the robot and testing whether these priors modulate the adoption of the Intentional Stance toward artificial agents. We found that individual expectations might influence the adoption of mentalistic explanations. After a show period of observation, participants with higher expectations tended to explain iCub’s behavior in mentalistic terms; meanwhile, participants with lower expectations maintained their mechanistic explanations of behavior. Our findings suggest that expectations about capabilities and purpose of the robot might modulate the adoption of Intentional Stance toward artificial agents.

  • do we adopt the Intentional Stance toward humanoid robots
    Frontiers in Psychology, 2019
    Co-Authors: Jairo Perezosorio, Serena Marchesi, Davide Ghiglino, Francesca Ciardo, Ebru Baykara, Agnieszka Wykowska
    Abstract:

    In daily social interactions, we need to be able to navigate efficiently through our social environment. According to Dennett (1971), explaining and predicting others’ behaviour with reference to mental states (adopting the Intentional Stance) allows efficient social interaction. Today we also routinely interact with artificial agents: from Apple’s Siri to GPS navigation systems. In the near future, we might start casually interacting with robots. This paper addresses the question of whether adopting the Intentional Stance can also occur with respect to artificial agents. We propose a new tool to explore if people adopt the Intentional Stance towards an artificial agent (humanoid robot). The tool consists in a questionnaire that probes participants’ Stance by requiring them to choose the likelihood of an explanation (mentalistic vs. mechanistic) of a behaviour of a robot iCub depicted in a naturalistic scenario (a sequence of photographs). The results of the first study conducted with this questionnaire showed that although the explanations were somewhat biased towards the mechanistic Stance, a substantial number of mentalistic explanations were also given. This suggests that it is possible to induce adoption of the Intentional Stance towards artificial agents, at least in some contexts.

  • Do we adopt the Intentional Stance towards humanoid robots?
    2018
    Co-Authors: Serena Marchesi, Jairo Pérez-osorio, Davide Ghiglino, Francesca Ciardo, Ebru Baykara, Agnieszka Wykowska
    Abstract:

    In daily social interactions, we need to be able to navigate efficiently through our social environment. According to Dennett (1971), explaining and predicting others’ behaviour with reference to mental states (adopting the Intentional Stance) allows efficient social interaction. Today we also routinely interact with artificial agents: from Apple’s Siri to GPS navigation systems. In the near future, we might start casually interacting with robots. This paper addresses the question of whether adopting the Intentional Stance can also occur with respect to artificial agents. We propose a new tool to explore if people adopt the Intentional Stance towards an artificial agent (humanoid robot). The tool consists in a questionnaire that probes participants’ Stance by requiring them to choose the likelihood of an explanation (mentalistic vs. mechanistic) of a behaviour of a robot iCub depicted in a naturalistic scenario (a sequence of photographs). The results of the first study conducted with this questionnaire showed that although the explanations were somewhat biased towards the mechanistic Stance, a substantial number of mentalistic explanations were also given. This suggests that it is possible to induce adoption of the Intentional Stance towards artificial agents, at least in some contexts.