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Ellis C. Greiner - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the nine banded armadillo dasypus novemcinctus is an Intermediate Host for sarcocystis neurona
International Journal for Parasitology, 2001Co-Authors: M.a Cheadle, Debra C. Sellon, Melissa T. Hines, Pamela E. Ginn, John B. Dame, Susan M Tanhauser, R J Mackay, Ellis C. GreinerAbstract:Abstract The nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus) is an Intermediate Host of at least three species of Sarcocystis, Sarcocystis dasypi, Sarcocystis diminuta, and an unidentified species; however, life cycles of these species have not been determined. Following feeding of armadillo muscles containing sarcocysts to the Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana), the opossums shed sporulated Sarcocystis sporocysts in their faeces. Mean dimensions for sporocysts were 11.0×7.5 μm and each contained four sporozoites and a residual body. Sporocysts were identified as Sarcocystis neurona using PCR and DNA sequencing. A 2-month-old foal that was negative for S. neurona antibodies in the CSF was orally inoculated with 5×105 sporocysts. At 4 weeks post-infection, the foal had a ‘low positive’ result by immunoblot for CSF antibodies to S. neurona and by week 6 had a ‘strong positive’ CSF result and developed an abnormal gait with proprioceptive deficits and ataxia in all four limbs. Based on the results of this study, the nine-banded armadillo is an Intermediate Host of S. neurona.
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The striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis) is an Intermediate Host for Sarcocystis neurona
International journal for parasitology, 2001Co-Authors: M.a Cheadle, Charles A. Yowell, Debra C. Sellon, Melissa T. Hines, Pamela E. Ginn, Antoinette E. Marsh, John B. Dame, Ellis C. GreinerAbstract:Striped skunks, initially negative for antibodies to Sarcocystisneurona, formed sarcocysts in skeletal muscles after inoculation with S. neurona sporocysts collected from a naturally infected Virginia opossum (Didelphisvirginiana). Skunks developed antibodies to S.neurona by immunoblot and muscles containing sarcocysts were fed to laboratory-reared opossums which then shed sporulated Sarcocystis sporocysts in their faeces. Mean dimensions for sporocysts were 11.0×7.5 μm and each contained four sporozoites and a residuum. Sarcocysts from skunks and sporocysts from opossums fed infected skunk muscle were identified as S. neurona using PCR and DNA sequence analysis. A 2-month-old, S.neurona-naive pony foal was orally inoculated with 5×105 sporocysts. Commercial immunoblot for antibodies to S.neurona performed using CSF collected from the inoculated pony was low positive at 4 weeks p.i., positive at 6 weeks p.i., and strong positive at 8 weeks p.i. Gamma-interferon gene knockout mice inoculated with skunk/opossum derived sporocysts developed serum antibodies to S.neurona and clinical neurologic disease. Merozoites of S.neurona present in the lung, cerebrum, and cerebellum of mice were detected by immunohistochemistry using polyclonal antibodies to S.neurona. Based on the results of this study, the striped skunk is an Intermediate Host of S.neurona.
Karin Andersen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the importance of sculpin myoxocephalus scorpius as Intermediate Host and transmitter of the sealworm pseudoterranova decipiens
International Journal for Parasitology, 1992Co-Authors: Tor Jensen, Karin AndersenAbstract:Abstract Jensen T. and Andersen K. 1992. The importance of sculpin ( Myoxocephalus scorpius ) as Intermediate Host and transmitter of the sealworm Pseudoterranova decipiens . International Journal for Parasitology 22 : 665–668. A total of 186 sculpins ( Myoxocephalus scorpius ) were caught at Vega, Nordland, Norway, and examined for sealworm larvae ( Pseudoterranova decipiens ). Over 80% of the fish were infected. Very high infections were found with a maximum of nearly 300 larvae in one sculpin. Infections of this magnitude have so far not been reported from sculpins or any other fish species of this size. The importance of the sculpin in the life cycle and in the transmission of P. decipiens to seals or other fish species is briefly discussed.
Penelope Vounatsou - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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large scale determinants of intestinal schistosomiasis and Intermediate Host snail distribution across africa does climate matter
Acta Tropica, 2013Co-Authors: Annasofie Stensgaard, Jürg Utzinger, Penelope Vounatsou, Eveline Hurlimann, Nadine Schur, Christopher F L SaarnakAbstract:The geographical ranges of most species, including many infectious disease agents and their vectors and Intermediate Hosts, are assumed to be constrained by climatic tolerances, mainly temperature. It has been suggested that global warming will cause an expansion of the areas potentially suitable for infectious disease transmission. However, the transmission of infectious diseases is governed by a myriad of ecological, economic, evolutionary and social factors. Hence, a deeper understanding of the total disease system (pathogens, vectors and Hosts) and its drivers is important for predicting responses to climate change. Here, we combine a growing degree day model for Schistosoma mansoni with species distribution models for the Intermediate Host snail (Biomphalaria spp.) to investigate large-scale environmental determinants of the distribution of the African S. mansoni-Biomphalaria system and potential impacts of climatic changes. Snail species distribution models included several combinations of climatic and habitat-related predictors; the latter divided into "natural" and "human-impacted" habitat variables to measure anthropogenic influence. The predictive performance of the combined snail-parasite model was evaluated against a comprehensive compilation of historical S. mansoni parasitological survey records, and then examined for two climate change scenarios of increasing severity for 2080. Future projections indicate that while the potential S. mansoni transmission area expands, the snail ranges are more likely to contract and/or move into cooler areas in the south and east. Importantly, we also note that even though climate per se matters, the impact of humans on habitat play a crucial role in determining the distribution of the Intermediate Host snails in Africa. Thus, a future contraction in the geographical range size of the Intermediate Host snails caused by climatic changes does not necessarily translate into a decrease or zero-sum change in human schistosomiasis prevalence.
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Spatial distribution of Biomphalaria spp., the Intermediate Host snails of Schistosoma mansoni, in Brazil
Geospatial health, 2012Co-Authors: Ronaldo G.c. Scholte, Omar Dos Santos Carvalho, John B. Malone, Jürg Utzinger, Penelope VounatsouAbstract:Schistosomiasis mansoni remains an important parasitic disease of man, endemic in large parts of sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East, South America and the Caribbean. The aetiological agent is the trematode Schistosoma mansoni, whereas aquatic snails of the genus Biomphalaria act as Intermediate Hosts in the parasite life cycle. In Brazil, the distribution of Biomphalaria spp. is closely associated with the occurrence of schistosomiasis. The purpose of this study was to map and predict the spatial distribution of the Intermediate Host snails of S. mansoni across Brazil. We assembled snail "presenceonly" data and used a maximum entropy approach, along with climatic and environmental variables to produce predictive risk maps. We identified a series of risk factors that govern the distribution of Biomphalaria snails. We find that high-risk areas for B. glabrata are concentrated in the regions of Northeast and Southeast and the northern part of the South region. B. straminea are found in the Northeast and Southeast regions, and B. tenagophila are concentrated in the Southeast and South regions. Our findings confirm that the presence of the Intermediate Host snails is correlated with the occurrence of schistosomiasis mansoni. The generated risk maps of Intermediate Host snails might assist the national control programme for spatial targeting of control interventions and to ultimately move towards schistosomiasis elimination in Brazil.
Smarn Tesana - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Temperature dependence of Opisthorchis viverrini infection in first Intermediate Host snail, Bithynia siamensis goniomphalos.
Acta Tropica, 2013Co-Authors: Sattrachai Prasopdee, Supawadee Piratae, Jutharat Kulsantiwong, Panita Khampoosa, Chalida Thammasiri, Apiporn Suwannatrai, Thewarach Laha, Rudi Grams, Alex Loukas, Smarn TesanaAbstract:Determining of the success of a parasite's infectiveness in its snail Host clearly depends on environmental conditions. Temperature, one of the most influential factors impinging on metabolism of cold-blooded animals, is believed to be an important factor in parasitic infection in snails. In order to elucidate the influence of temperature, sex and size of snails on infectivity of Opisthorchis viverrini to its first Intermediate Host, Bithynia siamensis goniomphalos, 960 snails were divided into 2 groups by sex. Each group was subdivided by their size into small and medium sub-groups. Each snail was fed with embryonated uterine-eggs of O. viverrini at different temperatures (16-37°C, 3°C intervals). Dissections were carried out 1, 7, 14, 28 and 56 days thereafter and detection of O. viverrini infection was undertaken by PCR using specific primers. Infection was strongly temperature-dependent, as temperature increases of 1°C resulted in increased odds of infection 5.4% (P
Supawadee Piratae - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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bithynia siamensis goniomphalos the first Intermediate Host of opisthorchis viverrini in thailand
Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, 2015Co-Authors: Supawadee PirataeAbstract:Opisthorchiasis caused by Opisthorchis viverrini (O. viverrini) remains as medically important problem in Thailand especially in the north-eastern part. Infection with this parasite can lead to cholangiocarcinoma improvement. The highest prevalence of O. viverrini infection has been found in the Northeast Thailand and is associated with the high incidence rate of cholangiocarcinoma. To complete the life cycle of O. viverrini, the freshwater snails namely Bithynia funiculata, Bithynia siamensis siamensis and Bithynia siamensis goniomphalos (B. s. goniomphalos) are required to serve as the first Intermediate Host. Within these snails group, B. s. goniomphalos is distributed concisely in northeast Thailand and acts as the majority snail that transmitted the opisthorchiasis in this region. This study described the information of B. s. goniomphalos which research are needed for understanding the biology, distribution, transmission and factors influencing on the infection of the snail vector of this carcinogenic parasite.
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Temperature dependence of Opisthorchis viverrini infection in first Intermediate Host snail, Bithynia siamensis goniomphalos.
Acta Tropica, 2013Co-Authors: Sattrachai Prasopdee, Supawadee Piratae, Jutharat Kulsantiwong, Panita Khampoosa, Chalida Thammasiri, Apiporn Suwannatrai, Thewarach Laha, Rudi Grams, Alex Loukas, Smarn TesanaAbstract:Determining of the success of a parasite's infectiveness in its snail Host clearly depends on environmental conditions. Temperature, one of the most influential factors impinging on metabolism of cold-blooded animals, is believed to be an important factor in parasitic infection in snails. In order to elucidate the influence of temperature, sex and size of snails on infectivity of Opisthorchis viverrini to its first Intermediate Host, Bithynia siamensis goniomphalos, 960 snails were divided into 2 groups by sex. Each group was subdivided by their size into small and medium sub-groups. Each snail was fed with embryonated uterine-eggs of O. viverrini at different temperatures (16-37°C, 3°C intervals). Dissections were carried out 1, 7, 14, 28 and 56 days thereafter and detection of O. viverrini infection was undertaken by PCR using specific primers. Infection was strongly temperature-dependent, as temperature increases of 1°C resulted in increased odds of infection 5.4% (P