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Jordi Salat - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Extreme Western Intermediate Water formation in winter 2010
Journal of Marine Systems, 2012Co-Authors: Manuel Vargas-yáñez, Patricia Zunino, Katrin Schroeder, Jose Luis Lopez-jurado, Francisco Plaza, Mariano Serra, C. Castro, M.c. García-martínez, Francina Moya, Jordi SalatAbstract:Abstract The Western Intermediate Water (WIW) is probably the less studied Water mass in the Western Mediterranean (WMED). It is clearly identifiable as a temperature minimum above the Levantine Intermediate Water (LIW). The WIW circulation from the northern part of the WMED to the south and through the Balearic Channels is well known, but no specific experiments have been devoted to the study of the formation process of this Water mass. It is usually accepted, in a vague sense, that WIW is formed in the northern sector of the WMED, in areas surrounding the Gulf of Lions, the Ligurian Sea and the Catalan Sea, being advected towards the Balearic Channels as part of the northern current. The present work shows hydrographic data obtained in late winter in 2010 after severe storms in the WMED. These data show Intermediate convective mixing along the whole continental shelf of the Iberian Peninsula, as far to the south as Cape Palos. The data analysed show that, under severe winter conditions, the formation area of WIW is larger than previously thought and the salinity and temperature ranges for this Water mass are also wider than those traditionally accepted in the literature.
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Extreme Western Intermediate Water formation in winter 2010
Journal of Marine Systems, 2012Co-Authors: Manuel Vargas-yáñez, Patricia Zunino, Katrin Schroeder, Jose Luis Lopez-jurado, Francisco Plaza, Mariano Serra, C. Castro, M.c. García-martínez, Francina Moya, Jordi SalatAbstract:8 pages, 6 figuresThe Western Intermediate Water (WIW) is probably the less studied Water mass in the Western Mediterranean (WMED). It is clearly identifiable as a temperature minimum above the Levantine Intermediate Water (LIW). The WIW circulation from the northern part of the WMED to the south and through the Balearic Channels is well known, but no specific experiments have been devoted to the study of the formation process of this Water mass. It is usually accepted, in a vague sense, that WIW is formed in the northern sector of the WMED, in areas surrounding the Gulf of Lions, the Ligurian Sea and the Catalan Sea, being advected towards the Balearic Channels as part of the northern current. The present work shows hydrographic data obtained in late winter in 2010 after severe storms in the WMED. These data show Intermediate convective mixing along the whole continental shelf of the Iberian Peninsula, as far to the south as Cape Palos. The data analysed show that, under severe winter conditions, the formation area of WIW is larger than previously thought and the salinity and temperature ranges for this Water mass are also wider than those traditionally accepted in the literature. © 2012 Elsevier B.V.This study has been supported by the research programme RADMED (“Series Temporales de Datos Oceanográficos del Mediterraneo”) funded by Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO) and by the project DESMMON (CTM2008-05695-C02-01/MAR) funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and InnovationPeer Reviewe
Masaaki Wakatsuchi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Causes of the Multidecadal-Scale Warming of the Intermediate Water in the Okhotsk Sea and Western Subarctic North Pacific
Journal of Climate, 2015Co-Authors: Takuya Nakanowatari, Tomohiro Nakamura, Keisuke Uchimoto, Hiroki Uehara, Humio Mitsudera, Kay I. Ohshima, Hiroyasu Hasumi, Masaaki WakatsuchiAbstract:AbstractCauses of the multidecadal-scale warming of the Intermediate Water in the Okhotsk Sea and the western subarctic North Pacific during 1980–2008 are investigated using an ice–ocean coupled model with interannually varying atmospheric forcing. A hindcast experiment qualitatively reproduces the warming and decadal fluctuations of the Intermediate Water that are similar to those of observations: the warming is significant along the western part of the Okhotsk Sea and subarctic frontal region. The effects of the thermohaline- and wind-driven ocean circulation on the warming are evaluated from perturbation experiments on thermohaline (turbulent heat and freshWater fluxes) and wind causes, respectively. The thermohaline causes are shown to contribute positively to warming in the Okhotsk Sea Intermediate Water (OSIW). The heat budget analysis for the OSIW indicates that the warming is related to a decrease in cold and dense shelf Water (DSW) flux, which is caused by a decrease in sea ice and surface Water ...
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Chlorofluorocarbons in the Sea of Okhotsk: Ventilation of the Intermediate Water
Journal of Geophysical Research, 2004Co-Authors: Michiyo Yamamoto-kawai, Shizuo Tsunogai, Shuichi Watanabe, Masaaki WakatsuchiAbstract:[1] Ventilation of the Intermediate layer in the Sea of Okhotsk is studied with regard to the ventilation of North Pacific Intermediate Water (NPIW). Measurements of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) from 1998 to 2000 reveal that the Okhotsk Intermediate Water is ventilated in two ways. The first consists of dense Water formation in the polynyas that form on the northern shelves during winter. Measurements show that on the northwestern shelf, because of atmospheric cooling and brine rejection, the cold Water that forms is dense enough to enter the Intermediate layer. The CFC concentration in this dense shelf Water (DSW) is high and almost saturated with respect to atmospheric CFCs, indicating that the DSW experiences active air-Water gas exchange during its formation. Away from the shelves, the CFC distribution shows that the DSW directly ventilates the upper level of the Okhotsk Sea Intermediate Water (OSIW). The second ventilation process is driven by the strong tidal mixing around the Bussol' Strait. The observed distribution of CFCs at the 27.4 σθ level suggest that diapycnal mixing around the strait transports CFCs from the surface to this deeper layer, ventilating the OSIW. Combination of both processes means that the OSIW is more ventilated than Pacific Water at the same density levels.
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Effects of sea ice formation and diapycnal mixing on the Okhotsk Sea Intermediate Water clarified with oxygen isotopes
Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 2002Co-Authors: Michiyo Yamamoto, Shizuo Tsunogai, Shuichi Watanabe, Masaaki WakatsuchiAbstract:Abstract Processes relating to the formation of dense shelf Water and Intermediate Water in the Okhotsk Sea were studied by examining oxygen isotope ratios ( δ 18 O), salinity, and temperature. The salinity and δ 18 O of the cold dense shelf Water on the northern continental shelf showed peculiar relationship. The relationship indicates that 3% of the mixed-layer Water, having salinity of 32.6, froze and the remaining 97% became dense shelf Water of salinities of more than 33.2 ( σ θ >26.7) during the sea ice formation. The salinity– δ 18 O relationship also shows that 20% of the Okhotsk Sea Intermediate Water at the σ θ =26.8 level was derived from the dense shelf Water. The remaining 80% came from the Western Subarctic Pacific Water modified by diapycnal mixing of Water affected by the surface cooling and freshening within the Okhotsk Sea. The mixing with dense shelf Water contributes to only 26% of the temperature difference or 8% of the salinity difference between the original Pacific Water and the Okhotsk Sea Intermediate Water at σ θ =26.8. This result suggests that the cold and less saline properties of the Okhotsk Sea Intermediate Water are produced mainly by diapycnal mixing, rather than by mixing of the Pacific Water with the dense shelf Water.
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Formation of 26.8–26.9 σθ Water in the Kuril Basin of the Sea of Okhotsk as a possible origin of North Pacific Intermediate Water
Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 1998Co-Authors: Tatsuro Watanabe, Masaaki WakatsuchiAbstract:By using all Japanese hydrographic data obtained south of 55°N in latitude in the Sea of Okhotsk, we compile a data set for this study. Our investigations with these data show that a large quantity of relatively cold, fresh, oxygen-rich homogeneous Intermediate Water with a density range of 26.8 to 26.9 σθ exists in the Kuril Basin; we name this Intermediate Water the Kuril Basin Intermediate Water (KBIW). Results of isosteric analyses show that a possible origin of KBIW is located in a region off the Hokkaido coast in the southwestern Sea of Okhotsk. We suggest that KBIW is produced by the isopycnal mixing of relatively dense Soya Warm Water, which appears only in early spring, with the colder, fresher Water which originates from the northwestern Okhotsk. Finally, we demonstrate that KBIW may be a source Water of the North Pacific Intermediate Water (NPIW) because it has the same density range and Water properties.
John T. Allen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Turbulent mixing in the eddy transport of Western Mediterranean Intermediate Water to the Alboran Sea
Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 2012Co-Authors: Alexander Forryan, John T. Allen, E. Edhouse, B. Silburn, Krissy Reeve, E. TesiAbstract:Western Mediterranean Intermediate Water (WIW) is formed in winter in the North-Western Mediterranean. WIW, identifiable as a distinct temperature minimum layer between Atlantic-Mediterranean Interface Waters and the denser Levantine Intermediate Water, is carried down the east coast of Spain in anticyclonic mode Water eddies, or “weddies” eventually reaching the Alboran sea. A previous detailed analysis of a weddy in the vicinity of the Almeria-Oran front indicated that it could have accounted for 10% of a winter's production of WIW, but this analysis was unable to consider turbulent dissipation. In this study we present microstructure measurements across a similar observation of WIW in the vicinity of the Almeria-Oran front and show that this figure could be conservative by 15–50% due to the turbulent dissipation associated with a weddy.
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Eddy transport of Western Mediterranean Intermediate Water to the Alboran Sea
Journal of Geophysical Research, 2008Co-Authors: John T. Allen, Stuart C. Painter, Michel RixenAbstract:During the second cruise of the EU funded OMEGA project the towed undulating vehicle SeaSoar, was deployed to survey the upper 350 m of the Water column in the eastern Alboran Sea and extreme western Algerian basin. With an effective along-track resolution of 4 km, the data sets enabled a detailed description of the different upper ocean Water types and the fronts that separate them. The Almeria Oran front forms at the eastern boundary of the Alboran Sea gyre system, in the upper 150–200 m of the Water column, and separates Waters of predominantly Atlantic origin from those formed in the Western Mediterranean Sea. Below these surface Waters, but above the Levantine Intermediate Water, Western Mediterranean Intermediate Waters, believed to be formed to the north of the Balearic Sea, are normally observed in this region. However, to our knowledge, this is the first time a discrete eddy of Western Mediterranean Intermediate Water, a “weddy,” has been described in the extreme western Algerian basin. Repeated surveys of the region allowed us to observe the evolution of the eddy over a period of 40 d. A climatological analysis of historical data in the MEDAR/MEDATLAS database provides evidence for the repeatability of this observation and the significance of the estimated transport.
Manuel Vargas-yáñez - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Extreme Western Intermediate Water formation in winter 2010
Journal of Marine Systems, 2012Co-Authors: Manuel Vargas-yáñez, Patricia Zunino, Katrin Schroeder, Jose Luis Lopez-jurado, Francisco Plaza, Mariano Serra, C. Castro, M.c. García-martínez, Francina Moya, Jordi SalatAbstract:Abstract The Western Intermediate Water (WIW) is probably the less studied Water mass in the Western Mediterranean (WMED). It is clearly identifiable as a temperature minimum above the Levantine Intermediate Water (LIW). The WIW circulation from the northern part of the WMED to the south and through the Balearic Channels is well known, but no specific experiments have been devoted to the study of the formation process of this Water mass. It is usually accepted, in a vague sense, that WIW is formed in the northern sector of the WMED, in areas surrounding the Gulf of Lions, the Ligurian Sea and the Catalan Sea, being advected towards the Balearic Channels as part of the northern current. The present work shows hydrographic data obtained in late winter in 2010 after severe storms in the WMED. These data show Intermediate convective mixing along the whole continental shelf of the Iberian Peninsula, as far to the south as Cape Palos. The data analysed show that, under severe winter conditions, the formation area of WIW is larger than previously thought and the salinity and temperature ranges for this Water mass are also wider than those traditionally accepted in the literature.
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Extreme Western Intermediate Water formation in winter 2010
Journal of Marine Systems, 2012Co-Authors: Manuel Vargas-yáñez, Patricia Zunino, Katrin Schroeder, Jose Luis Lopez-jurado, Francisco Plaza, Mariano Serra, C. Castro, M.c. García-martínez, Francina Moya, Jordi SalatAbstract:8 pages, 6 figuresThe Western Intermediate Water (WIW) is probably the less studied Water mass in the Western Mediterranean (WMED). It is clearly identifiable as a temperature minimum above the Levantine Intermediate Water (LIW). The WIW circulation from the northern part of the WMED to the south and through the Balearic Channels is well known, but no specific experiments have been devoted to the study of the formation process of this Water mass. It is usually accepted, in a vague sense, that WIW is formed in the northern sector of the WMED, in areas surrounding the Gulf of Lions, the Ligurian Sea and the Catalan Sea, being advected towards the Balearic Channels as part of the northern current. The present work shows hydrographic data obtained in late winter in 2010 after severe storms in the WMED. These data show Intermediate convective mixing along the whole continental shelf of the Iberian Peninsula, as far to the south as Cape Palos. The data analysed show that, under severe winter conditions, the formation area of WIW is larger than previously thought and the salinity and temperature ranges for this Water mass are also wider than those traditionally accepted in the literature. © 2012 Elsevier B.V.This study has been supported by the research programme RADMED (“Series Temporales de Datos Oceanográficos del Mediterraneo”) funded by Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO) and by the project DESMMON (CTM2008-05695-C02-01/MAR) funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and InnovationPeer Reviewe
Michel Rixen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Eddy transport of Western Mediterranean Intermediate Water to the Alboran Sea
Journal of Geophysical Research, 2008Co-Authors: John T. Allen, Stuart C. Painter, Michel RixenAbstract:During the second cruise of the EU funded OMEGA project the towed undulating vehicle SeaSoar, was deployed to survey the upper 350 m of the Water column in the eastern Alboran Sea and extreme western Algerian basin. With an effective along-track resolution of 4 km, the data sets enabled a detailed description of the different upper ocean Water types and the fronts that separate them. The Almeria Oran front forms at the eastern boundary of the Alboran Sea gyre system, in the upper 150–200 m of the Water column, and separates Waters of predominantly Atlantic origin from those formed in the Western Mediterranean Sea. Below these surface Waters, but above the Levantine Intermediate Water, Western Mediterranean Intermediate Waters, believed to be formed to the north of the Balearic Sea, are normally observed in this region. However, to our knowledge, this is the first time a discrete eddy of Western Mediterranean Intermediate Water, a “weddy,” has been described in the extreme western Algerian basin. Repeated surveys of the region allowed us to observe the evolution of the eddy over a period of 40 d. A climatological analysis of historical data in the MEDAR/MEDATLAS database provides evidence for the repeatability of this observation and the significance of the estimated transport.
