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Howard I. Maibach - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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are topical corticoids efficacious in acute Irritant Dermatitis the evidence
Dermatitis, 2020Co-Authors: Nazanin Azizi, Howard I. MaibachAbstract:Topical corticosteroid therapies are widely utilized, despite the controversial results of corticoid therapy in Irritant contact Dermatitis as a local inflammatory reaction after repeated or single skin exposure to a chemical substance. Although corticoids may reduce the inflammatory response to the Irritant, their antiproliferative effects may reduce skin barrier recovery while allowing further penetration of Irritants if exposure continues. This overview reexamines the efficacy of corticosteroids in Irritant contact Dermatitis therapy, and with the minimal controlled experimental data currently available, notes the need for same-in this common clinical entity.
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surface skin temperature in tests for Irritant Dermatitis
2014Co-Authors: Miranda A Farage, Baiyang Wang, Kenneth W Miller, Howard I. MaibachAbstract:Advances in measuring devices have made it feasible to conveniently measure localized changes in skin temperature. A series of experiments were conducted to determine if the addition of surface skin temperature measurements into studies commonly used to screen for skin responses to consumer products would increase the ability to discriminate between similar, mild products. Three testing protocols were evaluated: the modified arm patch with 24-h occlusive exposure for 4 consecutive applications, the behind the knee (BTK) with 6-h occlusive exposures with pressure for 5 consecutive days, and the bikini area shaving study with assessments after manual shaving by women with self-reported irritation after using a manual razor. In the modified arm patch studies, the positive Irritant control (0.1 % sodium lauryl sulfate) produced mean erythematous scores that were higher (p < 0.05) than reactions produced by the negative Irritant control (0.9 % saline), or the mild products. The skin surface temperatures were not significantly different in any arm patch study. In the BTK the two mild products produced significantly different levels of erythema at both the afternoon scoring (30–60 min after sample removal) and the morning scoring (after approximately 18 h of recovery). Skin surface temperatures differed only at the morning scoring. In the bikini area shaving study, mean erythema after 48 h was lower (p < 0.05) than after 5 min or 24 h on the left side only, indicating some degree of handedness. Skin surface temperature was significantly higher prior to the shaving exercise than at any of the subsequent scoring time points. Results indicate that the addition of measurements of skin surface temperature using DermaTemp® to standard exposure protocols used to evaluate potential skin responses to consumer products would not increase the ability to discriminate between products.
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percutaneous absorption in diseased skin an overview
Journal of Applied Toxicology, 2012Co-Authors: Audris Chiang, Emilie Tudela, Howard I. MaibachAbstract:The stratum corneum's (SC) functions include protection from external hazardous environments, prevention of water loss and regulation of body temperature. While intact skin absorption studies are abundant, studies on compromised skin permeability are less common, although products are often used to treat affected skin. We reviewed literature on percutaneous absorption through abnormal skin models. Tape stripping is used to disrupt water barrier function. Studies demonstrated that physicochemical properties influence the stripping effect: water-soluble drugs are more affected. Abrasion did not affect absorption as much. Freezing is commonly used to preserve skin. It does not seem to modify water absorption, but still increases the penetration of compounds. Comparatively, heating the skin consistently increased percutaneous absorption. Removing SC lipids may increase percutaneous absorption of drugs. Many organic solvents are employed to delipidize. Delipidization with chloroform-methanol increased hydrophilic compound permeability, but not lipophilic. Acetone pre-treatment enhanced hydrophilic compound penetration. More data is needed to determine influence on highly lipophilic compound penetration. Sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) induces Irritant Dermatitis and is frequently used as a model. Studies revealed that SLS increases hydrophilic compound absorption, but not lipophilic. However, skin irritation with other chemicals increases lipophilic penetration as much as hydrophilic. Animal studies show that UV exposure increases percutaneous absorption whereas human studies do not. Human studies show increased penetration in psoriatic and atopic Dermatitis skin. The data summarized here begin to characterize flux alteration associated with damaged skin. Understanding the degree of alteration requires interpretation of involved conditions and the enlarging of our database to a more complete physicochemical spectrum.
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fentanyl transdermal patches overview of cutaneous adverse effects in humans
Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology, 2010Co-Authors: Jurij J Hostynek, Howard I. MaibachAbstract:Using Medline, Embase, and the Science Citation Index, we summarize the cutaneous adverse effects of transdermal and parenteral fentanyl. The fentanyl transdermal therapeutic system (TTS; patch) provides continuous systemic delivery of fentanyl (N-phenyl-N-(1-(2-phenylethyl)-4-piperidinyl) propanamide), a potent opioid analgesic, for 72 hours. Clinical studies of fentanyl TTSs demonstrated varying rates of irritation at the application site, ranging from none to 42%, with a median of 25%. Most descriptions of skin reactions included erythema at the application site, indicating Irritant Dermatitis. Skin testing in 2 subjects receiving parenteral doses concluded that although immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies to fentanyl exist, few cases of immediate-type allergic reactions to fentanyl have been substantiated. Comparing the reactions to anesthetic agents during allergenic testing demonstrated positive "wheal and flare" to fentanyl in only 1 of 50 patients (2%). Pruritus has been frequently reported during administration of epidural fentanyl, but allergenicity has not been shown. The few case reports of possible anaphylactic reactions to fentanyl have not clearly demonstrated fentanyl as the causal agent. In addition, transdermal and intravenous/epidural routes of administration may not be comparable because of large differences in plasma concentrations: When these results are taken together, fentanyl (TTS) has shown limited skin intolerance.
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hair highlights and severe acute Irritant Dermatitis burn of the scalp
Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology, 2010Co-Authors: Heidi P Chan, Howard I. MaibachAbstract:Context: These days, most celebrities—young and old—have their hair highlighted. That is why it is not surprising that even the youth have their hair highlighted as they emulate their favorite actors, unaware of the harmful consequences of this unsafe procedure. Hair highlighting involves decolorizing melanin pigments of select hair strands through an oxidation reaction under alkaline conditions by the active ingredients of the highlighting mixture—hydrogen peroxide, persulfates, and metasilicate. Hydrogen peroxide and the persulfates are flammable, necessitating that regulatory bodies (namely, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration [FDA] and the Cosmetic Ingredient Review [CIR] Expert Panel, the European Union’s (EU), European Economic Community [EEC] directives, the Australian government’s National Industrial Chemicals Notification and Assessment Scheme [NICNAS], and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations [ASEAN]) to regulate the permissible amounts of these chemicals in hair highlighting products.Ob...
Fabiola Kind - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Irritant contact Dermatitis from a black henna tattoo without sensitization to para phenylendiamine
Pediatrics, 2013Co-Authors: Fabiola Kind, Kathrin Scherer Hofmeier, Andreas J BircherAbstract:Allergic contact Dermatitis from nonpermanent black henna tattoos has been frequently reported, particularly in children. Contamination or adulteration of the dyes with para-phenylendiamine has been identified as major cause of active sensitization and elicitation of severe allergic contact Dermatitis. Sequelae include permanent sensitization, hyper- or hypopigmentation, scarring, keloids, and hypertrichosis. We report a rare case of Irritant Dermatitis to an unknown ingredient in a black henna tattoo with consecutive hypopigmentation. Sensitization to para-phenylendiamine and other para-compounds was excluded by patch test evaluation. This is relevant for future exposure to consumer products such as hair dyes or in occupational settings. Generally, black henna tattoos, particularly if done with dyes of unknown composition, should be strongly discouraged.
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Irritant contact Dermatitis from a black henna tattoo without sensitization to para phenylendiamine
Pediatrics, 2013Co-Authors: Fabiola Kind, Kathrin Schere Hofmeie, Andreas J IrcheAbstract:Allergic contact Dermatitis from nonpermanent black henna tattoos has been frequently reported, particularly in children. Contamination or adulteration of the dyes with para-phenylendiamine has been identified as major cause of active sensitization and elicitation of severe allergic contact Dermatitis. Sequelae include permanent sensitization, hyper- or hypopigmentation, scarring, keloids, and hypertrichosis. We report a rare case of Irritant Dermatitis to an unknown ingredient in a black henna tattoo with consecutive hypopigmentation. Sensitization to para-phenylendiamine and other para-compounds was excluded by patch test evaluation. This is relevant for future exposure to consumer products such as hair dyes or in occupational settings. Generally, black henna tattoos, particularly if done with dyes of unknown composition, should be strongly discouraged. * Abbreviations: PPD — : para-phenylendiamine
Peter Elsner - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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preventing Irritant contact Dermatitis with protective creams influence of the application dose
Contact Dermatitis, 2014Co-Authors: Sibylle Schliemann, Maximilian Petri, Peter ElsnerAbstract:Summary Background Skin protection creams (PC)s are used in the occupational setting to help prevent Irritant hand Dermatitis. The actual amounts of PC applied and the resulting dose per unit area on hands at work are lower than recommended. Objectives To assess the influence of the applied dose on the efficacy of PCs in the prevention of Irritant contact Dermatitis. Methods Experimental cumulative Irritant contact Dermatitis was induced by twice daily application of 0.5% NaOH or sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) for 4 days on the backs of 20 healthy volunteers. Test areas were left unprotected or were pretreated with three different PCs applied at a low dose (2 mg/cm2) or a high dose (20 mg/cm2) before irritation. Irritant responses were assessed by visual scoring and measurement of transepidermal water loss, chromametry, and corneometry. Results Although cumulative Irritant Dermatitis developed in all unprotected test sites, irritation was significantly reduced in a dose-dependent manner on PC-protected sites. The higher doses of all PCs provided significant protection against irritation. However, the lower dose of one product did not significantly protect against SLS-induced irritation. Conclusions The protective efficacy of PCs depends on the amount of product applied per unit skin surface area. Some products may show no protective efficacy when used at doses close to those practically applied at workplaces. Future efficacy studies of PCs should be performed with doses not higher than 2 mg/cm2, to avoid overestimation of their protective efficacy.
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dry skin barrier function and Irritant contact Dermatitis in the elderly
Clinics in Dermatology, 2011Co-Authors: Florian Seyfarth, Sibylle Schliemann, Dimitar Antonov, Peter ElsnerAbstract:Dry skin is characterized by a decreased lipid content and a delayed reconstitution of the epidermal barrier after skin irritation. These are problems of high relevance in the aged population, especially in the development of Irritant contact Dermatitis. Asteatotic and perineal Irritant Dermatitis are the most important subtypes of Irritant contact Dermatitis in the elderly. This contribution presents a compressed survey on these subtypes and elucidates their relation to an impaired barrier function. Typical Irritants affecting aged individuals are explained and compared with Irritants that seem to be more significant in younger people. Results of biophysical investigations, such as measurement of transepidermal water loss, are discussed regarding their age-dependence. Transepidermal water loss decreases with age, which was formerly interpreted as an indication of a decreased sensitivity. Today, we know that reconstitution of the epidermal barrier after irritation is delayed once it has been impaired. Reasons are decreased activities of enzymes involved in lipid synthesis and processing, a changed cytokine profile, a reduced acidification of aged skin, and alterations in the function of epidermal stem cells. Owing to these new insights, a reevaluation of the sensitivity of aged skin has to be initiated, especially with regard to occupational dermatology.
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experimental Irritant contact Dermatitis due to cumulative epicutaneous exposure to sodium lauryl sulphate and toluene single and concurrent application
British Journal of Dermatology, 2000Co-Authors: W Wiggeralberti, A Krebs, Peter ElsnerAbstract:In clinical practice, cutaneous exposure to a variety of Irritants such as surfactants and solvents is frequent. Although the induction of Irritant Dermatitis by single Irritants has been extensively studied in recent years, our knowledge of the effects of simultaneous application of different Irritants is limited. Using non-invasive techniques for measurements of transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and skin colour reflectance, we quantified the Irritant effects of single and concurrent application of 0.5% sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) and undiluted toluene (TOL) in vivo. The Irritants were applied twice daily for 30 min to the volar forearms of 20 volunteers. Repeated application of SLS and TOL induced an Irritant reaction, as indicated by an increase in TEWL and skin redness. In contrast to SLS alone, the application of TOL alone induced only a moderate increase in TEWL, confirming previous results. Concurrent application of SLS/TOL and TOL/SLS induced significantly stronger reactions than those caused by twice daily application of each Irritant on its own. Our results demonstrate that a mixed application of an anionic detergent and an organic solvent has an additive effect on skin irritation. It is suggested that pretreatment with SLS causes an increased susceptibility to TOL irritation and vice versa. Thus, the necessity for special precautions against skin absorption of TOL when handling detergents such as SLS is emphasized.
Andreas J Irche - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Irritant contact Dermatitis from a black henna tattoo without sensitization to para phenylendiamine
Pediatrics, 2013Co-Authors: Fabiola Kind, Kathrin Schere Hofmeie, Andreas J IrcheAbstract:Allergic contact Dermatitis from nonpermanent black henna tattoos has been frequently reported, particularly in children. Contamination or adulteration of the dyes with para-phenylendiamine has been identified as major cause of active sensitization and elicitation of severe allergic contact Dermatitis. Sequelae include permanent sensitization, hyper- or hypopigmentation, scarring, keloids, and hypertrichosis. We report a rare case of Irritant Dermatitis to an unknown ingredient in a black henna tattoo with consecutive hypopigmentation. Sensitization to para-phenylendiamine and other para-compounds was excluded by patch test evaluation. This is relevant for future exposure to consumer products such as hair dyes or in occupational settings. Generally, black henna tattoos, particularly if done with dyes of unknown composition, should be strongly discouraged. * Abbreviations: PPD — : para-phenylendiamine
Andreas J Bircher - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Irritant contact Dermatitis from a black henna tattoo without sensitization to para phenylendiamine
Pediatrics, 2013Co-Authors: Fabiola Kind, Kathrin Scherer Hofmeier, Andreas J BircherAbstract:Allergic contact Dermatitis from nonpermanent black henna tattoos has been frequently reported, particularly in children. Contamination or adulteration of the dyes with para-phenylendiamine has been identified as major cause of active sensitization and elicitation of severe allergic contact Dermatitis. Sequelae include permanent sensitization, hyper- or hypopigmentation, scarring, keloids, and hypertrichosis. We report a rare case of Irritant Dermatitis to an unknown ingredient in a black henna tattoo with consecutive hypopigmentation. Sensitization to para-phenylendiamine and other para-compounds was excluded by patch test evaluation. This is relevant for future exposure to consumer products such as hair dyes or in occupational settings. Generally, black henna tattoos, particularly if done with dyes of unknown composition, should be strongly discouraged.
