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Adam Shortland - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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gastrocnemius muscle tendon interaction during walking in typically developing adults and children and in children with spastic cerebral palsy
Journal of Biomechanics, 2016Co-Authors: Gursharan Kalsi, Nicola R Fry, Adam ShortlandAbstract:Abstract Background Our understanding of the interaction of muscle bellies and their tendons in individuals with muscle pathology is limited. Knowledge of these interactions may inform us of the effects of musculoskeletal pathologies on muscle–tendon dynamics and the subsequent neurological control strategies used in gait. Here, we investigate gastrocnemius muscle–tendon interaction in typically-developing (TD) adults and children, and in children with spastic cerebral palsy (SCP). Methods We recruited six TD adults (4 female; mean age: 34 yrs. (24–54)), eight TD children (5 female; mean age: 10 yrs. (6–12)) and eight independently ambulant children with SCP (5 female; mean age 9 yrs. (6–12); 3 unilaterally-affected). A combination of 3D motion capture and 2D real-time ultrasound imaging were used to compute the gastrocnemius musculo-tendinous unit (MTU) length and estimate muscle belly and tendon lengths during walking. For the TD subjects, the measurements were made for heel-toe walking and voluntary toe-walking. Results The gastrocnemius muscle bellies of children with SCP lengthened during single support (p = 0.003). In contrast, the muscle bellies of TD subjects did not demonstrate an increase in length over the period of single support under heel-toe or toe-walking conditions. Conclusion We observed lengthening of the gastrocnemius muscle bellies in children with SCP during single support, a phase of the gait cycle in which the muscle is reported consistently to be active. Repeated lengthening of muscle bellies while they are active may lead to muscle damage and have implications for the natural history of gait in this group.
Diego B Genovese - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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structural and sensory analysis of compositionally optimized apple Jellies enriched with dietary fibre compared to commercial apple jams
Journal of Food Science and Technology-mysore, 2020Co-Authors: Lilian Elisa Figueroa, Diego B GenoveseAbstract:The objective of this work was to optimize the formulation of apple Jellies enriched with 3 g/100 g of dietary fibre and to compare them with commercial apple jams in terms of structural and organoleptic properties. With that aim, a fibre mix with one part of psyllium and three parts of other fibre variety (apple, bamboo or wheat) was added to apple jelly, and the rheological, mechanical and sensory properties, as well as colour and syneresis (water loss) of the samples at different storage times were studied, and compared to two commercial apple jams. Those properties did not suffer significant changes during 30 days of cold storage, meaning that the product was stable. The reduction of psyllium proportion in the fibre mix (from 1:1 to 1:3) reduced the gumminess of the fibre enriched Jellies, keeping the syneresis at 0 g/100 g. The jelly enriched with apple and psyllium fibre was the most similar to commercial apple jams in terms of rheological and mechanical properties. Consumers acceptability of fibre enriched Jellies was higher than 72%, being the jelly enriched with bamboo and psyllium fibre the closest to a commercial apple jam, which was the consumer's favourite.
Gursharan Kalsi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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gastrocnemius muscle tendon interaction during walking in typically developing adults and children and in children with spastic cerebral palsy
Journal of Biomechanics, 2016Co-Authors: Gursharan Kalsi, Nicola R Fry, Adam ShortlandAbstract:Abstract Background Our understanding of the interaction of muscle bellies and their tendons in individuals with muscle pathology is limited. Knowledge of these interactions may inform us of the effects of musculoskeletal pathologies on muscle–tendon dynamics and the subsequent neurological control strategies used in gait. Here, we investigate gastrocnemius muscle–tendon interaction in typically-developing (TD) adults and children, and in children with spastic cerebral palsy (SCP). Methods We recruited six TD adults (4 female; mean age: 34 yrs. (24–54)), eight TD children (5 female; mean age: 10 yrs. (6–12)) and eight independently ambulant children with SCP (5 female; mean age 9 yrs. (6–12); 3 unilaterally-affected). A combination of 3D motion capture and 2D real-time ultrasound imaging were used to compute the gastrocnemius musculo-tendinous unit (MTU) length and estimate muscle belly and tendon lengths during walking. For the TD subjects, the measurements were made for heel-toe walking and voluntary toe-walking. Results The gastrocnemius muscle bellies of children with SCP lengthened during single support (p = 0.003). In contrast, the muscle bellies of TD subjects did not demonstrate an increase in length over the period of single support under heel-toe or toe-walking conditions. Conclusion We observed lengthening of the gastrocnemius muscle bellies in children with SCP during single support, a phase of the gait cycle in which the muscle is reported consistently to be active. Repeated lengthening of muscle bellies while they are active may lead to muscle damage and have implications for the natural history of gait in this group.
A C Dilger - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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effects of feeding ractopamine to physically castrated barrows immunologically castrated barrows and gilts on carcass characteristics cutting yields and fresh meat quality
The Professional Animal Scientist, 2016Co-Authors: B K Lowe, K A Kroscher, M A Tavarez, F K Mckeith, A L Schroeder, A C DilgerAbstract:ABSTRACT Ninety carcasses were used to evaluate the effects of feeding ractopamine (RAC) to gilts, physically castrated (PC) barrows, and immunologically castrated (IC) barrows. Finishing diets (0, 5, and 7.5 mg/kg RAC) were fed for the last 26 d before slaughter starting 7 d after the second dose of Improvest. Carcasses from IC barrows had less ( P P = 0.02) than PC carcasses but had more ( P ≤ 0.04) fat than gilt carcasses. Feeding RAC increased ( P = 0.03) bone-in carcass yields by 1.4 percentage units. Gilt and IC carcasses had 2.0 percentage units greater ( P P = 0.01) bone-in lean yields, and 1.5 percentage units greater ( P = 0.04) bone-in carcass yields than PC carcasses. Loin firmness, pH, and marbling were unaffected by sex and RAC feeding ( P ≥ 0.22). Bellies from IC carcasses were 0.3 cm thinner ( P ≤ 0.05) than PC but 0.3 cm thicker ( P ≤ 0.05) than gilts. Flop distances of IC bellies were similar to gilt bellies but reduced ( P ≤ 0.05) 13 cm compared with PC bellies. Iodine values of IC bellies were similar to PC bellies but reduced ( P ≤ 0.05) 3 units compared with gilts. Feeding RAC did not affect ( P ≥ 0.23) fresh belly characteristics. Overall, immunological castration and feeding RAC were additive in terms of improving carcass cutability but had only minimal effects on fresh pork loin or belly quality.
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ham and belly processing characteristics of immunological castrated barrows improvest fed ractopamine hydrochloride paylean
Meat Science, 2016Co-Authors: B K Lowe, F K Mckeith, A L Schroeder, M F Overholt, G D Gerlemann, S N Carr, P J Rincker, D B Petry, G L Allee, A C DilgerAbstract:Effects of sex class (physically castrated, PC or immunologically castrated, IC) and diet (0 or 5mg/kg ractopamine hydrochloride, RAC) on characteristics of ham and bellies were determined from pigs slaughtered in three groups with similar ending live weights. One carcass per pen per marketing group (n=8) was selected to evaluate further processing characteristics. Data were analyzed as a 2×2 factorial design with a split plot in time and fixed effects of sex, diet, marketing group, and their interactions. IC fresh bellies were thinner (P 0.05) fresh ham or belly characteristics but decreased (P<0.01) fat in cured PC bellies. Marketing group affected (P<0.05) fresh quality, processing characteristics, and composition of hams and bellies. Immunological castration and RAC produced leaner finished products but did not alter processing yield of hams or bacon.
Ira Sanders - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the human cricothyroid muscle three muscle bellies and their innervation patterns
Journal of Voice, 2009Co-Authors: Ira SandersAbstract:We hypothesized that the phonatory and respiratory functions of the human cricothyroid (CT) muscle are subserved by separately controlled muscle bellies. In this work, 30 autopsied adult human hemilarynges were used to determine the neuromuscular organization of the CT muscle using microdissection, histology, and Sihler's stain. The results showed that the human CT was composed of three bellies: rectus, oblique, and horizontal. External superior laryngeal nerve (ESLN) was found to enter into the CT muscle as a single trunk (37.5%) or multiple (two to five) branches (62.5%). Within the CT muscle, the ESLN gave off three to seven branches to innervate the rectus belly and one or two branches to supply the oblique and horizontal bellies, respectively. Notably, ESLN also gave off branches to innervate the ipsilateral thyroarytenoid muscle (46%) and subglottic mucosa (67%) or connect with the recurrent laryngeal nerve (25%). These findings suggest that the CT bellies appear to be functionally designed for different motor tasks. The data are also useful for further clarifying the functions of the CT bellies and the ESLN branches and for developing belly-based reinnervation procedures to treat laryngeal paralysis.
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The Three Bellies of the Canine Cricothyroid Muscle
Annals of Otology Rhinology & Laryngology, 1992Co-Authors: Lauren S. Zaretsky, Ira SandersAbstract:The cricothyroid muscle is capable of multiple functions, including vocal cord elongation and adduction. In addition, the cricothyroid can lengthen the glottis as well as provide posture to the cricothyroid joint. The purpose of the present study is to demonstrate that the many functional capabilities of the cricothyroid are a reflection of the existence of separate bellies within the muscle. Microdissection revealed three distinct muscle bellies within the cricothyroid: rectus, oblique, and horizontal. These differ in fiber orientation (rectus 79°, oblique 48°, horizontal 7°) and are separated by fascial planes. Histochemistry showed that these three bellies are composed of different percentages of slow twitch fibers (rectus 31.3%, oblique 43.3%, horizontal 39.6%). Finally, electromyography demonstrated differences in the electrical activity patterns of the three bellies. It is concluded that the cricothyroid muscle is composed of three distinct muscle bellies that probably play separate roles in the complex function of this muscle.
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The three bellies of the canine cricothyroid muscle.
The Annals of otology rhinology & laryngology. Supplement, 1992Co-Authors: Lauren S. Zaretsky, Ira SandersAbstract:The cricothyroid muscle is capable of multiple functions, including vocal cord elongation and adduction. In addition, the cricothyroid can lengthen the glottis as well as provide posture to the cricothyroid joint. The purpose of the present study is to demonstrate that the many functional capabilities of the cricothyroid are a reflection of the existence of separate bellies within the muscle. Microdissection revealed three distinct muscle bellies within the cricothyroid: rectus, oblique, and horizontal. These differ in fiber orientation (rectus 79 degrees, oblique 48 degrees, horizontal 7 degrees) and are separated by fascial planes. Histochemistry showed that these three bellies are composed of different percentages of slow twitch fibers (rectus 31.3%, oblique 43.3%, horizontal 39.6%). Finally, electromyography demonstrated differences in the electrical activity patterns of the three bellies. It is concluded that the cricothyroid muscle is composed of three distinct muscle bellies that probably play separate roles in the complex function of this muscle.